This thesis will posit that a query of the medieval trope, Fortune, can be read as a query into femininity. Fortune is depicted with many quintessentially medieval feminine traits, and women in texts that discuss Fortune often have Fortune's traits. While texts that link Fortune and femininity usually do so to censure women, some writers turned the trope to their advantage for just the opposite purpose. Both Chaucer in the "Monk's Tale" and Christine de Pizan personify Fortune to subtly point out the flaws in antifeminist medieval view of women. This thesis explores the ways in which these writers cleverly took advantage of genre and characterization to use Fortune to defend women and womanhood.

This research project explores an area which had been touched only tangentially, being a comparative analysis of the idea and interpretations of friendship which emerge from the three vernacular collections attributed to the supervision of King Alfonso X of Castile (1252-1284): namely the Marian songs Cantigas de Santa María, the law code known as the Siete Partidas and the chronicle Estoria de España. These sources have been examined by adopting a thematic approach which has highlighted the existence of categories such as spiritual, religious and political friendships, as well as other forms of amicable relationships, including those between representatives of different religious, ethnic and social groups. Additionally, this study demonstrates that there was a conscious adoption of a specific lexicon of amicitia which contributed to reinforce either the opposition or the coincidence between friendship, companionship and counsellorship. Despite the undeniable inheritance of both classical eastern and western traditions, the works of the ‘Learned’ King present a peculiar idea of friendship which was deeply affected by contemporary historical contingencies and by the political and cultural projects of a sovereign who wanted to be regarded as a friend of his people, without denying, however, the unbridgeable gap which existed between different social groups. Interestingly, even if the Alfonsine works display a complicated range of relationships which envisage clear differences, they still outline a perfectly-balanced system within which the general and untouchable rules of friendship predominated, although in some cases certain variants were allowed in order to adapt such general requirements to contemporary social and political situations.

This study examines the attitudes to, and commemoration of, death in Wales in the period between the end of the thirteenth century and the middle of the sixteenth century by analysis of the poetical work produced during this period. In so doing, this is placed in the wider context of death and commemoration in Europe. Although there are a number of memorial tombs and some evidence of religious visual art in Wales which has survived from the late medieval period, in comparison with that to be found in many other European countries, this is often neither so commonplace nor so imposing. However, the poetry produced during this period very much reflects the visual material that was produced in other parts of Europe. The poetry shows that the Welsh gentry at that time were familiar with many of the themes surrounding death and commemoration so obvious in European visual art such as the macabre and the fate of both the body and the soul after death. With war, famine and disease being so commonplace during the Middle Ages, and the late medieval period witnessing the effects of the Black Death, it is, perhaps, little wonder that macabre imagery and concerns about the fate of the soul were so often produced in European visual art of the time. These concerns are reflected in the Welsh poetry of the period with several poets composing quite vivid poetry describing the fate of the body as a decomposing corpse after death or allusions to the personification of Death appearing to claim its victims. The tension that many felt between the role of God on Judgement Day and God as Redeemer is also apparent in a number of the poems composed at this time. This study shows how important the role of the poet was amongst the gentry in Wales during the late medieval period, a role which ensured that the patrons of the poets were immortalised in words rather than by physical memorials. It also highlights the importance of poetical works of the period as an important primary source for historical research. Many of the poems give a contemporaneous account of important events of the period such as symptoms of plague victims which confirm that the Black Death was indeed the bubonic form of the plague.

La thèse porte sur la chronique, très peu étudiée, du frère dominicain Francesco Pipino (années 1270-après 1328) consignée dans un manuscrit unique conservé à la Biblioteca Estense Universitaria de Modène (ms. lat. 465). Cette longue chronique (cent quatre-vingt-un folios auxquels s’ajoutent un sommaire en six folios) est structurée en trente-et-un livres qui, à trois exceptions près, sont intitulés d’après le nom d’un empereur, de Charlemagne à Albert de Habsbourg. Le premier volume fournit une analyse en trois parties des derniers livres de la chronique (XXVII à XXXI) qui concernent les années 1250-1320 environ. Le second volume de la thèse regroupe les sources, la bibliographie et les annexes (dont une édition et une traduction des derniers livres de la chronique).La première partie de la thèse fait le point sur la vie et l’œuvre de Francesco Pipino, dont la présence est particulièrement attestée à Bologne et Padoue, où il remplit notamment les fonctions d’archiviste, de vice-prieur et de prieur conventuels. L’itinérance de Francesco Pipino l’a également mené en Orient, une première fois pour un pèlerinage en Terre sainte (1320) et très probablement une seconde fois dans le cadre de la Société des frères pérégrinants.La deuxième partie de la thèse interroge les opérations intellectuelles propres à l’historien en portant le regard sur les sources utilisées et leur traitement. Francesco Pipino peut reprendre ses sources historiographiques verbatim, il peut aussi les résumer. Il recourt également à des sources diplomatiques : bulles et lettres peuvent constituer un chapitre entier ou être remployé sous forme d’extraits. D’autres types de sources sont mobilisées : sources épigraphiques, archéologiques et orales. Francesco Pipino est rarement servile face à ses sources, qu’il critique.La chronique porte également la marque de l’ordre des frères prêcheurs, dans ses choix hagiographiques, par l’exemplarité du récit ou encore par l’insertion de quelques figures dominicaines dans le temps de l’histoire.La troisième partie livre une triple lecture politique de la chronique, qui s’inscrit dans le contexte de la lutte entre le Sacerdoce et l’Empire. La structuration impériale de la chronique donne la précellence aux empereurs. En accordant la qualité d’empereur au roi des Romains, Francesco Pipino minore le rôle du couronnement impérial et, partant, des prétentions théocratiques. Ses positions politiques sont, de manière générale, pro-impériales. Au sein de chaque livre, après un premier ensemble narratif consacré à l’empereur, un deuxième ensemble traite des papes ayant officié sous l’empereur qui donne son nom au livre. Francesco Pipino reste mesuré dans son appréciation des différents pontificats, bien qu’il condamne ici encore les prétentions théocratiques de la papauté. Dans un troisième temps, chaque livre se clôt par les événements survenus dans les cités italiennes, dans les royaumes européens et en Orient. L’analyse prend ici appui sur le cas de la cité de Bologne à la fin du XIIIe siècle, dont les divisions sont dénoncées. / The focus of this doctoral dissertation is a chronicle by Dominican friar Francesco Pipino (1270 CE – after 1328 CE), which has been little studied to date and is recorded in a unique manuscript kept at the Biblioteca Estense Universitaria in Modena, Italy (ms. Lat. 465.) This long chronicle (one hundred eighty-one folios, with an added six-folio table of contents) is organized in thirty-one books, which, with three exceptions, are titled after the name of an Emperor, from Charles The Great to Albert I von Habsburg. The first volume of this dissertation offers an analysis in three parts of the last books in the chronicle (volumes XXVII to XXXI), which focus on the years around 1250-1320. The second volume gathers the sources, bibliography and appendices including an edition and translation of the last books of the chronicle. The first part of the dissertation reviews the life and work of Francesco Pipino, whose presence is most specifically attested in Bologna and Padova, where he notably performed the duties of a monastic archivist, vice-prior, and prior. The peripatetic wanderings of Francesco Pipino also led him to the Middle-East; a first time for a pilgrimage in the Holy Land (1320) and very likely a second time within the framework of the Societas Fratres Peregrinantes. The second part of the dissertation interrogates the intellectual operations specific to historians by looking at the sources used in the research and their handling. Francesco Pipino might reprise his historiographical sources verbatim, or he might sum them up. He might also use diplomatic sources: Papal bulls and letters can constitute a whole chapter or be reused as excerpts. Other types of sources are enlisted: epigraphic, archeological or rural sources. Francesco Pipino was rarely subservient to his sources, which he reviewed critically. The chronicle also bears the mark of the Order of Preaching Friars, with its hagiographical choices, with the exemplary nature of the narrative, or with the insertion of a few Dominican figures inside historical time. The third part delivers a three-pronged political reading of the chronicle, which is inscribed within the contexts of the struggle between the clergy and the Holy Roman Empire. The imperial structuring of the chronicle gives the emperors precellence. By lending the quality of Emperor on the king of Romans, Francesco Pipino downplays the role of the imperial coronation and from there, theocratic contentions as well. His political stance is generally supportive of the Empire. Within each book, after a first narrative part devoted to the emperor, a second one deals with the Popes who have officiated under the emperor whose name is given to the book. Francesco Pipino remains moderate in his appraisal of the various pontificates, even though he once again condemns the theocratic pretenses of the Papacy. In a third and final stage, each book closes with events that have happened in Italian cities, in European kingdoms, and in the Middle-East. Here, the analysis is based on a case study of the city of Bologna at the end of the 13th Century, and on the denunciation of its divisions.

第22回名古屋大学年代測定総合研究センターシンポジウム平成21(2009)年度報告

So far the history of medieval Franciscan Observance has been considered as the history of individual monasteries, or more generally as the history of disputes concerning education, culture and nationality. The aim of the present dissertation is to describe the history in terms of cultural history, to analyze wider issues of architecture regarding monastic buildings of the last big monastic community of The Middle Ages, to describe them and evaluate. The basic structure of the dissertation consists of monographic chapters monitoring the history and building development of fifteen preserved and thirteen extinct monasteries in territory of the Czech monastic province (Bohemia, Moravia, Silesia and Upper Lusatia). The catalogue part is introduced by chapters summarizing the historical context of Franciscan Observants' activities within a short period between the second half of the 15th century and the first half of the 16th century, during which the Observants of the Czech province experienced both the stage of raise and decay. The history of the order is then followed by an essay on the rules of the process of foundation constructions of the convents, the order rules limiting artwork and mainly the character of the order architecture. Key words Franciscan Observants, Late Gothic Architecture,...

LIMA, Francisco Wellington Rodrigues. A representação do diabo no teatro vicentino e seus aspectos residuais no teatro quinhentista do Padre José de Anchieta e no contemporâneo Ariano Suassuna. 2010. 288f. Dissertação (Mestrado em Letras) – Universidade Federal do Ceará, Departamento de Literatura, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Letras, Fortaleza-CE, 2010. / Submitted by Liliane oliveira (morena.liliane@hotmail.com) on 2012-06-28T14:33:49Z No. of bitstreams: 1 2010_DIS_FWRLIMA.pdf: 1523386 bytes, checksum: cdef1b17fb0253bd811844ee1dbfd01c (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Maria Josineide Góis(josineide@ufc.br) on 2012-07-24T11:04:48Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 2010_DIS_FWRLIMA.pdf: 1523386 bytes, checksum: cdef1b17fb0253bd811844ee1dbfd01c (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2012-07-24T11:04:48Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 2010_DIS_FWRLIMA.pdf: 1523386 bytes, checksum: cdef1b17fb0253bd811844ee1dbfd01c (MD5) Previous issue date: 2010 / Figura emblemática presente no imaginário popular europeu, devido à ascensão do Cristianismo como religião dominante, o Diabo recebeu diversas definições e transformações que o moldaram através dos séculos. Na Literatura Brasileira, em especial, no Quinhentismo e na Contemporaneidade, temos de maneira bastante significativa a representação residual de tais personificações do Diabo, seguindo os moldes do imaginário cristão medieval conforme se encontra no Auto da Alma, no Auto da Barca do Inferno, no Auto da Barca do Purgatório e no Auto da Barca da Glória, de Gil Vicente. O intuito deste trabalho é demonstrar os aspectos residuais da representação do Diabo medieval vicentino no teatro brasileiro quinhentista do Padre José de Anchieta e no contemporâneo de Ariano Suassuna.

Traditional agriculture has played an important role in shaping the landscape for thousands of years. Agriculture and interactions between humans and their surroundings have changed since the beginning of historic time in Sweden, approximately 1000 years ago. Through botanical macrofossil analysis of plant remnants found in an urban ditch in Sigtuna, Sweden, I examine which natural landscapes the town’s inhabitants may have interacted with in terms of resource collection in the beginning of the Medieval period. The results showed indications of predominantly nutritious wet grassland habitats, but also dry grassland and forests, as well as remnants of urban and cultivated species. The species indicate that the resources may have been used as winter fodder for animals, but possibly also as sustenance for humans as well as building material. The results indicated little change over time, regarding which landscape types were interacted with, but there were possible indications of a decrease in grassland resource collection in the youngest sample from 1150 A.D. Further research is needed to understand the indication. The material indicates that the Cyperaceae family will be instrumental in continuing this research.

Medieval rhetoric, as a field and as a subject, has largely been under-developed and under-emphasized within medieval and rhetorical studies for several reasons: the disconnect between Germanic, Anglo-Saxon society and the Greco-Roman tradition that defined rhetoric as an art; the problems associated with translating the Old and Middle English vernacular in light of rhetorical and, thereby, Greco-Latin precepts; and the complexities of the medieval period itself with the lack of surviving manuscripts, often indistinct and inconsistent political and legal structure, and widespread interspersion and interpolation of Christian doctrine. However, it was Christianity and its governance of medieval culture that preserved classical rhetoric within the medieval period through reliance upon a classic epideictic platform, which, in turn, became the foundation for early medieval rhetoric. The role of epideictic rhetoric itself is often undervalued within the rhetorical tradition because it appears too basic or less essential than the judicial or deliberative branches for in-depth study and analysis. Closer inspection of this branch reveals that epideictic rhetoric contains fundamental elements of human communication with the focus upon praise and blame and upon appropriate thought and behavior. In analyzing the medieval world’s heritage and knowledge of the Greco-Roman tradition, epideictic rhetoric’s role within the writings and lives of Greek and Roman philosophers, and the popular Christian writings of the medieval period – such as Alfred’s translation of Boethius’ Consolation of Philosophy, Alfred’s translation of Gregory the Great’s Pastoral Care, Ælfric’s Lives of Saints, Ælfric’s Catholic Homilies, Wulfstan’s Sermo Lupi ad Anglos, and the anonymously written Vercelli and Blickling homiles – an early medieval rhetoric begins to be revealed. This Old English rhetoric rests upon a blended epideictic structure based largely upon the encomium and vituperation formats of the ancient progymnasmata, with some additions from the chreia and commonplace exercises, to form a unique rhetoric of the soul that aimed to convert words into moral thought and action within the lives of every individual. Unlike its classical predecessors, medieval rhetoric did not argue, refute, or prove; it did not rely solely on either praise or blame; and it did not cultivate words merely for intellectual, educative, or political purposes. Instead, early medieval rhetoric placed the power of words in the hands of all humanity, inspiring every individual to greater discernment of character and reality, greater spirituality, greater morality, and greater pragmatism in daily life.

This thesis explores modalities in two hagiographical collections from the late Middle Ages; the Legenda Aurea and the Gilte Legende by drawing inspiration from post-colonial hybridity theories.. It conducts a close textual analysis by studying the use of pronouns in five saints’ legends where female saints transcend traditional gender identities and become men, and focuses on how they transcend, live as men, and die. The study concludes that the use of pronouns is fluid in the Latin Legenda Aurea, while the Middle English Gilte Legende has more female pronouns and additions to the texts where the female identity of the saints is emphasised. This is interpreted as a sign of the feminisation of religious language in Europe during the late Middle Ages, and viewed parallel with the increase of holy women at that time. By doing this, it underlines the importance of new words and concepts when describing and understanding medieval views on gender.