I uppsatsen studeras hur ett svenskt försvar mot kryssningsrobotar och ballistiska robotar kan utformas.Uppsatsen konstaterar att en aktör med tillgång till kryssningsrobotar och ballistiska robotar har enfjärrbekämpningsförmåga till en förhållandevis låg kostnad. För att ytterligare förstärka sinfjärrstridspotential kan aktören förse dessa vapensystem med massförstörelseeffekt. Uppsatsen visar att ettframtida försvarskoncept mot det aktuella hotet är en kombination av offensiva och defensiva insatser. Föratt skydda nationen från insatser med massförstörelsevapen burna av en kryssningsrobot krävsvapensystem med långa räckvidder så att bekämpningen kan ske över hav eller obefolkade områden. Enbekämpad stridsdel med massförstörelsevapen kan resultera i ett restnedfall med förödande effekt. För attbekämpa ballistiska robotar krävs system med extrema prestanda. Bekämpningssystemen skall kunnamöta inkommande robotar med farter mellan 2500 till 5000 m/s. För att minimera restnedfallet från enmassförstörelsestridsspets krävs att den ballistiska roboten bekämpas i den yttre atmosfären.Trots de stora investeringarna i JAS 39-systemet kommer Sverige att sakna ett relevant försvar motkryssningsrobotar och ballistiska robotar. Uppsatsen bedömer att Sverige inte på egen hand kan bygga uppett försvar mot dessa vapen. De två huvudsakliga motiven till detta är ekonomin och behoven av ensamordnad insats om det finns risk för restnedfall vid en bekämpad massförstörelsestridsdel. Uppsatsenförordar ett internationellt samarbete för ett framtida svenskt försvar mot kryssningsrobotar och ballistiskarobotar. För att kunna skaffa sig en framtida förmåga krävs en omfattande kunskapsuppbyggnad inomlandet. Den nuvarande kunskapsnivån räcker inte ens för att fatta de inledande besluten för enövergripande inriktning. / Avdelning: ALB - Slutet Mag 3 C-upps.Hylla: Upps. ChP T 00-02

Univ., Diss.--Tübingen, 2006. / Literaturverz. S. [413] - 453.

La Conférence du Désarmement en tant que « forum unique de négociation multilatéral sur le désarmement » subit une impasse de plus de 15 ans. Elle demeure sans aucun résultat après la dernière négociation du TICE qui s’est terminé en 1996. C’est la raison pour laquelle, tout d’abord nous essayons d’analyser les cadres de négociation et les contenus des traités dans le domaine du désarmement et de la non-prolifération en présentant en deux titres, pour analyser la formation de la normativité et des accords dans ce domaine. En effet, cette thèse couvre tous les types d’armes et ses traités pour la limitation ou l’interdiction de l’arme de destruction massive, y compris les armes nucléaires, biologiques et chimiques, et conventionnelles. La portée de ces instruments varie aussi à partir de traités comme le TNP jusqu’au soft law comme le programme d’action pour les armes légères et de petit calibre. En ce qui concerne la formation de la normativité, le dernier titre essaye d’analyser aussi l’aspect juridique de la négociation et le mécanisme pour renforcer le respect du traité. Ce sont les éléments essentiels pour la naissance de la normativité primordiale des accords en tant que documents juridiquement contraignants, et leur validité. Nous essayons aussi l’analyse du soft law et de la jurisprudence de la Cour internationale de Justice comme source de normativité dans l’ensemble de normes autour du désarmement et de la non-prolifération. C’est ainsi que cette thèse va essayer l’étude minutieuse des problèmes autour de la formation et de la normativité des accords multilatéraux dans le domaine du désarmement et de la non-prolifération. / The Conference on Disarmament as “the single multilateral forum of negotiation on disarmament” suffers from more than 15 years’ stalemate. Its annual session ends without any result every year after the last negotiation of the CTBT until 1996. That is the reason why this doctoral dissertation tries to analyze the framework of negotiation first of all and then the content of the treaties in the field of disarmament and non-proliferation. It also tries to analyze for the normativity of the various instruments in this field. In fact, this dissertation covers every type of weapons and the treaties for their limitation and prohibition starting for weapons of mass destruction to conventional weapons. The coverage of the instruments also varies from the treaties such as NPT to the soft law like the program of action for small arms and light weapons. As for the formation of the normativity, the last part tries to analyze the legal aspect of the negotiation and the mechanism to strengthen the compliance of the treaty. They are the essential elements for the primordial normativity of the treaties as legally binding documents and their validity. The analysis also covers the soft law and legal cases sentenced by the International Court of Justice as a source of normativity in the holistic approach so as to clarify the norms related to disarmament and non-proliferation. In this way this doctoral dissertation tries the in depth study of the process for the formation and the normativity of the multilateral treaties in the field of disarmament and the non-proliferation.

More and more frequent vagaries of the weather, repeated natural disasters, increasing environmental pollution, industry expansion, overpopulation of the planet, religious disturbances, terrorist attacks, wars ? all this and much more matters to the whole human society. The terms such as ?emergency event? and ?crisis situation? are used hand in hand with this in the mass media on a daily basis. In particular, public protection was shaped by the World Wars and the so-called Cold War in the 20th century. Terrorism, uses of nuclear core and religious come into play in the 21st century. Advanced societies, like the Czech Republic, have responded to such a development by adopting a number of measures, creating lots of legal documents, establishing an integrated rescue system designed for managing emergency events. Professionalism of the integrated rescue system keeps improving. But what about an individual who the mentioned events also matter to? What information do the children have nowadays, would they be able to react correctly in emergencies, would they be able to give first aid in a right way? As for teaching public protection, how have the schools adopted themselves to the new era? History and the present of the development of the public protection are described in the theoretical part of the presented thesis. he public protection is viewed within the context of the present days and society i.a. in relation to the multinational organizations and European Community. The description of the school system of teaching public protection is the main linchpin of the theoretical part of the thesis. Guidance Notes by the Ministry of Education, Youth and Sports (the ?MŠMT?) ref. No. 12 050/03-22 to include the topic of protection of man in emergencies into the educational programmes and Guidance Notes by the MŠMT ref. No. 13 586/03-22 Protection of Man in Emergencies ? Amendment to the Teaching Materials for Primary Schools, Secondary Schools, Special Schools and Colleges of 4 March 2003 are the main regulations in this area. Following these documents, the level of cooperation between schools and the integrated rescue system in relation to the comprehensive teaching in the area of public protection in theory is described in the thesis. A hypothesis has been defined for the diploma thesis: Preparedness of primary school pupils in České Budějovice in the area of public protection is only basic. In order to confirm or disapprove this hypothesis, 14 primary schools in České Budějovice founded by the Statutory Town of České Budějovice were addressed in the research part of the thesis. After finding out what the situation at the individual schools is, a selective statistical set of 150 pupils was selected from the set of 28 years 9 of the above-mentioned primary schools and 681 pupils using a stratified sampling method. They were presented with a standard test originating from the test for year 9 outlined in accordance with the guidance notes by the MŠMT and the document ?Documents for Teaching the Issues of Protection of Man in Common Risk Areas and Emergencies at Primary Schools?. Basic methods of descriptive statistics were used to evaluate the test. The hypothesis was not confirmed, which is accounted for in detail in the final part of the thesis. The evaluation of the test results shows significantly better than just pupils? basic knowledge in the area of public protection. Zero hypothesis has been accepted on the basis of the experimental test and the empirical classification was replaced by the theoretical common classification i.e. Gauss curve. The intention of the use in practice has been to offer the thesis results to the primary schools for self-reflection, comparison and expansion or enrichment of the teaching plans. The participating schools were interested in being provided with the individual results already while processing the tests and in this respect they were satisfied.

Abstract University of Växjö, School of Social Sciences Course: POC 536, Political Science 41-60 Title: The U.S. military intervention in Iraq – A study of how the intervention corresponds with the UN Charter Authors: Andreas Malmgren & Johan Schneider Supervisor: Lennart Bergfeldt Date: 2006-09-26 The aim of this essay is through a qualitative literature study examine the main arguments of the Bush administration to justify a military intervention in Iraq. The theories used to explain the actions of the U.S. are system level analysis, hegemonism and realism while the UN Charter will be applied as a normative theory. The research questions are: ■ What were the main arguments of the Bush administration for a military intervention in Iraq? ■ How do these arguments correspond to the UN Charter? U.S. claimed that Iraq was manufacturing nuclear weapons and this was threatening the security of the U.S. The administration also wanted to liberate the Iraqi people from the dictatorship of Saddam Hussein. When the U.S. could not get support through the UN they decided to act independently. According to the UN Charter, UN or its member states are not allowed to intervene in matters within the domestic jurisdiction of any state neither is it allowed to act with a pre-emptive purpose. An exceptional clausal exists if the Security Council decides it is a threat to peace or peace crimes. If a state act without the UN mandate this could undermine the UN authority. Keywords: Weapon of mass destruction, intervention, Iraq, UN Charter, Bush administration

AFRIKAANS: In hierdie proefskrif word wapenbeheer en ontwapening 5005 dit na die Koue Oorlog op globale-, streek-(spesifiek Afrika) en nasionale (spesifiek Suid-Afrika) vlakke toegepas is ondersoek en ontleed. Die doel van die studie is om bestaande kennis op 'n oorsigtelike gekonsolideerde wyse, veral ten opsigte van Afrika en Suid-Afrika uit te brei omdat 'n behoefte in die opsig met die indiening van die navorsingsvoorstel geïdentifiseer is; om aan te toon dat wapenbeheer en ontwapening selfs na die beëindiging van die Koue oorlog steeds wëreldwyd van kardinale belang is; en dat daar na die Koue Oortog ongekende sukses op globale vlak, in Afrika tot 'n mindere mate, en in Suid-Afrika groot sukses met wapenbeheer en ontwapening behaal is. 'n Radikale verandering in binnelandse en buitelandse beleid deur Suid-Afrika het tot gevolg gehad dat Suid-Afrika in die vroeë negentigerjare die eerste staat in die wêreld geword het wat kemontwapening algeheel toegepas het. Suid-Afrika se chemiese en biologiese oorlogvoe¬ringprogramme is ook in die vroeë negentigerjare beëindig. Die demokratisering van die politieke bestel in Suid-Afrika in 1994 het ook grootskaalse betrokkenheid van die Suid¬-Afrikaanse regering by wapenbeheer en ontwapening op globale-, streek- en nasionale vlakke tot gevolg gehad. Die doel van die studie is ook om aan te toon tot watter mate die bëeindiging van die Koue Oortog 'n invloed op wapenbeheer en ontwapening gehad het. Die beëindiging van die Koue Oorlog was 'n resultaat van 'n radikale verandering in binnelandse en buitelandse beleid deur die voormalige Sowjet-Unie. Die studie aangaande wapenbeheer en ontwapening na die Koue Oorlog word voorafgegaan deur 'n ontleding van die teoretiese konsepte van wapenbeheer en ontwapening en die ontwikkeling van die konsepte deur teoretici van die twintigste eeu. Die benaderings met wapenbeheer en ontwapening soos deur hierdie teoretici ontwikkel, word dan ook in die studie toegepas op die verdrae en ooreenkomste wat na die Koue Oorlog onderteken en/of geratifiseer is. Die metode van ondersoek wat vir die bestudering van die onderwerp gevolg is, is histories-beskrywend en analities van aard. Die doeI hiermee was om die verskillende wapenkategorieë en tydperke af te baken en dan vas te stel tot hoe 'n mate wapenbeheer en ontwapening globaal, en meer spesifiek op streek-(Afrika) en nasionale (Suid-Afrika) vlakke na die Koue Oorlog toegepas is. Wapenbeheer en ontwapening soos voor en na die Koue Oorlog toegepas, word ooreenkomstig die teorie, soos in hoofstuk 1 uiteengesit, beoordeel. Die prosedure wat met die navorsing gevolg is, is soos volg: selektering van boeke, dokumente, tydskrifte, nuusblaaie en publikasies van verskillende aard; dataversameling en bestudering van tekse; data-ontleding ten einde vas te stel watter toepaslik is; die proses van vertolking en interpretering van die inligting; toepassing van inligting; evaluasie; en die vorming van gevolgtrekkings. ENGLISH: In this dissertation the processes of arms control and disarmament as implemented at global, regional (Africa) and national (South Africa) levels are investigated and analysed. The purpose of the study is to widen existing knowledge in a consolidated manner, especially with regard to Africa and South Africa. A need in this regard was identified with the submission of the proposal for the study. A further purpose of the study is to indicate that arms control and disarmament, even after the end of the Cold War, is still of utmost importance; and that success of formerly unknown proportions was obtained with arms control and disarmament after the Cold War on the global level, to a lesser extent in Africa, and with great success in South Africa. A radical change in internal as well as foreign policy by the South African government resulted in South Africa being the first state in the world to implement total nuclear disarmament in the early nineties. South Africa's chemical and biological warfare programs were also terminated in the early nineties. The democratisation of the political environment in South Africa in 1994 resulted in South Africa becoming involved in arms control and disarmament at global, regional and national levels. The purpose of the study is also to illustrate to what extent the ending of the Cold War had an influence on arms control and disarmament. The end of the Cold War was a result of a radical change in internal as well as foreign policies of the former Soviet Union. The study of arms control and disarmament after the Cold War is preceded by an analysis of the theoretical concepts of arms control and disarmament by twentieth century theorists. The approaches to arms control and disarmament, as developed by these theorists, are then applied to treaties and agreements, which were signed/ ratified before and after the Cold War. The method of investigation that was followed for the study was historically descriptive and analytical of nature. The purpose was to differentiate between the different categories of weapons and the different periods during which arms control and disarmament were implemented since the earliest times and during and after the Cold War. The approaches to arms control and disarmament, during and after the Cold War, are also assessed according to the theory as explained in chapter 1. The procedure which was followed whilst doing research for the study was as follows: The selection of books, documents, magazines, newspapers, and publications of various nature; compilation and studying of data; analysis of data to establish which would be appropriate to use; the process of interpretation of the information; application; evaluation and forming of conclusions. <p / Thesis (DPhil (International Politics))--University of Pretoria, 2006. / Political Sciences / unrestricted

The challenge of the just war theory in the post-modern era is compounded by technologic advances in warfare and the friction among state actors in a decentralized state system. The inquiry of this investigation on just war is the extent of its validity in an era that extols the sciences and human reason on the one hand and economic necessity on the other as the standard by which state actors regulate their political objectives. The thesis Just war; unjust consequences examines the longevity of the just war tradition, its moral necessity throughout history and its indispensable application in the nuclear age. Chapter 2 examines the moral foundations of the ‘two kingdoms’, which formulates the background of the just war theory, from the biblical account of the great controversy between good and evil to the formation of modern church/state relations. Within the ancient and contemporary setting, ecclesiastical and theological traditions have provided a public platform to establish moral parameters in regards to state actor intent and post-modern application, such as the U.S.-Iraq war. Chapter 3 investigates Augustine’s enduring contribution to the moral and historical formation and longevity of the just war theory. From its earliest development to its modern antecedent the just war theory has been an integral aspect of the philosophical and theological analysis distinguishing ‘why’ and ‘how’ wars are fought and the import of moral parameters to manage international conflict. Chapter 4 examines Reinhold Niebuhr’s contribution to the realist tradition and U.S. foreign policy in the 20th and 21st centuries. This section examines the impact of the modern state actor’s intent for war. The primary issue is that the classical formulation that identifies human nature as the catalyst of social disorder and war is superseded by the scientific method, which adheres to the viewpoint that war is complicated by numerous economic and political factors. Hans Morgenthau’s realist tradition of international relations theory, which advocates that humankind is the centric disruptive force by its abuse of power at all levels of human interaction especially among nations was eventually eclipsed by Kenneth Waltz’s neorealist school of thought, which shifted the culpability of war from the egocentricities of human nature to the disproportions of economic and military power among competing state actors in a decentralized state system. This shift in international relations theory within the framework of weapons of mass destruction contested the validity of the just war tradition in the nuclear age. Chapter 5 reasserts the Christian realist tradition’s viewpoint that the perpetrator for war is the individual actor within collective competitive self-interest, epitomized by the state actor. The classical model is reinstated as a plausible cause for war. It is within this framework that a contemporary adaptation of the just war moral theory is provided to contest the contemporary complexities of warfare in the 21st century. Chapter 6 investigates the practical challenges of modern warfare. The background of Operation Iraqi Freedom reveals the complications of state actor competition in international politics, and the necessity of moral parameters to thwart unwarranted state actor aggression. Finally, Chapter 7 reiterates, the prolonged necessity of the just war tradition in both the ancient and modern eras and, the import of moral parameters to thwart unwarranted state actor aggression and provides a reformulation of the just war moral theory to challenge the viewpoint that deems the utility of weapons of mass destruction as viable national security alternative and its tactical application in warfare. / Thesis (PhD)--University of Pretoria, 2014 / gm2015 / Practical Theology / PhD / Unrestricted

Abstract The purpose of this study is to investigate how USA justified the military intervention of Iraq 2003 by using an idea analytical method. The source material consists of speeches led by President George W. Bush in regard to the 9/11 terror attacks and Iraq between the years 2001 and 2003. Quotes have been categorized by using reality judgment, value judgment and regulation of action to analyze how the intervention was justified. The central question this study aim to answer is: what factors and aspects can be analyzed in Gorge W. Bush’s speeches that justified the intervention in Iraq? Results concludes factors that explain how the United States justifies the intervention of Iraq are thus, the possible security policy threats that could arise in the future as a consequence of an ignored Iraq. The decision was communicated in aspects of good values ​​and altruistic reasons. The combination of the factors and aspects above, mediated by George W. Bush to justify the final course of action: military intervention in Iraq. The conclusion is that the Bush doctrine was primarily a doctrine of security and secondly a doctrine of ideology.

Presented diploma thesis is pursued to the topic of conceptual evolution of civil protection in the last century's 50's to 70's period. This period of time, population safety was secured by so called Civil Defence. Noticeable atribute of all the Civil Defence measures impacting population was mainly protection against mass destruction weapons. That is why protection against mass destruction weapons is given the most attention in this diploma thesis. Target of the thesis is historical analyse concerning Civil Defence and its evolution in Czechoslovakia in noted period. Out of it the thesis sketches also general formation and evolution of civil protection in previous period. Diploma thesis is done based on study of available literature and mainly based on accessible sources from military archive in Prague. Thesis is divided to six chapters, chronologically describing the most important milestones in Civil Defence conceptual evolution. Emphasis is laid on description of its organisational structure and way of population protection against mass destruction weapons. During studies of these sources, the emphasis was laid also on military evaluation of country territory according to level of expected threat by aerial attack that time, or later by nuclear weapon of mass destruction in case of war conflict....

The present diploma thesis aims to compare the approach of the Bush and Obama administrations towards the role of nuclear weapons in the United States security strategy. The author focuses at the Nuclear Posture Review (NPR) reports from 2001 and 2010, employing a detailed comparative analysis of their respective content as well as their implications. The analysis concentrates at broader conceptual issues as well as very concrete steps related to specific elements of the United States strategic arsenal. The author of the thesis argues that the current political discourse which attributes a nearly revolutionary character to the approach of the Obama administration to the United States nuclear policy does not fully match the actual dimension of change between the NPR of 2001 and 2010. In fact, the evolution of the United States nuclear strategy maintains its own dynamics in many aspects. Additionally, the present diploma thesis also tries to analyze both documents within the context of the evolution of the United States nuclear strategy since the 1990s which allows the author to identify the shifts as well as the patterns of continuity in the US nuclear policy in the post-Cold War period.