This dissertation examines Mark Twain’s literary-critical reputation from the years 1865 to 1882, as he transformed from the regional “wild humorist of the Pacific Slope” to a national and international celebrity who William Dean Howells called “the most popular humorist who ever lived.” This dissertation considers “Mark Twain” not as the name of a literary author, but as a fictional creation who was narrator and implied author of both fictional and non-fiction texts, a performer who played his role on lecture platforms and other public venues, and a celebrity whose fame spread from the American west through America and the world. The key question of this dissertation is the historical position of the “humorist,” a hierarchical cultural category that included high culture literary figures, such as James Russell Lowell and Bret Harte; literary comedians, such as Artemus Ward and Petroleum Vesuvius Nasby; and clowns and minstrels, who were placed at the bottom of the hierarchy. I argue that Mark Twain muddied the hierarchical distinctions between class-appropriate leisure and burgeoning forms of mass entertainment, between uplifting humor and debased laughter, and between the canonical literature of high culture and the passing whim of the merely popular. Through the success of The Innocents Abroad (1869) and the promotion of William Dean Howells, Mark Twain was elevated into critical discussions of literary value, and in the 1870s he entered into venues of higher prestige: so-called “quality” magazines such as the Galaxy and the Atlantic Monthly, lecture stages on the lyceum circuit and in England, and the personal realm of friendship with other authors. While Twain was accepted into some literary cultures, other critics attempted to consign him to literary oblivion, or simply ignored him, while Twain himself betrayed keen anxiety about his role as “stripèd humorist” in respectable literary realms. This dissertation thus focuses on written works, critical interpretations, and performative instances in which “Mark Twain,” as both agent and subject, brought debates over “American Humor,” “American Literature,” and “American Culture” to the fore. / text

This is a study of the manifestations and permutations of the Black Power era principles and ideologies in New Orleans from the mid-1960s to the late 1970s. By highlighting little-known and often neglected groups along with popular organizations, this work illuminates how these groups shaped and rethought the their objectives and tactics in the contested terrain of post-Civil Rights New Orleans. Making extensive use of archival resources, newspaper articles, memoirs, interviews, and secondary literature, “There are Some Bad Brothers and Sisters in New Orleans” focuses on the ways in which disparate organizations, groups, and individuals, wrestling with the highly fluid idea of Black Power, attempted to refashion the political and cultural landscape of the Crescent City. This dissertation contributes a more nuanced analysis of this famous city and continues the recent surge in Black Power Studies that emphasizes local examples of Black Power. This work tells the story of New Orleans; of shootouts and showdowns; liberation theater and war helicopters; schools and southern political rules. The central objective of this study is to provide a more complete and in-depth look at the major themes (Cultural Nationalism, Revolutionary Nationalism, Black Arts, student movements, political power, and independent education) of the Black Power era by calling attention to its distinctive but informative examples nurtured in the incomparable city of New Orleans. This dissertation argues that the roots of Black Power in New Orleans were shattered, disparate, and ad-hoc in nature. As such, its thrust failed to bear the social, cultural, economic, and political fruit hoped for by its advocates. / text

Bücher, die bewegen, liest man mit dem Bleistift in der Hand, man knickt die Ecken wichtiger Seiten ab, legt Zettel ein und klebt Zeitungsausschnitte in die vorderen oder hinteren Buchspiegel, kurz: Man eignet sie sich an wie selbst geschriebene Texte. Die Geschichte sitzt hier am Rand des Satzspiegels in Anmerkungen, sie sitzt in Unterstreichungen und Kommentaren ebenso wie in Frage- und Ausrufungszeichen. Die Leser mögen so tot sein wie die Autoren: Immer aber sagen diese Zeichen der aufmerksamen Lektüre früherer Epochen, dass Bücher beweglich sind, dass sie den Text vom Autor zum Leser bringen und dort auf autorähnliche Heftigkeit stoßen, die in manchen Fällen zu einem eigenen Text führt, meist aber zu Anmerkungen und Kommentaren, für die es keinen besseren Ort gibt als eben jene Stellen, zu denen sie Anmerkungen und Kommentare sind. Die folgenden Beobachtungen sind die eines Lesers, der den schreibenden Eingriff in gedruckte Texte oft genug geübt hat und nun um Verständnis bittet, dass er nur persönlich sprechen kann und eigene Erlebnisse beim Umgang mit Büchern ausstellt. Im Aufbrechen solcher Intimität zeigen sich Spuren einer oft vernachlässigten Geschichte, die in Büchern sitzt und daraus von Fall zu Fall befreit werden muss.

Red mark syndrome (RMS) is a non-lethal skin condition, of unknown aetiology, affecting rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) in the United Kingdom since 2003. It has now spread to 50% of the rainbow trout farms, resulting in great economic losses due to the downgrading of the product. There are also similar skin conditions in rainbow trout, for instance strawberry disease (SD) in the USA. As with RMS, the aetiological agent of this disease is also unknown. Several potential aetiological agents have been proposed, including a Rickettsia-like organism (RLO) in SD in the USA and Flavobacterium psychrophilum in RMS in the UK. The aim of the research presented here was to investigate the causative agent of RMS and to establish if there is a relationship between RMS and SD. An RLO was found to be associated with both RMS and SD-affected fish using immunohistochemistry (IHC) and polymerase chain reaction (PCR). The results of the IHC, together with the similarities in the pathology between the two conditions, suggest that RMS and SD are most likely the same disease (Chapter 2). In an attempt to isolate the RLO, F. psychrophilum or other suspected causative agents of RMS, several artificial bacteriological media, cell culture methods and novel techniques such as MagnaBind™ IgG beads (magnetic beads) were utilized. Although initial results appeared promising, no specific bacterial or viral agent was isolated using these methods. Transmission electron microscopy was used to analyse samples in an attempt to visualise any viruses and/or the RLO suspected of causing RMS (Chapter 3), but none were seen. Investigation into the involvement of both the RLO and F. psychrophilum in RMS using primary culture and IHC, together with the more advanced techniques of MALDI-TOF–MS and 16s rRNA gene sequencing, showed no association between F. psychrophilum and RMS. A quantitative PCR (qPCR), together with IHC, showed a positive correlation between the RLO and RMS-affected tissue, but this did not v distinguish between primary or secondary involvement of the organism. Results following analysis of samples using other assays, including ELISA and IHC, both using serum from naturally infected individuals, 16s rRNA gene PCR and bacterial isolation, were inconclusive, with methods requiring further optimisation for future use. The qPCR used in the study also needs to be fully optimised, as the results of a ring trial between three laboratories were considerably different (Chapter 4). Cohabitation challenges were conducted in the USA to investigate the involvement of the RLO in the early stages of SD. Clinical signs of SD were clearly evident in a small percentage of the cohabitated naïve fish. In most of these cases the DNA of the RLO could be detected, but again primary or secondary involvement could not be determined due to the small sample size (Chapter 5). In conclusion, the results from the analysis of samples by PCR, IHC with anti-F. psychrophilum PAbs, MALDI-TOF-MS and 16s rRNA gene sequencing indicate that F. psychrophilum is unlikely to be the causative aetiological agent of RMS. Although Koch’s postulates were not fulfilled, a strong correlation was obtained between the RLO and RMS-affected fish in the IHC, PCR and qPCR using RLO specific primers. It is unclear however, if the involvement of the RLO is as a primary or secondary pathogen. The RLO associated with RMS appears to have antigens in common with Piscirickettsia salmonis (from the results of the IHC), the causative agent of Salmon Rickettsial Syndrome, for which commercial vaccines are available, and should therefore be investigated as a form of mitigation for RMS, since the RLO has not yet been isolated and a traditional inactivated whole cell vaccine is not possible at this time. Efforts to isolate the RLO should continue and the involvement of other pathogens in RMS should be investigated further with new cutting edge techniques such as next generation sequencing or random multiplex (RT)-PCR to rule out viral involvement in the disease.

No description available.

Article 15(1) of the Community Trade Mark Regulation states that the Community Trade Mark holder has to put the mark into genuine use in the Community within five years from registration. Even though the regulation does not deal with the extent of use necessary, the Joint Statements uphold that genuine use within one country is enough. However, recent case law from national offices have ruled in the opposite direction, resulting in legal uncertainty concerning how much use that is needed. The courts claimed that use within merely one Member State is not use in a substantial part of the Community and therefore not genuine.This paper shows that it is not satisfactory to define genuine use in the Community by way of analogy to the term substantial part of the territory. The latter derives from the test of reputation concerning a different case entirely. Instead, most indicators point towards a market-oriented approach where national frontiers do not matter. Focus should be on the extent of use being made compared to the market concerned in the entire EU. A case-by-case assessment is required, where all relevant circumstances are taken into consideration.

Developing appropriate management plans for species at risk requires information about their population structure and abundance. For most cetacean populations, few reliable population estimates are available and even fewer distributions have been mapped. Accurate abundance estimates can be determined from capture-recapture data if assumptions are met, however this can be difficult when the animal in question demonstrates both strong site fidelity and large-scale migrations, and different models can result in dramatically different results. I explored these issues by examining a 15-year dataset (1992-2006) of photo-identifications of humpback whales (Megaptera novaeangliae) in British Columbia (BC), Canada. I used multiple capture-recapture models to compare how the definition of population and variation in effort affected estimates of population size, and I explored means to correct for these biases. I also considered stock structure by examining individual breeding ground destinations, movement, and localized site-fidelity within BC. Across the six models considered, the BC humpback whale abundance in 2006 ranged between 1,428 and 3,856 individuals. The Lincoln-Petersen estimate (1,428-1,892) likely best described the number of humpback whales in BC during summer 2006. The effort-standardized Jolly-Seber model (1,970-2,331) is more representative of the larger population of humpback whales that uses or passes through BC over multiple years. Ultimately, selecting the best estimation model requires defining the ‘population’ of interest and accounting for spatial and temporal distribution of sampling effort. British Columbia provides feeding habitat and a potential migratory corridor for whales that breed in the northeastern Pacific Ocean. Forty-four percent of the 1,986 humpback whales considered were sighted in BC in more than one year. Identifications were highest from May to October, with a peak in September, but humpback whales were present in BC in all months of the year. Whales showed strong site fidelity with a median re-sighting distance of 75 km between years, and a maximum re-sighting distance that ranged from 0.41 km to 842 km. Matching rate within BC decreased as a function of north-south distance, though no clear north-south boundary could be established. Stock structure of humpback whales in British Columbia is complex and should be considered in managing this population.

Šio magistro baigiamojo darbo tema – pramoninės nuosavybės apsaugos internete problematika. Pagrindinės darbe naudotos sąvokos – pramoninė nuosavybė, internetas, domeno vardas, tiesioginis naudojimas, alternatyvūs ginčų sprendimo būdai, sui generis procedūra. Magistro baigiamojo darbo santraukoje trumpai apžvelgiamas nagrinėjamos temos aktualumas, užsibrėžti tikslai, tyrimo rezultatai bei išvados. Nagrinėjama tema ypatingai aktuali sparčiai besiplėtojant internetui, kuomet tradicinė pramoninės nuosavybės teisė ne visuomet atitinka aktualijas. Informacijos, perduodamos internetu, kiekiai pastoviai auga, tuo pačiu auga ir ginčų, kylančių dėl pramoninės nuosavybės pažeidimų internete, skaičius. Šiuo darbu siekta išanalizuoti pramoninės nuosavybės apsaugos internete problematiką. Nagrinėjant temą apžvelgtas pramoninės nuosavybės reglamentavimas, išanalizuoti pagrindiniai pramoninės nuosavybės pažeidimų internete atvejai bei teisių priešpriešos, taip pat išnagrinėti ir įvertinti perspektyvūs ginčų, kylančių dėl pramoninės nuosavybės naudojimo internete, sprendimo būdai. Darbe išanalizuoti tarptautiniai ir nacionaliniai teisės aktai, reglamentuojantys pramoninės nuosavybės registravimą bei apsaugą, Lietuvos Aukščiausiojo teismo praktika, užsienio valstybių teismų praktika, Pasaulinės intelektinės nuosavybės organizacijos Arbitražo ir mediacijos centro ginčų sprendimų praktika ir rekomendacijos, Interneto korporacijos paskirtiems vardams ir numeriams bei NOMINET ginčų sprendimo... [to full text] / Industrial property on internet – subject of master’s final work. Industrial property, internet, domain name, direct usage, alternative dispute resolution means as well as sui generis procedure – main terms used in this work. Subject relevance, set tasks, research results and conclusions reviewed in master’s final work summary. Traditional industrial property law was out of keeping to rapid development of internet so analyzed subject was particularly topical. Amount of information transmitted over internet grew up constantly and quantity of industrial property infringements on internet arose up accordingly. Master’s final work aimed for analysis of issues related to industrial property on internet. Industrial property regulation reviewed, leading infringements and antitheses on industrial property on internet studied and promising resolution means on disputes of industrial property usage on internet analyzed and evaluated as well. National and international legal regulations on industrial property registration and protection, practice of Supreme Court of Lithuania, practice of foreign states courts, practice and guidelines of dispute resolution of World Intellectual Property Organization Arbitration and Mediation Center and Internet Corporation for Assigned Names and Numbers as well as NOMINET dispute resolution regulations, Lithuanian and foreign law doctrine studied. Traditional industrial property law not always is able to protect infringed industrial property owner’s... [to full text]

Husgrunder stödjer hela hus och ska vara stadiga nog för att ta upp husets vikt och bära byggnaden i många år utan att drabbas av problem orsakade av bland annat fukt och tjäle. Det finns tre grundkonstruktionstyper som tas upp i detta arbete. Dessa är: platta på mark, krypgrund och plintgrund. Syftet med arbetet är att undersöka konstruktion och funktion för de tre grundkonstruktionerna. Arbetet redovisar också vilka grunder som är förekommande vid nybyggnation av småhus i Örebro län, samt hur olika aktörer inom byggbranschen motiverar sina val med avseende på risken för fuktrelaterade problem. Inom detta examensarbete redovisas resultat från intervjuer med ett antal olika byggnadsaktörer som bygger med olika typer av grundkonstruktioner. Information har samlats in genom intervjuer med sakkunniga samt egen teorifördjupning i litteratur för grundkonstruktioner. Utifrån syftet med arbetet har teorin och resultaten från intervjuerna sammanställts. Platta på mark med underliggande isolering är den grundkonstruktion som framförallt väljs vid val av grundkonstruktion för nybyggnationer av småhus i Örebro län. Aktörerna upplever att denna konstruktion har många fördelar i jämförelse med de andra konstruktionerna: krypgrund och plintgrund. / Foundations support entire houses and are required to be adequately well-built to carry a building’s mass for many years without facing problems due to environmental impacts such as moisture and frost. This work covers three basic types of foundations; concrete slab, crawl space and block foundation. The aim of this work is to investigate the construction methods of the foundations mentioned above, which are used within the construction of single-family homes in the city of Örebro, Sweden. Additionally, the basis of selection of these foundations by various construction companies in respect to risk of moisture-related problems is examined. Information about the foundations is collected from scholarly literature as well as qualitative interviews with seven construction companies’ experts. Ultimately, this study found that concrete slab with underlying insulation is more commonly used within the construction of single-family homes in Örebro than the other alternatives. Operators find that this foundation has many advantages in comparison with the other foundation techniques.

Šiame darbe kuriamas įrankis, kuris padėtų nustatyti, kurios morfologinės žymos savybės yra svarbios sprendžiant lietuvių kalbos morfologinio daugiareikšmiškumo problemą. Morfologinio daugiareikšmiškumo problema išsprendžiama tuomet, kai pagal kontekstą vienam žodžiui priskiriama viena morfologinė žyma. Darbe naudojamas tekstynas, kurį sudaro daugiau nei 1.200.000 žodžių. Tekstyne žodžiams morfologines žymas nustatė ekspertas, o visos galimos žodžio morfologinės žymos buvo sugeneruotos su pagalbiniu įrankiu. Morfologinio daugiareikšmiškumo problemoms spręsti suprogramuotas ir taikytas Viterbi algoritmas, randantis tikėtiniausią sakinį atitinkančią kalbos dalių seką pagal sukurtus bigramų ar trigramų kalbos modelius. Atlikus testavimą naudojant dešimt kartų kryžminį patikrinimą, pasiekti toki rezultatai: • 90,10% – tikslumas, kuris parodo ar teisingai priskirta morfologinė žyma daugiareikšmiams žodžiams; • 96,39% – bendras tikslumas, kuris skaičiuojamas įtraukiant ir tuos žodžius, kurie turėjo tik vieną morfologinę žymą. / In this research was developed tool, which helps to determine, which morphological mark attributes are important when solving problem of morphological ambiguity in Lithuanian language. Morphological ambiguity problem is solved, when one word is matched with one morphological mark. Research uses corpus, which contains over than 1.200.000 words. Morphological marks in the corpus were assigned by expert and list of all possible morphological marks was generated with other utility. There was developed and applied Viterbi algorithm to solve morphological ambiguity problem, which finds the most expected path of part of speeches by created bigram or trigram speech models. Testing was implemented using cross validation with 10 folds. There was achieved these results: • 90,10% – accuracy, which shows if morphological mark was correctly match with ambiguous word; • 96,39% – total accuracy, which calculated when included non-ambiguous words.