Urban development demands on construction aggregates are set to rise dramatically over the coming years within the Stockholm region and a significant environmental challenge will be associated with the large flows of construction aggregates and excavated materials in and out of future development projects respectively.   Material banks receive construction and demolition waste (CDW), process this waste and supply recycled aggregates to the construction industry helping to reduce the demand on natural construction minerals.  The transportation of these material flows between the material banks and development areas is predominantly by road in the Stockholm region.  With the transport sector responsible for almost one third of green-house-gas (GHG) emissions in Sweden, there is a motivation for investigating the environmental benefits of minimising transportation distances of construction aggregates.  Quantities of CDW in the form of excavated granular soil and rock from future development locations within a case-study area comprising three municipalities; Botkyrka, Huddinge and Haninge, in the south of Stockholm, have been estimated based on their municipal comprehensive plans up to the year 2030.  This has been done with the assistance of an earthworks estimation tool, the ESAR model, developed by Ecoloop AB.  Distances between existing and planned material banks and future development areas together with the estimated material quantities have been combined to approximate total vehicle-kilometres for the transportation of these materials under a business-as-usual scenario up until 2030.  A comparison has been made to an alternative scenario of strategically located material banks within the case-study area, whereby a methodology has been developed within this study to strategically locate material banks utilising GIS software ArcMap together with land availability map layers for siting material banks previously developed under a separate related study.  In comparison to the business-as-usual scenario, one strategically located material bank within the case-study area reduces total material haulage distances of excavated granular soils and rocks from development areas to the material banks by approximately 42% or 3.67 million vehicle-kilometres, equating to a reduction of 3478 tonnes of CO2e throughout the time horizon of this study.  Another output from the ESAR model is the estimated construction aggregate demand for sub-surface earthworks backfilling activities.  A material flow analysis for the strategically located material bank indicates that the material bank is able to satisfy the sub-surface backfilling construction aggregate demand in the form of recycled aggregates throughout its operation.  Considering the flow of recycled aggregates back to development areas for backfilling earthworks activities, a total combined reduction of 45% or 5.54 million vehicle-kilometres of material haulage distance is achievable, equating to a saving of 5248 tonnes of CO2e.  Reductions in GHG emissions from strategically located material banks are likely to also be significant beyond the boundaries of this study and warrant further research.

Este trabalho estuda a influência de determinados incentivos fiscais relacionados ao Imposto sobre Circulação de Mercadorias e Serviços na estruturação de projetos de rede de distribuição física. O objetivo consiste em desenvolver um modelo matemático que determine uma logística de menor custo considerando incentivos fiscais com base no crédito presumido, em que a característica do cálculo do incentivo é um crédito proporcional ao valor da base de cálculo das notas fiscais com saídas para venda. Para tanto, estruturou-se um modelo de Programação Linear Inteira Mista. A função objetivo do modelo foi estruturada para minimizar os custos totais, sendo estes compostos por duas parcelas de custos logísticos (frete e armazenagem) e uma parcela referente ao benefício fiscal, que entra como uma parcela negativa na função objetivo, haja visto que o benefício fiscal auferido equivale ao montante do saldo de impostos devido que se deixa de pagar. Alguns cenários que contemplam as características dos incentivos analisados foram estudados aplicando-se o modelo matemático a um problema fictício, formulado com base na rede de distribuição física de uma indústria que produz e comercializa bens de consumo não duráveis. Para que os resultados obtidos fossem realísticos, os valores referentes aos custos logísticos (fretes e transbordo) bem como os volumes e a distribuição da demanda foram levantados com base nos dados reais de um ano de operação dessa mesma indústria. / This research evaluates the influence of some specific fiscal benefits related to current states sale taxes for internal and interstate operations over distribution center location decisions. The objective is to develop a mathematic model that determines a distribution network with lower cost considering fiscal benefits based on presumed credit, which is calculated as a proportional value of sales prices. To reach this objective a Mixed Integer Linear Programming model was developed. The optimizing function was structured to minimize the total cost, composed by logistics costs (freight and warehousing) and by fiscal benefit, which is a negative cost function due to the fact that the fiscal benefit is related to the tax that won\'t be paid. Some scenarios considering these fiscal characteristics were studied. The model was applied on a fictitious problem based on the distribution network of a manufacturer that produces and commercializes non durables consumption products. In order to get realistic results, logistics costs (freight and warehousing) and demand parameters were real data gathered from that manufacturer.

Made available in DSpace on 2017-06-01T17:57:26Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 dissertacao_monica_maria_pereira.pdf: 3317223 bytes, checksum: ef120e87a9e5878b6d147ef2048b2da6 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2007-10-19 / A preocupação em preservar os recursos naturais, em reduzir os desperdícios nos canteiros de obras e minimizar custtos na construção civil tem despertado iinteresse de vários pesquisadores para uma ampla discussão sobre o controle do uso adequado das matérias-primas para geração dos materiais empregados na produção dos edifícios, bem como, dos resíduos gerados pelos elevados índices de perdas nas construções. Melhorar a produtividade e a qualidade é um fator de suma importânciia para a sobrevivência das empresas ligadas ao ramo da construção civil no atual ambientte competitivo. O objetivo desta pesquisa é identificar as perdas envolvidas na produção dos blocos cerâmicos e de seu uso nas várias etapas do processo construtivo de obras em Recife,, visando apontar possibilidades de minimização do problema. Para atingir o objjetivo, foram selecionadas duas iindústtriias cerâmicas e três empresas construtoras para comporem o estudo de caso. Os dados foram coletados através de uma planilha e de um Check List durante as visitas realizadas junto às indústrias e empresas construtoras. As etapas analisadas nas indústrias dizem respeito à queima e expedição. Em relação às construtoras foram analisadas as etapas de recebimento, armazenamento, transporte e aplicação. Através da pesquisa verificou-se que as indústrias cerâmicas ainda possuem forte componente cultural, onde a mão-de-obra empregada uttiliza conhecimentos compartilhados a partir das experiências individuais, possuem tímidas iniciativas para a melhoria do processo produtivo, bem como das condições de trabalho e capacitação da sua mão-de-obra,, utilizando, ainda, práticas rudimentares na fabricação de produtos cerâmicos. Neste contexto, através do método de estudo de caso, para as obras pesquisadas, verificou-se que dependendo do nível de gerenciamento e planejamento e dos investimentos tecnológicos, há uma tendência de redução das perdas de materiais. Todavia, não se pode afirmar que uma obra certificada terá, necessariamente, redução de erros e desperdícios, uma vez que o objetivo primeiro é padroniizar requisitos técnicos em seus empreendimentos de modo a aumentar a satisfação do cliente

O presente estudo apresenta a reorganização do projeto de trabalho de uma indústria produtora de equipamentos para compressão de GNV, apoiada pelo uso de sistemas a eventos discretos (SED). A empresa em questão, pioneira neste segmento na América Latina, viveu um súbito aumento na demanda de mercado que expôs fragilidades em seu sistema logístico. Problemas associados ao planejamento e controle de estoque e fluxo de materiais tornaram-se evidentes e deveriam ser resolvidos para que não prejudicassem o fluxo de vendas da empresa. Devido a complexidade existente no projeto produtivo, a simulação foi considerada como a maneira mais segura de planejar alterações nas práticas administrativas e produtivas, sem interferir na rotina da empresa. A modelagem realizada neste trabalho foi feita a partir da construção de uma cadeia de valor para o processo produtivo.Tal abordagem permitiu identificar diversos fatores que contribuíam diretamente à falta de eficiência da empresa tais como a ausência de um sistema logístico estruturado: interligação deficiente entre determinados setores administrativos e a manufatura, formação de estoques paralelos, perda excessiva por manuseio, retrabalho ou uso incorreto de componentes (hidden factory). A modelagem e a análise das propriedades dos modelos foram validadas por meio de um sistema de gestão integralizado (ERP) trabalhando com base em dados reais da empresa estudada. O estudo revelou oportunidades de melhoria baseado na reorganização da seqüência de fabricação e de abastecimento de materiais, aumento de produtividade através de realocação da mão-de-obra, organização do local de trabalho e padronização das atividades. As melhorias identificadas no estudo exploratório e na simulação foram consolidadas formando um sistema de gestão customizado para a empresa objeto do estudo. / This study presents the reorganization of the project work of an industry producing equipment for compressed natural gas (CNG), supported by the use of discrete event systems (DES). The company in question, a pioneer in this segment in Latin America, experienced a surge in market demand that has exposed weaknesses in their logistics system. Problems associated with planning and inventory control and material flow have become evident and should be resolved not to damage the flow of the companys sales. Because of the complexities that exist in productive project, the simulation was considered the safest way to plan changes in administrative and productive practices, without interfering with the routine. The modeling performed in this work was done from the construction of a value chain for the production process. This approach has identified several factors that contributed directly to the inefficiency of the company such as the absence of a structured logistics system: poor interconnection between certain administrative sectors and the manufacture, stockpiling, parallel loss by excessive handling, rework or incorrect use of components ("hidden factory"). The modeling and analysis of the properties of the models were validated by means of a management system (ERP) work based on real data of the studied company. The study revealed opportunities for improvement based on the reorganization of the sequence of manufacturing and supply materials, increased productivity through reallocation of labor, work, workplace organization and standardization activities. The improvements identified in the exploratory study and simulation were consolidated to form a customized management system to the company object of study.

Ett effektivt informationsflöde är väsentligt för att skapa möjligheter till väl fungerande transportkoordination. Utmaningen i byggbranschen är att det finns flera aktörer som behöver ta del av informationen. Systemen som används i dagsläget har sällan möjlighet att dela information med varandra. Den bristande informationsdelningen har lett till en fragmenterad försörjningskedja vilket påverkar projektens produktion negativt.   Tidigare studier har tydliggjort behovet av digitala verktyg för styrning av försörjningskedjan inom byggprojekt. Andra studier har identifierat problem vid implementation av nya rutiner och digitala verktyg i byggbranschen. Därmed finns det ett behov av att undersöka hur företag framgångsrikt kan implementera digitala verktyg för att underlätta informationsdelning och transportkoordination.  Målet med studien har varit att definiera transportkoordinationssystem, samt analysera och undersöka vilka strategier byggherrar kan tillämpa för en effektiv implementering i byggsektorn. Syftet är att identifiera de bakomliggande hinder som begränsar företagen att använda systemen. Utifrån begränsningar och lösningar görs rekommendation för vilka strategier som bör användas.   Studien har utförts som en flerfallsstudie på större husbyggnationsprojekt i Sverige och Norge. I fallstudien ingick sju projekt, där samtliga använt sig av ett transportkoordinationssystem under produktion. Transportkoordinationssystemet har använts i olika utsträckning i varje projekt, beroende på hur logistiklösningen var utformad. Datainsamling genomfördes med semi-strukturerad intervjustudie där minst en representant från vart projekt medverkade. Utöver respondenterna från byggprojekten inkluderades även intervjuer med två konkurrerande mjukvaruutvecklare.   En analys av effekten av logistiklösningen i de olika projekten, och framför allt transportkoordinationssystemets påverkan har genomförts. Det har varit av stor vikt att särskilja det digitala verktygets påverkan från den generella logistiklösningens påverkan. Från respondenterna har det framkommit tydligt att olika strategier vid implementation har haft varierande mottagande i produktionen.   Studien har identifierat tre nyckelfaktorer som ligger till grund för strategier vid implementationen av digitala verktyg:  <li data-leveltext="" data-font="Symbol" data-listid="5" data-list-defn-props="{&quot;335552541&quot;:1,&quot;335559685&quot;:720,&quot;335559991&quot;:360,&quot;469769226&quot;:&quot;Symbol&quot;,&quot;469769242&quot;:[8226],&quot;469777803&quot;:&quot;left&quot;,&quot;469777804&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;469777815&quot;:&quot;hybridMultilevel&quot;}" aria-setsize="-1" data-aria-posinset="1" data-aria-level="1">Kravställning - Förutsättningarna för projektet måste framgå tydligt i ett tidigt skede. Om beställaren sätter krav på huvudentreprenören blir implementationen smidigare, då under-leverantörer och -entreprenörer måste anpassa sig för att vinna kontrakten.  <li data-leveltext="" data-font="Symbol" data-listid="5" data-list-defn-props="{&quot;335552541&quot;:1,&quot;335559685&quot;:720,&quot;335559991&quot;:360,&quot;469769226&quot;:&quot;Symbol&quot;,&quot;469769242&quot;:[8226],&quot;469777803&quot;:&quot;left&quot;,&quot;469777804&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;469777815&quot;:&quot;hybridMultilevel&quot;}" aria-setsize="-1" data-aria-posinset="2" data-aria-level="1">Integration - Då det förekommer många aktörer på projekten behöver man ha möjlighet att integrera systemet med redan befintliga.   <li data-leveltext="" data-font="Symbol" data-listid="5" data-list-defn-props="{&quot;335552541&quot;:1,&quot;335559685&quot;:720,&quot;335559991&quot;:360,&quot;469769226&quot;:&quot;Symbol&quot;,&quot;469769242&quot;:[8226],&quot;469777803&quot;:&quot;left&quot;,&quot;469777804&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;469777815&quot;:&quot;hybridMultilevel&quot;}" aria-setsize="-1" data-aria-posinset="3" data-aria-level="1">Incitament - För att främja användningen kan man med fördel använda bonussystem, som gynnar aktörerna som använder systemet. Allt fler aktörer kommer därmed få positiva erfarenheter av systemet vilket kan underlätta en bredare implementation.   Tidigare studier har beskrivit att byggherrarna inte tidigare fokuserat på bygglogistik. Studien har bekräftat att det i viss mån fortfarande är så, då logistiklösningar främst utformas vid större projekt. Från respondenterna har det framkommit att mindre projekt inom samma byggkoncern inte har samma resurser eller fokus på bygglogistik. Samtidigt kan de större projekten fungera som pilotprojekt, och ligga till grund för en bredare implementation. / An effective flow of information is essential to create opportunities for well-functioning construction logistics. One of the challenges in the construction industry is the number of stakeholders who need access to the information. The systems currently in use often lack the ability to share information with each other. This lack of information sharing has led to a fragmented supply chain, which negatively impacts projects performance.   Previous studies have highlighted the need for digital tools to coordinate the construction logistics in projects. Other studies have identified problems with implementing new procedures and digital tools in the construction sector. Therefore, there is a need to investigate how companies can successfully implement digital tools to facilitate information sharing and transport coordination.   The aim of the study has been to define transport coordination systems. Furthermore, analyze and investigate the strategies that can be applied for effective implementation in the construction sector. The purpose is to identify the underlying obstacles that limit companies from using these systems and provide recommendations for strategies to overcome these limitations.   The study was conducted as a multiple case study on large construction projects in Sweden and Norway. Seven projects were included in the case study, all of which utilized a transport coordination system during production. The extent of use of the system varied in each project depending on the logistics solution. The data collection was done through semi-structured interviews with at least one representative from each project participating. In addition to the respondents from the construction projects, interviews were also conducted with two competing software developers.   An analysis of the impact of the logistics solution in different projects was conducted, which focused on the impact the transport coordination system had. It has been crucial to distinguish the impact of the digital system from the general logistics solution. Respondents have clearly indicated that different strategies have had varied acceptance in production.   The study has identified three key factors underlying strategies for implementing digital tools:  <li data-leveltext="" data-font="Symbol" data-listid="4" data-list-defn-props="{&quot;335552541&quot;:1,&quot;335559685&quot;:720,&quot;335559991&quot;:360,&quot;469769226&quot;:&quot;Symbol&quot;,&quot;469769242&quot;:[8226],&quot;469777803&quot;:&quot;left&quot;,&quot;469777804&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;469777815&quot;:&quot;hybridMultilevel&quot;}" aria-setsize="-1" data-aria-posinset="4" data-aria-level="1">Requirement specification – The project’s requirements must be clearly stated at an early stage. If the client sets requirements for the main contractor, the implementation becomes smoother as subcontractors and suppliers must adapt to win the contracts.   <li data-leveltext="" data-font="Symbol" data-listid="4" data-list-defn-props="{&quot;335552541&quot;:1,&quot;335559685&quot;:720,&quot;335559991&quot;:360,&quot;469769226&quot;:&quot;Symbol&quot;,&quot;469769242&quot;:[8226],&quot;469777803&quot;:&quot;left&quot;,&quot;469777804&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;469777815&quot;:&quot;hybridMultilevel&quot;}" aria-setsize="-1" data-aria-posinset="5" data-aria-level="1">Integration – Since there are many stakeholders involved in projects, there is a need to be able to integrate the system with existing ones.   <li data-leveltext="" data-font="Symbol" data-listid="4" data-list-defn-props="{&quot;335552541&quot;:1,&quot;335559685&quot;:720,&quot;335559991&quot;:360,&quot;469769226&quot;:&quot;Symbol&quot;,&quot;469769242&quot;:[8226],&quot;469777803&quot;:&quot;left&quot;,&quot;469777804&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;469777815&quot;:&quot;hybridMultilevel&quot;}" aria-setsize="-1" data-aria-posinset="6" data-aria-level="1">Incentives – To promote usage, a bonus system can be beneficial, favoring actors who use the system correctly. As more actors have a positive experience with the system, it can facilitate broader implementation.   Previous studies have described how developers have not previously focused on construction logistics. The study confirmed that to some extent this is still the case, as logistics solutions are primarily designed for larger projects. Respondents have indicated that smaller projects within the same company do not have the same resources or focus on construction logistics. Hopefully larger projects can serve as pilot projects and form the basis for broader implementation.

Purpose: The problem with the construction industry is inefficient material handling that creates waste in form of unnecessary activities that do not increase the value of the product. The construction industry is accused of production delays, exceedance of budget and difficulties in having a high quality. The aim is to find opportunities for improvements to make the material handling on a construction site at deliveries, material storage and material transports more efficient. Method: A qualitative case study of an organisation was carried out to achieve the aim of the report. The methods used in this study was unstructured observations, semi structured interviews and document analysis. Findings: A checklist for material handling based on the theories of Muda, 5S and JIT within Lean has been designed as an improvement and is intended to be used at a construction site. The checklist is based on the collected empirical study and consists of three parts, based on the issues of the study, which were deliveries, material storage and material transport. The purpose of the checklist is to improve the material handling at a construction site by identifying and eliminating wastes in terms of waiting, transport, storage and defects. Implications: By using the checklist, follow the delivery plan, improve the construction site plan and improve the contract between the suppliers and the company that have been concluded from the study result, waste in deliveries, material storage and material transport can be reduced. The recommendation is to follow the suggestions for improvement to make the material handling more efficient and reduce waste on a construction site. Limitations: The limitations that have been made in the study is to identify the wastes in the material handling moments that have been used in the study during the different material handling processes. The communication between workers, in what way the company plans their work activities, work environment and quality of work is not included in the study. / Syfte: Problemet i byggbranschen är ineffektiv materialhantering som skapar slöserier av resurser i form av onödiga aktiviteter som inte ökar värdet på slutprodukten. Byggnadssektorn anklagas för förseningar, budgetöverskridande och svårigheter att hålla en hög kvalitet. Målet är att hitta förbättringsmöjligheter för att effektivisera materialhantering på en byggarbetsplats vid leveransmottagning, materiallagring och materialförflyttning. Metod: För att uppnå studiens mål har en kvalitativ fallstudie av en organisation genomförts. De datainsamlingsmetoder som har använts är strukturerade observationer, semistrukturerade intervjuer och dokumentanalys. Resultat: En checklista för materialhantering baserad på teorierna Muda, 5S och JIT inom Lean har utformats som ett förbättringsförslag och är tänkt att användas på en byggarbetsplats. Checklistan är gjord utifrån studiens insamlade empiri och består av tre delar som utgår från studiens frågeställningar leveransmottagning, materiallagring och materialförflyttningen. Syftet med checklistan är att effektivisera materialhanteringen på en byggarbetsplats genom att identifiera och eliminera slöserierna i form av väntan, transport, lager och defekter. Konsekvenser: Genom att använda checklistan, följa leveransplanen, uppdatera APD-planen och förbättra kontraktet mellan leverantörer och företag som har framtagits i studiens resultat kan slöserier inom leveransmottagning, materiallagring och materialförflyttning minskas. Rekommendationerna blir att följa förbättringsförslagen för att effektivisera materialhanteringen och reducera slöserier på byggarbetsplatsen. Begränsningar: De avgränsningar som har gjorts i studien är att identifiera de valda slöserier inom Muda som behandlades i studien under olika materialhanteringsmoment. Kommunikationen mellan arbetarna, på vilket sätt företaget jobbar med att planera olika arbetsmoment, arbetsmiljö och arbetskvalitet ingår inte studien.

Studien är utförd för att identifiera faktorer som påverkar materialflödet negativt i en tillverkningsindustri. På fallföretaget Gunnebo Industries observerades ett specifikt problemområde med fluktuationer som grundar sig i smidesmaskiners driftsäkerhet. Dessa skapar påföljder som försvårar materialhanteringen. Rapporten illustrerar sedan hur stokastisk modellering av maskinfel kan användas som ett indikationsverktyg. Resultatet påvisar en weibullfördelning för samtliga smidesmaskiner. Modellen kan användas för att finna potentiella förbättringsområden eller till och med för att utveckla implementerbara förbättringar. Den reflekterar över nuvarandetillstånd, likt värdeflödesanalys, men med fokus på maskiners pålitlighet. Dessutom diskuteras diverse faktorer som influerar modellen samt hur den i sin tur kan användas vid vidare forskning och analys. / The thesis is conducted on the basis of identifying negatively influencing factors on the flow of material within a manufacturing environment. At Gunnebo Industries the case study revealed a specific problem with fluctuations caused by machine reliability. The report illustrates how stochastic modelling of machine failure can be utilized as a tool of indication. The model can be used to uncover potential refinements regarding production and maintenance. It reflects on current state, complemented by what is attainable. Similarly to value stream mapping, but by emphasizing machine reliability. Furthermore, a discussion is formed regarding various interesting factors influencing the model, and how it in turn can be used in further research and analysis.

Manufacturing companies have a tremendous environmental impact in terms of the way they manage raw materials. In addition, the amount of waste produced by industries continues to increase, which puts even more significant pressure on the environment. The purpose of this thesis was, therefore, to investigate raw material management and to identify strategies that are implemented in a supply chain in order to reduce waste. Then, an investigation of how these strategies are implemented in the product flow through the focal company, its suppliers, and customers was done.  The single case-study approach was selected to answer the research questions and fulfill the study's purpose. The data was collected through means of interviews and document studies. The theoretical framework presented multiple strategies that can be implemented in order to reduce waste. The butterfly diagram emphasizes waste reduction during different steps in the supply chain using the strategies included in the R approaches. These strategies can be implemented internally within an organization or externally with companies in a supply chain to reduce waste. From the findings and analysis, it was evident that all the companies in the supply chain work actively with sustainability across all parts of the triple bottom line. A product flow mapping was created to visualize the companies’ waste reduction strategies. Recycling was the primary strategy, followed by reducing through quality assurance and a make-to-order approach, then ordering materials close to the finished product dimensions. The companies work individually on sustainability to improve their sustainability practices and achieve sustainability goals. Though, they need to improve collaboration and transparency with the other companies in the supply chain. However, they share a similar view on sustainability, and they are working actively to improve their sustainability work. This has facilitated a sustainable supply chain despite the need for more active collaboration.