Indigenous youth are overrepresented within homelessness and form approximately 20 percent of the total youth homeless population in Canada that uses emergency shelters. While extensive studies have been conducted and new practices have been put in place in an effort to reduce the number of individuals experiencing homelessness, the number of Indigenous youth journeying into homelessness continues to increase. This suggests that the solutions implemented to date have inadequately addressed the needs of Indigenous youth and the situations integral to their worlds. The purpose of this research was to explore Indigenous youths’ experiences of homelessness that promote positive identity development. It used a community-based Indigenous methodology. Building on research by Indigenous and non-Indigenous academics with the stories of Indigenous homeless youth, this research was centered at the intersection of Indigenous youth homelessness and their engagement in behaviours affected by past and present events that impact their processes of identity development. With its strengths-based lens, it deepens understandings of how Indigenous homeless youth create prosocial outcomes that bolster their self-esteem and encourage positive identity development that will support them in young adulthood and stages beyond. Indigenous youth prosocial outcomes must include holistic health outcomes that encompass spiritual, physical, mental and emotional well-being. Ultimately, this research challenges existing conversations held in society regarding Indigenous youths’ behaviours exhibited in homelessness and contributes to Indigenous resurgence, equitable colonial-Indigenous relationships, and reconciliation consistent with the goals put forth in the Truth and Reconciliation Commission of Canada’s recommendations. / Graduate / 2023-08-30

This study critically examined how issues of multiculturalism and Muslim immigration are discursively constructed within the English language European online press. Through the use of a frame analysis as well as a more focused discourse analysis, an examination was undertaken to uncover how “us” versus “them” perspectives were manifest within a public discourse. A total of 132 articles from The Daily Mail, Le Monde Diplomatique, Dutchnews.nl, Spiegel Online and The International Herald Tribune were selected using a systematic sampling method based on the results of a search query for multiculturalism at each news site. The analysis of the data corpus revealed the news media's depiction of multiculturalism and Muslim immigrants as not wholly negative on the surface but under closer scrutiny revealed discursive and linguistic techniques that consistently marginalized and “othered” them. The themes found in the data corpus also illuminated a trend of the subordinated population as lacking proper representation and always being spoken for by the news media.

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The peripheral region of South Sinai in Egypt is experiencing large-scale tourism development on the Gulf of Aqaba coast. Its Bedouin community is facing great challenges in its struggle for livelihood and transformation from a pastoral and fishing community to an urbanized one. This case study employs a political ecology approach to examine development on the coast in relation to its Bedouin community. The study revealed that the contextual sources of rapid development beginning in 1986 included urban, economic, and national defense policies; increased integration within international tourism markets; and support from international aid agencies. The study concluded that the tourism development boom contributes to Bedouin marginalization. Bedouin livelihood no longer depends on fishing and grazing as means of subsistence as expansion of tourism resorts along the coast has displaced other land-uses and denied Bedouin fishermen access to the sea. Tourism resorts and tourism operations controlled by multinational corporations leave little economic benefits to local Bedouins who engage in marginal tourism-related activities. Migrant entrepreneurs from other parts of Egypt compete with Bedouins over work opportunities. Regional and local plans point to increased tourism development and in-migration. This will result in further marginalization of Bedouins if development planning does not consider Bedouin interests. This research comes at a critical time to address some of the issues related to Bedouin marginalization and to recommend alternative development approaches and Bedouin community-based projects. It sets the stage for further research on regional development of South Sinai; the role of national parks in sustaining Bedouins; and future role of civil society. / Master of Urban and Regional Planning

This research explores the experiences and attitudes of nine full-time students with disabilities at Virginia Tech who choose to conceal their identity as individuals with disabilities in various contexts. The definition of disability is expanded to include those individuals who perceive themselves to be disabled, with or without meeting diagnostic or legal criteria, since many of those who conceal their differences may choose not to pursue such forms of official classification and identification. In a series of interviews, participants provide insight into their experiences, labels and discourse that have shaped those experiences, and outcomes of identification as individuals with disabilities. A variety of themes emerging from the interviews, under the categories of experiences, labels and discourse, and outcomes of disability, are analyzed and discussed. This research aims to explore and develop a greater understanding of these individuals and what their stories have to offer through an emic perspective. / Ph. D.

Thesis advisor: James F. Keenan / This dissertation focuses on the theological ethical framework of ‘hope in justice’ for addressing the caste discrimination, particularly within the context of the Dalit lifeworld in India. It draws parallels between the caste system in India, racial discrimination in the United States, and apartheid in South Africa. More importantly, it examines the leadership and resistance models of Dr. B.R. Ambedkar and Martin Luther King Jr. The dissertation suggests that when the theological ethical enquiry is grounded in the principles of human dignity, justice, and equality, the exercise proclaims hope of liberation for the marginalized in the respective contexts. Further, it employs an ‘ethic of recognition’ as a foundational agenda, uniting various pedadisgogies and praxes against discrimination. This ethic is explored through the philosophical and theological implications of the works of scholars like Judith Butler, James Keenan, Joseph Flipper, Vincent Lloyd, Nelson Mandela, Desmond Tutu, Albert Nolan, Emmanuel Katongole, Jurgen Moltmann, and John Sunder Boopalan. It argues for a comprehensive theological ethical discourse on caste, emphasizing the need for a moral critique and corrective vision based on virtue ethics and the principles of Catholic Social Teaching. To sum up, the dissertation presents a detailed examination of caste discrimination through a theological ethical lens, advocating for a comparative study with racial discrimination to enhance the understanding and develop effective strategies for social change. It underscores the importance of leadership, resistance, and an ethic of recognition in the fight against systemic oppression and inequality. / Thesis (PhD) — Boston College, 2024. / Submitted to: Boston College. Graduate School of Arts and Sciences. / Discipline: Theology.

Studien syftar till att förstå unga lagöverträdares marginaliseringsprocesser i relation till skolan och arbetsmarknaden. För att förstå dessa processer har vi genom en kvalitativ studie av biografier analyserat resultatet med den symboliska interaktionismen, stämplingsteorin och Ted Goldbergs redogörelse för avvikarkarriären tillsammans med tidigare forskning kring ämnet. Studiens resultat visar att de unga lagöverträdarnas marginaliseringsprocesser börjar i skolan med social marginalisering. De unga lagöverträdarna beskriver svårigheter med att bli socialt accepterade. Studiens resultat visar också att de unga lagöverträdarnas marginaliseringsprocesser som är en följd av upprepad stämpling fortgår även utanför skolan då de ansluter sig till umgängeskretsar med en lagöverträdande livsstil och liknande visioner. Studien pekar på att de unga lagöverträdarna möter svårigheter med att nå en förankrad position på arbetsmarknaden. Dessa svårigheter beror på deras brottsbelastning och att de genom stämpling har upprättat en negativ självbild. / The study aims to understand the young offenders marginalization processes in relation to the school and the labor market. To understand these processes, we have used a qualitative study of the biographies and analyzed the results with the symbolic interactionism, the labeling theory and Ted Goldberg's account of deviation career together with previous research in this topic. Study results show that young offenders processes of marginalization begins in school with social marginalization. Young offenders describes the difficulties to be socially accepted. 2 The study also shows that young offenders processes of marginalization as a result of repetitive labeling continues even outside the school when they join social circles with an offending lifestyle and similar visions. The study suggests that young offenders faced difficulties in reaching an entrenched position in the labor market. These difficulties are due to their crimes burden and by labeling has drawn up a negative self-image.

À la suite de certains grands meurtres commis en 1997 et 2000 par des jeunes de 14 et 17 ans, un discours sur les délinquants juvéniles, comme étant plus violents, plus cruels, plus anormaux et plus nombreux que jamais auparavant, s’installait chez les intellectuels et dans les médias japonais. Or , par dérapage analytique, ce discours a été généralisé à tous les jeunes, comme étant des individus dangereux, incompréhensibles, anormaux et potentiellement criminels malgré une certaine normalité apparente, faisant d’eux des « monstres invisibles ». La marginalisation des jeunes par ce discours sur la « nouvelle » jeunesse japonaise et les représentations des délinquants juvéniles « cruels » a fortement marqué la société japonaise, manifestée dans l’opinion publique ainsi que dans son impact socioculturel tant au niveau légal qu’au niveau idéologique. Cette étude présente les débuts, le développement ainsi que les conséquences du discours démonisant la jeunesse des années 2000, en présentant les concepts clés ayant été utilisés comme caractéristiques et arguments de la monstruosité cachée chez les jeunes japonais. Elle démontre parallèlement l’incohérence des représentations de la délinquance juvénile, aggravant le fossé entre la réalité vécue par les sujets, et les causes ainsi que les solutions présentées à leur égard. / Five murders in Japan committed by juvenile criminals attracted immense attention from the media in the years 1997 and 2000. A new discourse about juvenile delinquency followed these incidents stipulating that juvenile delinquents had become more cruel, more violent, more abnormal, and more numerous than ever before. This discourse, initially created by academics acting as “moral entrepreneurs,” was widely supported by the mass media. However, the discourse developed on its own, taking a radical ideological turn: it began to apply not only to juvenile delinquents, but labeled the entire population of Japanese youth as dangerous, incomprehensible, and abnormal while seeming to be proper and normal members of society. The boundary between juvenile delinquents and young law-abiding Japanese individuals ceased to exist, and every young girl or boy could potentially be a criminal regardless of their circumstances or socioeconomic background. The discourse strongly influenced the Japanese society ideologically and legally, and labeled its youth as "invisible monsters". This study presents the beginning, development, and consequences of this particular discourse that led to the negative portrayal of the Japanese youth in the first decade of the 21st century. Key concepts used as characteristics of this cohort are examined, breaking down the discourse into sociocultural and ideological reasoning and systems. The study also demonstrates the incoherence and inadequacy of the representation of juvenile delinquents, which are a far cry from the actual reality of juvenile criminality.

This paper deals with the issue of the Indian population in the southern state of Mexico, Chiapas. The objective was to find out what are the causes of adverse social, economic and political situation of the local indigenous population. The paper characterizes the most important historical events that affected the status of the Indian population in Mexican society today. It also discusses the impact of these events on the current problems of this population group. This paper also characterizes these particular problems and compares the living standards of the local Indian population with the living standards of the major and dominant society. Based on identified issues and socio-economic status of the local population, the work deals with the marginalization of the Indian minority in Chiapas. The work also describes possible solutions of the exclusion of Indian population. The paper also analyzed a practical example of an autonomous indigenous centre - Centre for Indian Education and Intercultural studies Abya Yala

Cette étude porte sur le langage- en sa faculté d'expression et de communication de la pensée - des jeunes (de 17 à 20 ans) exploitants la décharge d'ordures municipale d'Andralanitra (Antananarivo). D'une part, elle s'intéresse aux motivations des choix lexicaux et linguistiques opérés par ces jeunes. Il s'agit également d'une contribution à la réalisation de l'état des lieux de la situation sociolinguistique qui prévaut à Madagascar. Notre intérêt est de déterminer la manière dont les jeunes en situation d'exclusion sociale et de pauvreté expriment leurs sentiments, leur manière de voir les choses, et surtout leurs points de vue sur leurs conditions de vie. Afin d'y parvenir, une analyse lexico-sémantique selon le genre du discours de ces jeunes est réalisée par le biais des champs conceptuels tels que le fonctionnement de la vie psychique et l'affectivité, l 'éducation, la tradition et les croyances, les liens socio-affectifs, les notions et valeurs liées à l 'environnement et l 'habitat, etc.Par ailleurs, nous nous sommes également intéressé au fonctionnement des valeurs et des représentations socioculturelles communes, qui influencent les comportements et la personnalité de ces jeunes de la décharge. Sont, entre autres, examinées la perception des jeunes de la complexité de la notion d'autorité tutélaire et du tsiny (le blâme ou la censure) dans la société malgache, et l'implication de cette dernière dans le développement personnel et l'accompagnement de ces jeunes vers l'insertion sociale et-professionnelle. Enfin, l 'opposition entre les valeurs symboliques et psycho-identiaires associées à la décharge d'ordures et celles liées au territoire-refuge, que représente la communauté, est étudiée afin d'alimenter la réflexion en vue de contribuer à la facilitation de l'élaboration des politiques d'insertion sociale et professionnelle des jeunes en situation de pauvreté extrême et d'exclusion sociale. / This research work deals with the survey of the language used by young diggers (aged from 1 7 to 20) of the public dump of Antananarivo. It aims at exarnining the motivations that induce the lexical and linguistic choices in their own description and viewpoints of the conditions in which they live. lts main interest is to determine the way this language of marginalized young people convey emotions and different kinds of sentiments concerning various issues, including education, tradition and beliefs, socio-affective links, etc. A gender­ based lexical survey is also carried out with a view to contributing to the description of the current sociolinguistic situation of Madagascar. On the other hand, a study of shared social and cultural values and representations conveyed by this langage is conducted to examine influencing factors of the young dump diggers'behaviours and personalities. For instance, sometimes the complex relationship between tutelary authority and tsiny (common waming and censorship) is viewed as a positive concept encouraging persona! development and sometimes it is thought to be the cause of , marginalized young people's behavioural inhibition or excessive caution, as regards· their wishes for self-emancipation or social and professional integration. The opposing symbolic and psycbological or socio-identitary values of the public dump and the friendly or bannonic social integration territory, that the community represents, are studied in order to bring out elues as food for thought in order to set up social and professional integration polkies in favour of marginalized young people.