Práce pojednává o komunitárním systému známkoprávní ochrany. Součástí práce je naznačení historie ochranných známke obecně a také CTM. Dále právní prameny CTM, nařízení o CTM a dále analýza judikátů ESD ohledně ochranných známek. Také zde popisuji postup při registraci CTM.

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Freshwater mussels is one the most endangered groups of organisms worldwide and stand in front of several threats. Global warming along with anthropogenic influence affect the mussel’s natural habitat and stress leads to changes in their behaviour. The aim was to investigate if the behaviour of Unio tumidus exposed to thermal stress differs depending on fine particulate matter exposure. This study hypothesises that (1) the critical thermal maximum of mussels is lower in high turbidity than in clear water (2) mussels in highly turbid water extend their foot at a lower temperature than in clear water (3) mussels have a more frequent gaping behaviour in high turbidity than in clear water. Mussels were placed in each water filled beaker with sensors glued to their shells for monitoring gaping behaviour. Aquarium heaters increased the water temperature gradually until the mussels reached their CTM. One group were placed in clear river water and one group in water with high turbidity. There was no significant difference in the CTM between the highly turbid and clear water. The mussels in the river water extended their foot at a lower temperature compared to the mussels in high turbidity. One possible explanation is that the mussels remain shut to protect themselves due to higher stress levels. Valve gaping behaviour was visually investigated and displayed different patterns between mussels in clear and highly turbid water. This study contributes with information regarding mussel behaviour and response to thermal stress which can be of value for future studies. / Sötvattenmusslor är en av de mest hotade organismerna i världen och står inför flera hot. Global uppvärmning tillsammans med antropogen inverkan påverkar musslornas naturliga livsmiljö och stress leder till förändringar i deras beteende. Syftet var att undersöka om beteendet hos Unio tumidus som utsätts för termisk stress skiljer sig beroende på exponering av fina partiklar. Denna studie antar att (1) critical thermal maximum för musslor är lägre vid hög turbiditet än i åvatten (2) musslor i hög turbiditet sträcker ut sin fot vid en lägre temperatur än i åvatten (3) musslor har ett mer frekvent öppningsbeteende vid hög turbiditet än i åvatten. Musslor placerades i vattenfyllda bägare med sensorer limmade på sina skal för att övervaka öppningsbeteende. Akvarievärmare ökade vattentemperaturen gradvis tills musslorna nådde sitt critical thermal maximum. En grupp placerades i åvatten och en grupp i vatten med hög turbiditet. Det fanns ingen signifikant skillnad i CTM mellan hög turbiditet och åvattnet. Musslorna i åvattnet sträckte ut sin fot vid en lägre temperatur jämfört med musslorna i hög turbiditet. En möjlig förklaring är att musslorna förblir stängda för att skydda sig på grund av högre stress. Öppningsbeteende undersöktes visuellt och visade olika mönster mellan musslor i åvatten och vatten med hög turbiditet. Denna studie bidrar med information om musslornas beteende och respons på termisk stress som kan vara av värde för framtida studier.

Les éclairs représentent une des sources majeures d'oxydes d'azote (N Ox = N O + N O2 ) dans la haute troposphère. Ces émissions locales sont à l'origine de fortes concentrations de NOx, dont le temps de vie est augmenté dans cette partie de l'atmosphère, et sont associées à des panaches transportés à l'échelle intercontinentale. Aussi, l'importance des émissions par les éclairs pour la chimie de la haute troposphère et notamment pour la production d'ozone et la capacité oxydante de l'atmosphère n'est plus a prouver. Mon travail de thèse est dédié à la caractérisation des panaches de NOx issus des éclairs et la modélisation sous-maille associée afin de déterminer leur impact sur le bilan de l'ozone et les espèces azotées de la haute troposphère. L'analyse des mesures in-situ du programme aéroporté MOZAIC, dans les moyennes latitudes nord, couplées aux calculs du modèle lagrangien FLEXPART, et aux observations au sol et depuis l'espace des flashs d'éclairs et des nuages est réalisée. Cette étude met en évidence l'existence des panaches très étendus de N Oy issus des émissions d'éclairs et rend compte de leur fréquence, leur composition et leur évolution chimique au cours du transport. Un gradient négatif (positif) de NOy (O3) est mesuré dans les panaches de -0,4 (+18) ppbv de différence, pendant le printemps et -0,6 (+14) ppbv de différence, en été, entre l'Amérique du Nord et l'Europe. De plus, pour la première fois, une paramétrisation de panache associée aux émissions d'éclairs est implémentée dans un CTM. Cette approche permet le transport des effets de la chimie non-linéaire ayant lieu dans les panaches et conduit à une diminution significative des NOx et de l'O3 dans les régions caractérisées par une activité électrique électrique intense (-25 % et -8%, respectivement, en Afrique Centrale, en juillet) et une augmentation dans le vent des émissions (+10 % et +1 %, respectivement, sur l'Océan Atlantique, en juillet). Ces travaux permettent ainsi de réduire les incertitudes sur la représentation de ces processus non-linéaires et à une échelle plus petite que celle de la maille des modèles en vue d'une meilleure estimation (i) des distributions d'oxydes d'azote liées aux éclairs et (ii) de la production d'ozone associée à l'échelle globale. / Lightning emissions are one of the most important sources of nitrogen oxides (NOx = NO+NO2 ) in the upper troposphere. They imply high N Ox concentrations where their lifetime is longer in this part of the atmosphere and can be associated to large plumes transported over long distance. Furthermore, the decisive role of lightning emissions in the upper tropospheric chemistry and especially on the ozone production and the oxidizing capacity of the atmosphere is well known. My PhD is dedicated to the characterization of the lightning-NOx related plumes and the associated sub-grid modeling in order to determine their impact on the ozone and nitrogen oxyde burden in the upper troposphere. The analysis of the MOZAIC measurements in the northern-mid-latitudes coupled with FLEXPART Lagrangian model calculations, ground and space-based observations of lightning flashes and clouds is made. This study highlights the existence of large scale plumes of NOy from lightning emissions and describes their frequency, their chemical composition and evolution during the long-range transport. A negative (positive) gradient of NOy (O3) is found within the large scale plumes of about -0.4(+18) ppbv difference, during spring, and -0.6(+14) ppbv difference, in summer, between North America and Europe. Therefore, for the first time, a plume parameterization for lightning NOx emissions is implemented into CTM. This approach allows the transport of the non-linear chemistry effects occurring within plumes. The implementation of the plume-in-grid parameterization leads to a significant NOx and O3 decrease over the region characterized by a strong lightning activity (up to -25 % and -8 %, respectively, over Central Africa, in July) and a relative increase downwind of lightning NOx emissions (up to +10 % and +1 %, respectively, over Atlantic ocean, in July). This work allows to reduce the uncertainties on the representation of the non-linear processes at a smaller scale than the model grid in order to provide better estimates of (i) the nitrogen oxide distribution related to lightning and (ii) the associated ozone production at the large scale.

Uncertainty in the emission estimates is one the main reasons for shortcomings in the Chemistry Transport Models (CTMs) which can reduce the confidence level of impact assessment of anthropogenic activities on air quality and climate. This dissertation focuses on understating the uncertainties within the CTMs and reducing these uncertainties by improving emission estimates The first part of this dissertation focuses on reducing the uncertainties around the emission estimates from oil and Natural Gas (NG) operations by using various observations and high-resolution CTMs. To achieve this goal, we used Weather Research and Forecasting with Chemistry (WRF-Chem) model in conjunction with extensive measurements from two major field campaigns in Colorado. Ethane was used as the indicator of oil and NG emissions to explore the sensitivity of ethane to different physical parametrizations and simulation set-ups in the WRF-Chem model using the U.S. EPA National Emission Inventory (NEI-2011). The sensitivity analysis shows up to 57.3% variability in the modeled ethane normalized mean bias (NMB) across the simulations, which highlights the important role of model configurations on the model performance. Comparison between airborne measurements and the sensitivity simulations shows a model-measurement bias of ethane up to -15ppb (NMB of -80%) in regions close to oil and NG activities. Under-prediction of ethane concentration in all sensitivity runs suggests an actual under-estimation of the oil and NG emissions in the NEI-2011 in Colorado. To reduce the error in the emission inventory, we developed a three-dimensional variational inversion technique. Through this method, optimal scaling factors up to 6 for ethane emission rates were calculated. Overall, the inversion method estimated between 11% to 15% higher ethane emission rates in the Denver-Julesburg basin compared to the NEI-201. This method can be extended to constrain oil and NG emissions in other regions in the US using the available measurement datasets. The second part of the dissertation discusses the University of Iowa high-resolution chemical weather forecast framework using WRF-Chem designed for the Lake Michigan Ozone Study (LMOS-2017). LMOS field campaign took place during summer 2017 to address high ozone episodes in coastal communities surrounding Lake Michigan. The model performance for clouds, on-shore flows, and surface and aircraft sampled ozone and NOx concentrations found that the model successfully captured much of the observed synoptic variability of onshore flows. Selection of High-Resolution Rapid Refresh (HRRR) model as initial and boundary condition, and the Noah land surface model, significantly improved comparison of meteorology variables to both ground-based and aircraft data. Model consistently underestimated the daily maximum concentration of ozone. Emission sensitivity analysis suggests that increase in Hydrocarbon (HC). Variational inversion method and measurements by GeoTAS and TROPOMI instruments and airborne and ground-based measurements can be used to constrain NOx emissions in the region.

<p>Article 15(1) of the Community Trade Mark Regulation states that the Community Trade Mark holder has to put the mark into genuine use in the Community within five years from registration. Even though the regulation does not deal with the extent of use necessary, the Joint Statements uphold that genuine use within one country is enough. However, recent case law from national offices have ruled in the opposite direction, resulting in legal uncertainty concerning how much use that is needed. The courts claimed that use within merely one Member State is not use in a substantial part of the Community and therefore not genuine.This paper shows that it is not satisfactory to define genuine use in the Community by way of analogy to the term substantial part of the territory. The latter derives from the test of reputation concerning a different case entirely. Instead, most indicators point towards a market-oriented approach where national frontiers do not matter. Focus should be on the extent of use being made compared to the market concerned in the entire EU. A case-by-case assessment is required, where all relevant circumstances are taken into consideration.</p>

Article 15(1) of the Community Trade Mark Regulation states that the Community Trade Mark holder has to put the mark into genuine use in the Community within five years from registration. Even though the regulation does not deal with the extent of use necessary, the Joint Statements uphold that genuine use within one country is enough. However, recent case law from national offices have ruled in the opposite direction, resulting in legal uncertainty concerning how much use that is needed. The courts claimed that use within merely one Member State is not use in a substantial part of the Community and therefore not genuine.This paper shows that it is not satisfactory to define genuine use in the Community by way of analogy to the term substantial part of the territory. The latter derives from the test of reputation concerning a different case entirely. Instead, most indicators point towards a market-oriented approach where national frontiers do not matter. Focus should be on the extent of use being made compared to the market concerned in the entire EU. A case-by-case assessment is required, where all relevant circumstances are taken into consideration.

Road traffic increases constantly and the negative consequences in the form of traffic jams can be realized especially in urban areas. In order to provide real time traffic information to road users and traffic managers, accurate computer models gain relevance. A software called Mobile Millennium Stockholm (MMS) was developed to estimate and predict travel times and has been implemented on a 7km test stretch in the north of Stockholm. The core of the software is the cell transmission model (CTM) which is a macroscopic traffic flow model based on aggregated speed observations. This thesis focuses on different calibration techniques of the so called fundamental diagram as an important input factor to the CTM. The diagrams illustrate the mathematical function which defines the relation between traffic flow, density and speed. The calibration is performed in different scenarios based on the least square (LS) and total least square (TLS) error minimization. Furthermore, sources, representing the traffic demand, and sinks, representing the surrounding of the modeled network, are implemented as dynamic parameters to model the change in traffic behavior throughout the day. Split ratios, as a representation of the drivers‘ route choice in the CTM are estimated and implemented as well. For the framework of this work, the MMS software is run in a pure prediction mode. The CTM is based on the source, sink, split and fundamental diagram parameters only and run forward in time. For each fundamental diagram calibration scenario an independent model run is performed. The evaluation of the scenarios is based on the output of the model. The results are compared to existing Bluetooth travel time measurements for the test stretch, which are used as ground truth observations, and a mean average percentage error (MAPE) is calculated. This leads to a most reasonable technique for the fundamental diagram calibration – the total least square error minimization.

Traffic problems caused by congestion are increasing in cities all over the world. As a traffic management tool traffic predictions can be used in order to make prevention actions against traffic congestion. There is one software for traffic state estimations called Mobile Millennium Stockholm (MMS) that are a part of a project for estimate real-time traffic information.In this thesis a framework for running traffic predictions in the MMS software have been implemented and tested on a stretch north of Stockholm. The thesis is focusing on the implementation and evaluation of traffic prediction by running a cell transmission model (CTM) forward in time.This method gives reliable predictions for a prediction horizon of up to 5 minutes. In order to improve the results for traffic predictions, a framework for dynamic inputs of demand and sink capacity has been implemented in the MMS system. The third part of the master thesis presents a model which adjusts the split ratios in a macroscopic traffic model based on driver behavior during congestion.

Temperature preference, behavioral tolerance, and physiological tolerances were determined for locally captured, invasive juvenile lionfish at four different acclimation temperatures (13°C, 20°C, 25 °C and 32°C). Temperature preferences and avoidance temperatures were evaluated using an automated shuttlebox system that presents subject-driven temperature stimuli to subjects, who control the temperature with their movement throughout the tank for 12 hours. Subjects are tracked by a computer system, with data output approximately every second. Acute preference was calculated from the archived data as the mean temperature that the fish occupied during the first two hours of dynamic experimentation. Acute preference measurements were used to determine final temperature preferendum and avoidance temperatures were used to determine behavioral tolerance. Critical thermal methodology (CTM) determined the CTmin and CTmax of the lionfish with loss of equilibrium (LOE) as the endpoint. It is assumed that beyond this temperature, the fish would be unable to survive. Temperature was increased or decreased by 0.33°C per minute until the end point was reached. Thermal tolerance polygons provide a visual representation of the lower and upper thermal avoidance temperatures, delineating the thermal range of the species. Their CTmin and CTmax (acclimated to 25°C) were compared experimentally with two other Florida reef fish species (Cephalopholis cruentata and Lutjanus apodus). Acute preferences of juvenile invasive lionfish showed a final preferendum at 28.7 ± 1°C, but with no significant difference between acclimation temperatures. The thermal tolerance polygon of invasive lionfish shows a strong correlation between CTM and acclimation temperature, with the highest CTmax at 39.5°C and the lowest CTmin at 9.5°C. The thermal polygon, preference, and avoidance data describes the thermal niche of the lionfish. Lionfish CTM (24.61°C) is narrower than those of C. cruentata (25.25°C) and L. apodus (26.87°C).