Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Centro Tecnológico, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Engenharia Química, Florianópolis, 2013. / Made available in DSpace on 2014-08-06T17:09:28Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 323813.pdf: 923726 bytes, checksum: a8015d8b04c2edbedf60057ec1e4ebba (MD5) Previous issue date: 2013 / Esta dissertação de mestrado originou-se da necessidade de avaliação de estratégias numéricas que permitam uma adequada predição in silico dos fenômenos de transferência de calor e massa em sistemas multicomponentes e multifásicos. Em particular, o foco do trabalho consistiu na implementação de modelos robustos em ferramenta de CFD. Para tanto, as equações de Maxwell-Stefan em conjunto com a lei de Fick generalizada foram codificadas na linguagem de programação C e o código gerado foi dinamicamente acoplado ao código comercial ANSYS® CFD (FLUENT®), versão 14.0. Determinou-se, então, a composição e a temperatura de equilíbrio em um sistema vapor-líquido, sendo cada fase composta por uma mistura de quatro hidrocarbonetos puros (metano, n-pentano, n-hexano e n-octano). Levou-se em consideração todas as características inerentes a misturas multicomponentes (a exemplo da correção para altas taxas e da contribuição de todos os gradientes de composição para a taxa de transferência da espécie i), o que introduz uma complexidade considerável ao sistema quando comparada à solução de escoamentos envolvendo misturas binárias. Os resultados obtidos nos estudos com a ferramenta de CFD foram verificados com predições obtidas do simulador de processos comercial em estado estacionário denominado PRO/II®, versão 8.2. Um estudo preliminar com a mistura binária água/ar foi conduzido com o objetivo de validar os resultados obtidos com o código CFD por meio de comparação direta com dados fornecidos pela carta psicrométrica padrão. <br> / Abstract : This dissertation was originated from the need of the evaluation of numerical strategies that may allow an adequate prediction in silico of heat and mass transfer phenomena in multicomponent and multiphase systems. In particular, the aim of the work has been to implement robust models in a CFD tool. Therefore, the Maxwell-Stefan's equations in conjunction with the generalized Fick's law have been codified in the C programming language and the code generated has been dynamically coupled to the commercial code ANSYS® CFD (FLUENT®), version 14.0. It has been determined, then, the equilibrium composition and temperature in a vapor-liquid system, in which each phase has been composed by a mixture of four pure hydrocarbons (methane, n-pentane, n-hexane and octane). All the inherent characteristics of multicomponent mixtures (e.g., the high flux correction and the contribution of all composition gradients to the transport rate of species i) have been taken into account, which introduces considerable complexity to the system when compared to the solution of flow involving binary mixtures. The results obtained in the studies conducted with the CFD code have been verified with predictions obtained from the steady state process simulator named PRO/II®, version 8.2. A preliminary study with the binary mixture water/air has been carried out with the aim to validate the results obtained with the CFD code by means of direct comparison with data provided by standard psychrometric chart.

Dissertação (mestrado)—Universidade de Brasília, Faculdade de Tecnologia, Departamento de Engenharia Elétrica, 2015. / Submitted by Fernanda Percia França (fernandafranca@bce.unb.br) on 2016-03-07T17:49:28Z No. of bitstreams: 1 2015_PatríciadeOliveiraFreitasBorin.pdf: 4605701 bytes, checksum: b7d2ac1093a633725b54b675af1c2c44 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Marília Freitas(marilia@bce.unb.br) on 2016-05-26T19:32:17Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 2015_PatríciadeOliveiraFreitasBorin.pdf: 4605701 bytes, checksum: b7d2ac1093a633725b54b675af1c2c44 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-05-26T19:32:17Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 2015_PatríciadeOliveiraFreitasBorin.pdf: 4605701 bytes, checksum: b7d2ac1093a633725b54b675af1c2c44 (MD5) / Neste trabalho são apresentadas metodologias de pesquisa que possibilitam compreender a influência da configuração dos feixes de subcondutores das linhas de transmissão em ultra alta tensão em corrente alternada (UAT CA) sobre os valores dos campos elétricos, tendo como principais objetivos a avaliação da sensibilidade do gradiente de potencial nas superfícies dos condutores; a análise crítica dos métodos de cálculo existentes (analíticos e numéricos) para quantificar a distribuição do gradiente de potencial; e o estudo do equacionamento dos campos eletromagnéticos associados a linhas de transmissão (LTs) na frequência industrial, a partir das equações de Maxwell. Para tanto, é feita uma simulação, em larga escala, de um estudo de caso de uma linha de 1.000 kV CA, considerando diferentes espaçamentos entre subcondutores dos feixes e diferentes arranjos regulares de feixes. Para cada uma das configurações, os gradientes de potencial, máximo e médio, na superfície de cada condutor são calculados pelo método das imagens sucessivas. Nas simulações, é utilizado o modelo simplificado de LTs, reduzindo o problema a duas dimensões. Observa-se que os valores máximo e médio do gradiente do feixe aumentam à medida que aumenta o espaçamento do feixe. Todavia, verifica-se que a variação percentual nos gradientes não é tão expressiva quando comparada a do espaçamento entre subcondutores. Além disso, constata-se que a distribuição dos gradientes nos subcondutores não é uniforme. Destaca-se que apenas os arranjos de 8 e 10 subcondutores atendem aos gradientes críticos de corona visual, implicando reduções expressivas de gradiente em comparação ao arranjo hexagonal. Os resultados desta pesquisa indicam que distribuição do gradiente é sensível tanto ao espaçamento do feixe de condutores quanto a geometria dos feixes. Sendo este último o de maior influência. O método numérico aplicado apresentou boa precisão para configurações de linhas com feixes múltiplos. Por fim, recomenda-se a avaliação da influência de diferentes condutores sobre o desempenho de linhas UAT CA e sugere-se a utilização de métodos numéricos baseados em parâmetros concentrados (elementos finitos, por exemplo) para avaliar parâmetros críticos desconsiderados pelo modelo simplificado de LTs, como flecha dos condutores e proximidade às estruturas das torres. / This work presents research methodologies that enables to understand the influence of bundle sub conductors in ultra-high voltage (UHV) AC transmission lines upon electric fields. It has as main objectives the evaluation of sensitivity of surface gradient potential (SGP) of overhead line conductors, critical analysis of the main analytical and numerical existing methods to quantify SGP distribution, and the study of electromagnetic modeling of transmission lines, regarding power frequency, carried out using Maxwell's equations. Therefore, it is performed a large-scale simulation of a case study of a 1000 kV AC line, taking into account different bundle spacing and different bundle arrangements. To each one of these configurations, the average and maximum SGP of each conductor are calculated by Successive Images method. The simulations consider the simplified transmission line model, reducing the problem into two dimensions. It is observed that the maximum and average values increase when bundle spacing increases. Nevertheless, it is found that the percentage change in gradient is not as significant as compared to the spacing between sub conductors. In addition to that, it is seen that gradient distribution on sub conductors is non-uniform. It is noteworthy that only 8 and 10 sub conductor’ arrangements meet the critical gradients for visual corona. The results of this research indicate that gradient distribution is sensitive to conductor spacing and to the geometry of the bundle arrangements. The latter being the more influential. The numerical method applied to the case study showed good accuracy for transmission lines with multiple bundle conductors. Finally, it is recommended to evaluate the influence of different conductors on UHV AC transmission lines performance and it is suggested the use of numerical methods based on lumped parameters (e.g. finite elements) to better evaluate critical parameters which are ignored by transmission line simplified model, like conductor sag and proximity to towers.

Orientador: Leonardo de Souza Mendes / Tese (doutorado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Engenharia Eletrica e de Computação / Made available in DSpace on 2018-07-24T11:34:10Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Carvalho_SergioAntenorde_D.pdf: 4540873 bytes, checksum: 3ca0c6e6987e0376dfe4cf13e2294530 (MD5) Previous issue date: 1998 / Resumo: Este trabalho usa uma formulação volumétrica para calcular os campos gerados pela interação entre um corpo tridimensional e uma onda eletromagnética. Usamos o princípio equivalente para obter, das equações de Maxwell, uma equação integral que relaciona as correntes volumétricas equivalentes ao campo incidente. O método dos momentos é aplicado para transformar a equação integral em um sistema de equações algébricas, que pode ser resolvido numericamente. Para aplicar o método dos momentos expandimos as correntes equivalentes em termos de funções de base solenoidais. Estas funções não geram cargas espúrias dentro das regiões homogêneas do corpo, assim nós podemos aplicar o método a corpos com altos valores de constante dielétrica. As funções são definidas sobre tetraedros, o que permite uma melhor discretização do corpo. Até onde conhecemos, esta é a primeira vez que estas funções são usadas para analisar problemas harmônicos no tempo. Um novo método iterativo de solução da equação integral é desenvolvido. O método consiste em dividir o corpo em partes, cada uma com a sua matriz momento, que determina o campo induzido por uma excitação. A solução completa é construída pela interação entre todas as partes, sendo o campo incidente a excitação inicial. Apresentamos resultados mostrando a aplicabilidade da formulação com o uso das funções solenoidais e do método iterativo. Analisamos o espalhamento por um cubo dielétrico homogêneo e não homogêneo, esfera homogênea e não homogênea e por conjuntos de cubos. Os resultados concordaram com aqueles disponíveis na literatura e com os obtidos com o uso de funções pulso. No caso da esfera comparamos os resultados com os obtidos através da serie de Mie, com uma boa concordância / Abstract: This work deals with the use of a volume formulation to calculate the field distribution of tridimensional bodies. We use the equivalente principle to obtain, from Maxwell's equations, an integral equation that relates the equivalent volume polarization currents to the incident field. The method of moments is applied to transform the integral equation into a system of algebraic equations that can be solved numerically. To apply the method of moments we first expand the equivalent currents in terms of solenoidal basis functions. These functions do not generate spurious charges inside the homogeneous portion of body so we can apply this method to the bodies with high values of dielectric constant. The functions are defined on tetrahedrons permitting a better fitting of the object to be discretized. As far as we know, this is the first time that these functions are used to analyze time-harmonic problems. A new iterative method of solution of the integral equation is developed. The method consists in the division of the body in parts, with every part being characterized by a matrix moment that determines the induced field by excitation. The entire solution is built by interaction among the parts with the incident field like initial excitation. We present results showing the effectiveness of the formulation with the use of solenoidal iunctions. We analyze scattering by homogeneous and inhomogeneous dielectric cube, homogeneous and inhomogeneous sphere and by ensemble of cubes. The results are in good agreement with results found in the published literature and with those obtained using pulse basis functions. In the case of the sphere we compare the results with those obtained using the Mie's series / Doutorado / Doutor em Engenharia Elétrica

Orientador: Waldyr A. Rodrigues Jr / Tese (doutorado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Matematica / Made available in DSpace on 2018-07-25T01:10:59Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Moya_AntonioManuel_D.pdf: 2371692 bytes, checksum: 27c27783a7dad0ff9575696172177b9e (MD5) Previous issue date: 1999 / Resumo: Desenvolvemos o formalismo Lagrangiano para os chamados campos relativísticos utilizando o cálculo do espaço-tempo, i.e., um cálculo multivetorial baseado na álgebra do espaço-tempo. Derivamos rigorosamente a equação de campo, associada à Lagrangiana para um campo multivetorial (rotor ou spinor), a partir do princípio de mínima ação. Derivamos as fórmulas gerais para os extensores canônicos da energia-momento e do momento angular, e obtemos duas formas equivalentes para os correspondentes teoremas de conservação, com campos multivetoriais (rotores) e campos spinoriais tratados de um modo completamente unificado. Demonstramos que aparte antisimétrica do extensor de energia-momento é de grande importância no tratamento correto do momento angular, ela está relacionada à fonte do spin / Abstract: The Lagrangian formalism for the so-called relativistic fields is developed by using the space-time calculus, i.e., a multivector calculus based upon the space-time algebra. The field equation, associated to the Lagrangian for a multivector field (rotor or spinor), is rigorously derived from the least action principle. The general formulas for the canonical stress-energy and angular-momentum extensors are derived, and two equivalent forms for the corresponding conservation theorems are obtained, with multivector fields (rotors) and spinor fields treated in a unified way. It is demonstrated that the antisymmetric part in the stress-energy extensor is potentially important to the correct treatment of the angular-momentum, the one is related to the spin source / Doutorado / Fisica-Matematica / Doutor em Matemática Aplicada

Though there has been a considerable amount of work investigating the early stages of low-mass star formation in recent years, the general theory is only broadly understood and several open questions remain. Specifically, the dominant physical mechanisms which connect large-scale molecular cloud structures, intermediate-scale filamentary gas flows, and small-scale collapsing prestellar envelopes in the interstellar medium are poorly constrained. Even for an individual forming protostar, the evolution of the mass accretion rate from the envelope onto the central object is debated with little observational evidence to help guide the theoretical framework. In addition, with the development of new technology such as the continuum imaging instrument in operation at the James Clerk Maxwell Telescope (JCMT), the Submillimetre Common User Bolometer Array 2 (SCUBA-2), the best practices for data reduction and image calibration for ground-based, submillimetre wavelength observations are still being investigated. In this dissertation, I address facets of these open questions in five main projects with an overarching focus on the flow of material from the largest to the smallest scales in a molecular cloud. By performing synthetic observations of a numerical simulation of a turbulent molecular cloud, I investigate the nature of prestellar envelopes and find evidence of larger mass reservoirs that form filamentary structures and feed cluster formation. Then, after robustly investigating and suggesting improvements for ground-based, submillimetre data reduction techniques, I continue to probe the connection between larger and smaller scales by characterising structure fragmentation in the Southern Orion A Molecular Cloud from the perspective of 850 m continuum data. Finally, I follow star forming material to even smaller scales by exploring the evolution of the mass accretion rate onto individual protostars. This examination has required designing and implementing unprecedented spatial alignment and flux calibration techniques at 850 m. Using these newly calibrated images, I am able to identify several candidate sources that show evidence for submillimetre variability, suggesting changes in protostellar accretion rates over several year timescales. / Graduate

Vertical external-cavity surface-emitting lasers are ideal testbeds for studying the influence of the non-equilibrium many-body dynamics on mode locking. As we will show in this thesis, ultra short pulse generation involves a marked departure from Fermi carrier distributions assumed in prior theoretical studies. A quantitative model of the mode locking dynamics is presented, where the semiconductor Bloch equations with Maxwell’s equation are coupled, in order to study the influences of quantum well carrier scattering on mode locking dynamics. This is the first work where the full model is solved without adiabatically eliminating the microscopic polarizations. In many instances we find that higher order correlation contributions (e.g. polarization dephasing, carrier scattering, and screening) can be represented by rate models, with the effective rates extracted at the level of second Born-Markov approximations. In other circumstances, such as continuous wave multi-wavelength lasing, we are forced to fully include these higher correlation terms. In this thesis we identify the key contributors that control mode locking dynamics, the stability of single pulse mode-locking, and the influence of higher order correlation in sustaining multi-wavelength continuous wave operation.

Cette thèse est essentiellement composée de deux parties traitant des problèmes de Cauchy ou des problèmes périodiques. Dans la première partie, on étudie la stabilité de solutions régulières au voisinage d'états d'équilibre non constants pour un système d'Euler-Maxwell isentropique compressible bipolaire. Par des estimations d'énergie classiques et un argument de récurrence sur l'ordre des dérivées des solutions, on montre l'existence globale et l'unicité des solutions régulières du système lorsque les données initiales sont proches des états d'équilibre. On obtient aussi le comportement asymptotique des solutions quand le temps tend vers l'infini. Dans la deuxième partie, on considère la stabilité en temps long des solutions régulières de systèmes d'Euler-Maxwell et de Navier-Stokes-Maxwell compressibles dans le cas non isentropique lorsque les états d'équilibre sont constants. Grâce à des choix convenables de symétriseurs des systèmes et à des estimations d'énergie, on montre l'existence globale et l'unicité des solutions régulières des systèmes avec données initiales petites. De plus, par le principe de Duhamel et l'outil d'analyse de Fourier, on obtient des taux de décroissance des solutions quand le temps tend vers l'infini. / This thesis is essentially composed of two parts dealing with Cauchy problems and periodic problems. In the first part, we study the stability of smooth solutions near non constant equilibrium states for a two-fluid isentropic compressible Euler-Maxwell system.By classical energy estimates together with an induction argument on the order of the derivatives of solutions, we prove the existence and uniqueness of global solutions to the system when the given initial data are near the equilibrium states. We also obtain the asymptotic behavior of solutions when the time goes to infinity. In the second part, we consider the long time stability of the global smooth solutions for compressible Euler-Maxwell and Navier-Stokes-Maxwell systems in non isentropic case when the equilibrium solutions are constants. With the help of suitable choices of symmetrizers and energy estimates, we prove the existence and uniqueness of global solutions to the systems with given small initial data. Furthermore, using the Duhamel principle and the Fourier analysis tool, we obtain the decay rates of smooth solutions as the time goes to infinity.

In this thesis, several new aspects of asymptotic symmetries have been exploited.Firstly, we have shown that the asymptotic symmetries can be enhanced tosymplectic symmetries in three dimensional asymptotically Anti-de Sitter (AdS) space-time with Dirichletboundary conditions. Such enhancement providesa natural connection between the asymptotic symmetries in the far region i.e. closeto the boundary) and the near-horizon region, which leads to a consistenttreatment for both cases. The second investigation in three dimensional space-time is to study theEinstein-Maxwell theory including asymptotic symmetries, solutionspace and surface charges with asymptotically flat boundary conditionsat null infinity. This model allows one to illustrate several aspectsof the four dimensional case in a simplified setting. Afterwards, we givea parallel analysis of Einstein-Maxwell theory in the asymptotically AdScase.Another new aspect consists in demonstrating a deep connection between certainasymptotic symmetry and soft theorem. Recently, a remarkable equivalence wasfound between the Ward identity of certain residual (large) U(1) gauge transformations and the leadingpiece of the soft photon theorem. It is well known that the softphoton theorem includes also a sub-leading piece. We have proven thatthe large U(1) gauge transformation responsible for the leading soft factorcan also explain the sub-leading one.In the last part of the thesis, wewill investigate the asymptotic symmetries near the inner boundary. Asa null hypersurface, the black hole horizon can be considered as an innerboundary. The near horizon symmetries create “soft” degrees of freedom. Wehave generalised such argument to isolated horizon and have shown that those “soft” degreesof freedom of an isolated horizon are equivalent to its electric multipolemoments. / Doctorat en Sciences / info:eu-repo/semantics/nonPublished

Abstract The production of liquid transportation fuels such as bioethanol and more recently also biobutanol from renewable resources has received considerable attention. In the production of bio-based alcohols, the separation steps are expensive as the mixtures to be separated are dilute. As an energy-efficient separation technology, pervaporation is considered to be a potential process in biofuel purification. One of the main constraints in the commercialization of pervaporation has been low membrane fluxes, and the consequent high costs due to the high membrane area needed. In order to obtain high fluxes, the membranes should be as thin as possible. In this thesis, the performance of ultra-thin zeolite membranes in pervaporation was investigated. Binary ethanol/water and n-butanol/water mixtures were studied using both hydrophobic and hydrophilic zeolite membranes for alcohol concentration, as well as dehydration. The development of pervaporation membranes and processes has been mainly empirical. Process modeling, however, is an indispensable tool in process design. In this work, the pervaporation performance of the studied membranes was evaluated on the basis of experimental results in combination with mathematical modeling. Due to the low film thickness of the studied membranes, the fluxes were generally higher than reported earlier. Nevertheless, the evaluation in this work showed that the pervaporation performance of the ultra-thin membranes decreased due to flux limitation by membrane support. In this work, pervaporation was modeled by applying both a semi-empirical and a detailed Maxwell-Stefan based mass transfer model. The latter model considers explicitly both adsorption and diffusion, i.e. the phenomena involved in separation by pervaporation. The description of the support behavior was included in the models. Maxwell-Stefan formalism was applied in unary pervaporation for the determination of diffusivities in zeolite membranes. The models performed well within the range of experimental data. Additionally, a practical modeling approach was developed in this work to predict the temperature dependency of adsorption on zeolites. The developed approach can be utilized, e.g., in pervaporation modeling. Thus, this thesis provides knowledge of using ultra-thin zeolite membranes in the pervaporation of alcohol/water mixtures, and offers tools for pervaporation modeling. / Tiivistelmä Kiinnostus uusiutuvista raaka-aineista valmistettavia liikennepolttoaineita, kuten bioetanolia ja -butanolia, kohtaan lisääntyy koko ajan. Biopohjaisten alkoholien tuotannossa etenkin erotusvaiheet ovat kalliita, koska erotettavat liuokset ovat laimeita. Pervaporaatio on energiatehokas kalvoerotusmenetelmä ja sen vuoksi potentiaalinen osaprosessi biopolttoaineiden tuotantoon. Pervaporaation kaupallistamisen merkittävimpiä rajoitteita ovat olleet alhaiset ainevuot, jotka johtavat suureen kalvopinta-alan tarpeeseen ja näin ollen korkeisiin kustannuksiin. Korkean ainevuon saavuttamiseksi kalvojen tulisi olla mahdollisimman ohuita. Tässä väitöstyössä tutkittiin hyvin ohuiden zeoliittimembraanien suorituskykyä pervaporaatiossa. Kohteena olivat binääriset etanoli/vesi- ja n-butanoli/vesiseokset, joista väkevöitiin alkoholeja tai poistettiin vettä hydrofobisia ja hydrofiilisiä zeoliittimembraaneja käyttäen. Pervaporaatiossa käytettävien kalvojen ja pervaporaatiota hyödyntävien prosessien kehitystyö on ollut pääasiassa kokeellista. Prosessimallinnus on kuitenkin tärkeä työkalu prosessisuunnittelussa. Tässä työssä membraanien suorituskykyä pervaporaatiossa arvioitiin sekä kokeellisesti että mallinnuksen keinoin. Käytettyjen kalvojen ohuuden ansiosta tässä työssä saavutetut ainevuot olivat yleisesti ottaen korkeampia kuin aiemmin raportoiduilla membraaneilla. Ohuilla kalvoilla tukimateriaalin aiheuttama aineensiirron vastus oli kuitenkin merkittävä, alentaen membraanien suorituskykyä. Tässä työssä pervaporaatiota mallinnettiin käyttäen sekä puoliempiiristä että yksityiskohtaisempaa Maxwell-Stefan -pohjaista mallia. Jälkimmäisessä mallissa adsorptio ja diffuusio, eli ilmiöt joihin erotus pervaporaatiossa perustuu, otetaan eksplisiittisesti huomioon. Myös tukimateriaalin vaikutukset huomioitiin käytetyissä malleissa. Maxwell-Stefan -mallinnusta käytettiin puhtaiden komponenttien pervaporaatiossa zeoliittimembraanin diffuusiokertoimien määrittämiseksi. Käytettyjen mallien suorituskyky kokeellisella alueella oli hyvä. Tässä työssä kehitettiin lisäksi helppokäyttöinen menetelmä aineiden adsorptiokäyttäytymisen ennustamiseen zeoliiteissa eri lämpötiloissa. Kehitettyä menetelmää voidaan hyödyntää esimerkiksi pervaporaation mallinnuksessa. Kokonaisuudessaan väitöstyöstä saadaan tietoa ultraohuiden membraanien käytöstä pervaporaatiossa sekä työkaluja pervaporaation mallinnukseen.

The Eight Songs for a Mad King lends itself very nicely to the analysis of the various Sprechstimme and "extended vocalism" techniques. Peter Maxwell Davies uses all the conventional Sprechstimme techniques as well as vocal sounds and notation of his own design. By explaining and illustrating these techniques before the performance of the work, the audience can gain additional insight into and understanding of the performance. The historical aspect of the text used in the Mad King is also of interest to the listener. The poems were inspired by a small mechanical organ supposedly once owned by King George III and which played eight tunes. A scrap of paper sold with the organ explains that "This organ was George the third for Birds to sing". The songs are understood to be his monologue while listening to his birds perform. The text incorporates many sentences actually spoken by George III in both his sane and insane moments.