Introduction: There has been increasing interest in evidence from pragmatic trials as healthcare providers and decision makers must determine if available evidence can be translated and used in real world practice. As a result, a number of tools have been developed to help researchers design and appraise randomized controlled trials (RCTs) within the pragmatic-explanatory continuum. It is unclear what role pragmatism plays in heterogeneity and if pragmatic and explanatory trials should be pooled in meta-analyses of systematic reviews. Objectives: Our primary objective was to explore the role of pragmatism (based on the Pragmatic-Explanatory Continuum Indicator Summary-2 [PRECIS-2] score) as a source of heterogeneity in Cochrane systematic reviews with at least substantial heterogeneity (I2≥ 50%). Our secondary objective was to compare and contrast the application of the established PRECIS-2 tool to the newly developed Rating of Included Trials on the Efficacy-Effectiveness Spectrum (RITES) tool. Methods: We conducted a cross-sectional methodological review on systematic reviews of RCTs published in the Cochrane Library from January 1, 2014 to January 1, 2017. Included systematic reviews had a minimum of 10 RCTs in the meta-analysis of the primary outcome and at least moderate heterogeneity (I2≥ 50%). Of the eligible systematic reviews, a random selection of 10 were included for quantitative evaluation. In each systematic review, RCTs were scored using the PRECIS-2 and RITES tools, in duplicate, to determine the amount of pragmatism. Meta-regression modelling was performed to evaluate how much variability in heterogeneity (quantified by I2) was due to pragmatism. Inter-rater reliability of both PRECIS-2 and RITES was measured using the intraclass correlation coefficient and Spearman’s correlation coefficient was used to determine the strength of the relation between PRECIS-2 and RITES. Results: Ten systematic reviews from nine Cochrane Review Groups were included in the quantitative analysis. The reviews included an average of 13 RCTs (standard deviation=2.6) for a total of 132 RCTs of which 128 could be obtained. When the PRECIS-2 summary score was entered as a covariate in random effects meta-regression models for each systematic review, there were minimal changes in heterogeneity. The changes in I2 ranged from 0.2% to 13.3%. Conclusion: Based on these findings it appears pragmatism as measured by PRECIS-2 does not explain heterogeneity in systematic reviews, therefore pooling of pragmatic and explanatory RCTs is unlikely to be detrimental to meta-analyses. / Thesis / Master of Science (MSc) / Systematic reviews and meta-analyses of randomized controlled trials (RCTs) are an important scientific activity that can lead to changes in health care. However, there is concern whether it is appropriate to meta-analyze data from RCTs that are performed under more controlled conditions (explanatory RCTs) and RCTs that are performed under more real world conditions (pragmatic RCTs) since there may be variability between them. The purpose of this research was to explore how much these trial types affect variability, otherwise known as heterogeneity, in systematic reviews. We applied a scoring tool called the Pragmatic-Explanatory Continuum Indicator Summary-2 (PRECIS-2) to RCTs within 10 systematic reviews with at least moderate heterogeneity and performed statistical modelling to determine how much heterogeneity could be explained by a trial being more or less pragmatic. Results showed that trial type did not explain heterogeneity therefore it is probably reasonable to meta-analyze data from pragmatic and explanatory RCTs.

This study offers a reinterpretation of the so-called Eurozone crisis, arguing that its crisis character is overstated and that it is rather a normal stage in the process of European banking sector integration. Particularly, I maintain that it is neither a sovereign debt crisis caused by profligate peripheral governments, nor a crisis of the Eurozone's common monetary policy. Nor, however, are the Eurozone's low growth, high unemployment, and economic and political instability deliberate policies, whether by German or Greek governments, European institutions, or the European banking circuitry. Rather, I trace the Eurozone's low growth and high unemployment back to what I call transpositions. Transpositions change the possible boundaries of perceiving political and economic situations by altering the syntagmatic structure governing their intelligibility. The shift from 2003-2007 'boom times' to post-2007 'times of crisis' is one such transposition, which occurs behind the backs of human actors and thus forms the horizon of possible behavior of market and political actors. The Eurozone's 'crisis' transposition, results in differentiations within the asset class of Euro-denominated sovereign debt between a 'core,' comprising Germany, Austria, Latvia, and Finland, among others, and a 'periphery,' encompassing Greece, Ireland, Italy, Portugal, Spain, and Cyprus. It follows that the solvency of Eurozone member states is a derivative function of banking sector liquidity, reversing the conventional 'sovereign debt crisis' explanation to what I call the country-fundamental transposition. The second transposition I explore is the austerity transposition. I maintain that the Eurozone's real economy is more interconnected than conventional narratives of European economic unification allow, and that supposedly national European economies – including particularly that of Germany – are integrated subcircuits of Europe's real economy. Constituting them as supposedly national economies is itself a transposition, necessary for the preservation of the European banking circuitry's interconnected balance sheets. Yet, the austerity transposition goes further, beyond a form of political economy oriented towards growth and sustainability, and into a moral economy of condemnation differentiating between morally virtuous and morally pernicious economies in the Eurozone. Its destructive effects are therefore neither irrational nor the result of a German hegemonic agenda, but that of the Eurozone's post-2007 syntagmatic structure. / Ph. D.

Yes / Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to perform a systematic review of articles that have used the unified theory of acceptance and use of technology (UTAUT). Design/methodology/approach – The results produced in this research are based on the literature analysis of 174 existing articles on the UTAUT model. This has been performed by collecting data including demographic details, methodological details, limitations, and significance of relationships between the constructs from the available articles based on the UTAUT. Findings – The findings indicated that general purpose systems and specialized business systems were examined in the majority of the articles using the UTAUT. The analysis also indicated that crosssectional approach, survey methods, and structural equation modelling analysis techniques were the most explored research methodologies whereas SPSS was found to be the largely used analysis tools. Moreover, the weight analysis of independent variables indicates that variables such as performance expectancy and behavioural intention qualified for the best predictor category. Moreover, the analysis also suggested that single subject or biased sample as the most explored limitation across all studies. Research limitations/implications – The search activities were centered on occurrences of keywords to avoid tracing a large number of publications where these keywords might have been used as casual words in the main text. However, we acknowledge that there may be a number of studies, which lack keywords in the title, but still focus upon UTAUT in some form. Originality/value – This is the first research of its type which has extensively examined the literature on the UTAUT and provided the researchers with the accumulative knowledge about the model.

Service Oriented Architecture (SOA) together with Enterprise Architecture (EA) has became a main essence on the way to improve an alignment between business and IT representatives. The result of this alignment should be an increased efficiency of delivering IT projects in the company. Last decade it was the number one declined word in many companies. But most of them found out that SOA did not bring them expected results. The thesis deals with the methodology of building information systems and information and communication technology (IS/ICT) in SOA environment. It is a part of the research plan of the Department of Information Technologies of University of Economics in Prague. The main objective of the thesis is to extend the methodological framework MeFIS2 to add methodical pattern "Building IS in service-oriented architecture environment". In the analytical part of the thesis are presented and analyzed selected methodologies and standards focused on service orientation with aim to assist in the implementation of SOA into companies. A large amount of such methodologies and standards have been unveiled what leaded to a confusing information labyrinth. It's one of the reasons why standardization organizations gradually began to issue additional standards and methodologies to assist in the proper implementation of SOA into companies. The main part of work is to extend methodological framework MeFIS, so that it can be used to create a methodological pattern for building IS/ICT in SOA environment. The result of this section is to achieve the main goal to create a methodological pattern "Building IS in service-oriented architecture environment". In the practical part is the proposed methodological pattern applied in the real case study in the environment of telecommunication operator.

A considerable amount of work has been written on race and education in the British context since the 1960s. This work has largely focused on policy issues, curriculum development and teacher training. This work has been important largely for developments in multicultural education in the school context. In Higher Education Institutions (HEIs), the teaching of race related modules and courses have flourished since the 1980s (Jacobs 2006). This interest, however, has not translated into work on praxis, that is, anti-racist teaching practices that aim to improve the situation that students and teachers face when challenging racism. This PhD study by publication begins to redress this by exploring student experiences and classroom dialogue. It adopts an interpretist methodological perspective and uses participant observation and interview methods. The observations and interviews are drawn from my classroom teaching, specifically, my modules dealing centrally with race and racism. Most of the writing around race and HEIs focuses on institutional matters rather than those that seek to enable praxis. The original contribution to knowledge advanced in this critical commentary and my published works submitted here is that it underlines the importance of anti-racism as it emerges organically within classroom engagement and exchange. Anti-racist practice, I claim, becomes fundamental to the learning process, where student experiences are first considered within the teaching process. This study focuses on students' learning experiences as found in my second and third level modules on the Sociology degree on which I teach at Wolverhampton University. My publications examine students' perspectives on racism as they arise in class. They explore student identities as they are experienced and classroom interaction. In this endeavour, I focus on the ways that Critical 5 Theory and Feminism and Critical Pedagogy can challenge students' prior perspectives on their identities and those of others. This work seeks to add to analyses of the ways that racism currently operates and could be challenged in HEIs. It argues that it can be challenged through more fully developing anti-racist educational practices that must engage with debates about ethnicity and identity in education, as discussed in Section One. This is because students’ lived experiences are core to an understanding of how racism impacts on students' lives. This commentary advances the argument that anti-racist debates in HEIs that organically evolve from classroom teaching and learning are paramount to the work of anti-racist education in HEi, because lived experience is seen to be powerful material that can counter mainstream discourse on racism. What is distinctive about my model of anti-racist teaching and learning practices is my anti-racist practice. This informs my academic work with students and encourages them to reconsider their thinking in classroom teaching and learning. The use of Critical Race Theory and Feminist theoretical and methodological approaches and Critical Pedagogy is central to my anti-racist teaching practices in HEis.

The diploma thesis focuses on teaching of solo singing at primary art schools according to the Framework Educational Programme. The aim of the work is to prove the need to synthesize professional and practical point of view on this field of study and provide a clear comprehensive material for future teachers of singing. Stating the records of attended lessons of singing and of my own taught lessons we show that the linking of the two views is for singing teaching practice experience required. The theoretical basis of the work are chapters that deal with interpretation of professional sub-folders singing with the methodological notes with respect to the expected outcomes from the Framework Educational Programme. In annex we present musical material that is the subject of training repertoire recorded singing lessons. The thesis contains a written record of the interview with the teacher of solo singing MgA. Daniela Šimůnková-Štěpánová.

As crianças pequenas, com idade entre 4 e 7 anos, ainda são pouco reconhecidas como protagonistas dos estudos acadêmicos, notadamente em Arquitetura e Urbanismo, embora desde a década de 1970 essa inquietação esteja presente na literatura. No Brasil é relativamente recente a preocupação em considerá-las interlocutoras competentes para fornecerem informações sobre si mesmas (as primeiras teses nesse campo datam do início dos anos 2000), participação notada sobretudo em estudos que utilizaram observação participante, nos quais ocasionalmente as crianças foram contatadas. Essa situação está se modificando, mas a passos lentos, pois ouvir crianças pequenas não é tarefa fácil, em especial aquelas com deficiência intelectual. A psicologia, a educação e a sociologia, por vezes, consideram a opinião de crianças pequenas com deficiência, apesar de poucos estudos abrirem espaço para a voz daquelas com deficiência intelectual. Os pesquisadores em campos de Arquitetura e Urbanismo se aventuraram ainda menos nessa área, logo, pouco se sabe sobre a opinião dessas crianças sobre o ambiente, principalmente em relação à percepção e à qualificação espacial. Ao investigar tal questão, esta tese objetiva adaptar e aplicar à Arquitetura e Urbanismo instrumentos de coleta de dados provenientes de psicologia, educação e sociologia, direcionados a crianças pequenas com deficiência intelectual. A tese é resultado de pesquisa de caráter qualitativo, exploratório e interdisciplinar, por meio de revisão bibliográfica e estudos de caso em quatro instituições especializadas no atendimento de pessoas com deficiência intelectual. A elaboração e a aplicação dos instrumentos de pesquisa especialmente preparados para interlocução com crianças pequenas com Síndrome de Down têm ancoragem nas entrevistas com profissionais e nos grupos focais com pais de crianças atendidas pelos mesmos. Os dados coletados permitem a elaboração de diretrizes específicas para o aperfeiçoamento do material técnico desenvolvido e indica modos para facilitar o planejamento e a realização de pesquisas voltadas para esse público-alvo. Espera-se, assim, contribuir para futuras pesquisas que considerem a opinião destes usuários no que tange à qualidade espacial dos ambientes em que se inserem e, ao mesmo tempo, apoiar arquitetos e urbanistas no exercício profissional voltado a este perfil de usuários. / Young children, ages 4 to 7, are still little recognized as protagonists of academic studies, notably in Architecture and Urbanism, even though since the 1970s this concern is already present on literature. In Brazil, the preoccupation in considering young children as competent interlocutors to provide information on themselves are relatively recent (first dissertations on this field are from the early 2000s). Such participation is noted mainly in studies that utilized participant observation, in which children were occasionally contacted. This situation is changing, however gradually, because listening to young children is no easy task, especially those with intellectual disability. Psychology, Education and Sociology often consider young children with disability\'s opinion, although few studies open space for those with intellectual disability. The researchers on the fields of Architecture and Urbanism venture even less on that particular field, thus, little is known about those children\'s opinion on the environment, mainly related to the perception and spatial qualification. Investigating such question, this thesis aims to adapt and apply to Architecture and Urbanism tools for data collection coming from Psychology, Education and Sociology, directed to Young children with intellectual disability. Assuming the qualitative, exploratory and interdisciplinary characters of the thesis, an extensive bibliographical review supports the realization of case studies in four institutions that are specialized on taking care for people with intellectual disability. At an early stage, we developed specialist panels (interviews with professional and focal groups with parents of those children), which aided on elaboration and application of research tools specially prepared for interlocution with young children with Down Syndrome. The collected data allowed elaboration of specific guidelines to the improvement of the technical material developed indicating methods to facilitate planning and realization of researches to that target audience. It is expected, then, to contribute to future researches that consider the opinion of these users on what\'s relative to the spatial quality of the environments in which they are inserted, and at the same time, support architects and urbanists on exercising their profession referent to this user profile.

Introdução. Avaliar o conhecimento, de indivíduos em uso da terapia com anticoagulantes orais (TAO), é uma estratégia que profissionais da saúde podem utilizar para orientar o cuidado dispensado a estas pessoas. O uso de um instrumento psicometricamente válido e confiável é fundamental para garantir uma avaliação adequada. Objetivo. Construir e validar um instrumento para avaliar o conhecimento sobre a TAO. Método. Estudo metodológico e de corte transversal, que seguiu as seguintes etapas: elaboração dos itens, validação de face e conteúdo por um comitê de juízes, estudo piloto e aplicação do instrumento em uma amostra da população estudada. A amostra foi constituída de pacientes adultos, em uso de anticoagulantes orais antagonistas da vitamina K há, pelo menos, seis meses e entrevistados nas unidades de internação ou ambulatórios de três instituições públicas do interior do estado de São Paulo, no período de dezembro de 2013 a agosto de 2014. Participaram 50 indivíduos no estudo piloto e 500 na etapa de validação psicométrica do instrumento. A validação de construto foi verificada pela análise fatorial de informação plena e pela comparação da medida do conhecimento com variáveis associadas ao conhecimento da TAO (escolaridade e tempo de uso do medicamento). A consistência interna foi avaliada pelo teste de Kuder- Richardson (KR 20). O nível de significância adotado para os testes foi de 0,05. Resultados. Inicialmente o instrumento foi composto por 43 itens, entre eles itens de múltipla escolha e questões abertas. Após validação de face e conteúdo foram feitas modificações, dentre elas, a exclusão de questões abertas. A seguir realizado teste piloto, com a nova versão do instrumento denominada Avaliação do conhecimento em anticoagulação oral (IACACO), contendo 32 itens do tipo teste de múltipla escolha, dividido em dois módulos, o primeiro com 28 itens de conhecimentos gerais sobre a TAO (pontuação de 0 a 28) e o segundo, com 4 itens, específico para mulheres em idade fértil (pontuação de 0 a 4). A análise fatorial sugeriu um instrumento unidimensional. Ao avaliarmos o resultado da correlação entre as variáveis anos de estudo e conhecimento da TAO, constatamos correlação positiva e de forte intensidade entre as duas medidas (r = 0,61, p <=0,001). O valor da correlação entre as variáveis conhecimento e tempo de uso do ACO mostrou correlação positiva, mas de fraca intensidade (r = 0,21; p<= 0,001). O Coeficiente KR 20 de Kuder-Richardson foi de 0,86 para o módulo geral (28 itens) e para o instrumento com seus dois módulos (32 itens) foi de 0,85. Conclusão. As análises mostraram resultados favoráveis para o ICACO e trouxeram evidências de que o novo instrumento foi válido e confiável para avaliar o conhecimento dos pacientes em uso da TAO. Análises futuras da Teoria de Resposta ao Item poderão contribuir para a avaliação individual dos itens do IACACO. Não foi determinado ponto de corte para conhecimento suficiente ou não sobre a TAO, cabe ao profissional de saúde ou pesquisador determinar a melhor maneira de interpretar os resultados advindos da aplicação do instrumento. / Introduction. To evaluate the knowledge of individuals using oral anticoagulant therapy (OAT) is a strategy that health professionals can use to guide the care given to these people. The use of a valid and reliable psychometric instrument ensure a proper evaluation. Aim. To construct and validate an instrument to assess the knowledge of the OAT. Method. Methodological and cross-sectional study, which followed the following steps: preparation of items, face and content validation by a committee of judges, pilot study and application of the instrument in a sample of the population studied. The sample consisted of adult patients using oral anticoagulants antagonists vitamin K for at least six months and interviewed in unit cares for pacients and ambulatory clinics of three public institutions in the state of São Paulo, in December 2013 to August 2014. Attended 50 individuals in the pilot study and 500 in the psychometric validation of the instrument step. The construct validity was verified by factor analysis of full information and by comparing the measure of knowledge with variables associated with knowledge of the OAT. Internal consistency was estimated by Kuder- Richardson test (KR 20). The significance level for the tests was 0.05. Results. Initially, the instrument consisted of 43 items, including items of multiple choice and open questions. After validation of face and content changes were made, among them the exclusion of open questions. Following conducted pilot test with the new version of the called knowledge evaluation of oral anticoagulation instrument (KEOAI) containing 32 items of the type test of multiple choice, divided into two modules, the first with 28 items of general knowledge of the OAT ( score 0-28) and the second with 4 items, specific to women of childbearing age (score 0-4). Factor analysis suggested a one-dimensional instrument. When evaluating the results of the correlation between the variables years of study and knowledge of the OAT, we found a positive correlation and strong intensity between the two measurements (r = 0.61, p <=0,001). The value of the correlation between the variables knowledge and OAT usage time showed positive correlation, but low intensity (r = 0.21, p <= 0.001). The coefficient KR 20 Kuder- Richardson was 0.86 for the general module (28 items) and the instrument with its two modules (32 items) was 0.85. Conclusion. Analyses showed favorable results for KEOAI and brought evidence that the new instrument is valid and reliable for assessing the knowledge of patients using the OAT. Future analyzes of Item Response Theory can contribute to the evaluation of individual KEOAI items. It was determined cutoff point for sufficient knowledge or not on the OAT, it is up to the health professional or researcher to determine the best way to interpret the results from the application of the instrument.

O foco deste trabalho foi desenvolver um sistema de tratamento híbrido, constituído por um pré-tratamento fotocatalítico heterogêneo (POA) e posterior tratamento biológico por lodo ativado (SLA), para a redução da carga orgânica de efluentes laticinista oriundos do processamento de lácteos líquidos, como por exemplos, cremes, iogurte e beneficiamento de leite. Para a caracterização analítica do efluente in natura e tratado empregaram-se as metodologias Standard Methods, validadas em função do tipo e da complexidade da amostra (DQO, DBO, Norgânico, N-NH4 +, PTotal, Fe2+, O&G, ST, STF, STV, SS, SD, Al, As, Ca, Fe, Mge Pb). Através de planejamentos fatoriais determinaram-se as melhores condições entre as variáveis estudadas para as etapas de tratamentos com POA e lodo ativado, tendo como fator de resposta a redução da DQO. Para a etapa de POA empregou-se a fotocatálise, utilizando como semicondutor o dióxido de titânio (TiO2) finamente distribuído e fixado com tinta poliuretânica sobre uma chapa metálica plana, onde o efluente foi percolado sobre o respectivo leito catalítico posicionado em um ângulo fixo de 23º, recebendo a radiação solar direta. O dois tipos de estrutura de TiO2 (rutilo ou anatase) foram avaliados morfologicamente (DRX, BET, MEV-EDS) e cineticamente, como uma variável do processo fotocatalítico: a fase anatase apresentou maior eficiência de degradação da matéria orgânica, em pH 5. Posteriormente à degradação da carga orgânica por reação fotoquímica, as amostras foram tratadas biologicamente por lodo ativado e, conseqüentemente, pode-se analisar e otimizar um sistema híbrido (POA - SLA) que apresentasse maior eficiência de degradação da matéria orgânica do efluente lácteo utilizado. Ensaios de biodegradação sem o pré-tratamento com POA apresentou uma redução de 26,01 ± 5,23 % em 72 h de tratamento. O sistema (POA - SLA) que apresentou maior eficiência de degradação da matéria orgânica, em 72 h de tratamento, foi de 93,70 ± 0,10 % caracterizado por uma DQO de entrada em 3782,5 ± 37,6 mg O2 L-1 e uma DQO de saída (efluente tratado) em 236,8 ± 0,1 mg O2 L-1. / The aim of this work is at developing a hybrid system in order to treat dairy wastewater. The hybrid system was composed by two modules. The first one is based in advanced oxidative process (AOP) and the second in actived sludge system (SLA). Methodologies from Standard Methods were adaptded and validated (BOD, COD, Norganic, N - NH4 +, Ptotal, Fe2+, G&O, TS, TFS, VSS, TSS, TDS, Al, As, Ca, Fe, Mg and Pb) for dairy effluent characterization. The best conditions for AOP and SLA processes had been determined through Designs of Experiments (DOE). The efficiency of both processes was avaliabled by COD. AOP treatment based on photocatalisis was applied. Titanium dioxide (TiO2) was used as semiconductor. This TiO2 was finely distributed and settled with poliuretanic ink on a plain metallic plate where the effluent was circulated on the respective located catalytic stream bed in fixed angle of 23º. This process (AOP) received direct solar radiation. Two types of crystalline structure of TiO2 (rutile or anatase) had been evaluated morphologically (XRD, BET, SEM-EDS) and kinetically, as an variable of photocatalisis process: the anatase crystalline phase in pH 5 have shown better degradation of dairy wastewater. The samples had been treated by SLA later photochemical reaction. The hybrid system (AOP - SLA) was then analyzed and optimized. 72 hours of biodegradation tests without AOP pretreatment had been shown 26,01 ± 5,23 % of COD reduction. Over optimized conditions the hybrid system showed 93,70 ± 0,10 % of COD reduction with a initial organic load of 3782,5 ± 37,6 mg O2 L-1 and final COD of 236,8 ± 0,1 mg O2 L-1 (treated effluent).

El objetivo del presente estudio es realizar una revisión sistemática de las tendencias del diseño metodológico usadas en los artículos de investigación cuya temática principal es la satisfacción laboral del profesorado universitario. Se identifican las tendencias sobre el método de investigación; la condición del instrumento de medición; las técnicas para la recolección de información, las de muestreo y las estadísticas usadas en el análisis. Luego de una búsqueda sistemática en Proquest y Redalyc (bases de datos bibliográficas), según criterios de inclusión y exclusión, se analizaron 49 artículos publicados entre el 2000 y el 2016. Esta revisión permitió identificar que casi la mitad de los artículos seleccionados pertenecen a los últimos 6 años (44.9%), lo cual revela sumo interés sobre el tema. El enfoque metodológico más frecuente es el cuantitativo (89.8%); predomina la adaptación de los instrumentos (53.1%); y se mencionan las propiedades psicométricas de validez y confiabilidad en un 42.9%. El muestreo probabilístico y no probabilístico se usa con la misma frecuencia (36.7%); asimismo, en un 83.3% se utiliza la estadística descriptiva. Sin embargo, para el análisis inferencial se evidenció un mayor uso de pruebas estadísticas paramétricas que las no paramétricas. Los resultados evidencian que existen múltiples formas para realizar el diseño metodológico, tanto en el uso del instrumento de recolección de datos como en el uso de métodos de análisis de información. / This study aims to perform a systematic review of the trends of the methodological design used in research articles whose main theme is the job satisfaction of the university teaching staff. The trends on the research method, the condition of the measurement instrument, the techniques for the collection of information, the sampling techniques, and the statistical techniques used in the analysis are identified. After a systematic search in Proquest and Redalyc (bibliographyc databases), according to inclusion and exclusion criteria, 49 articles published between 2000 and 2016 were analyzed. This review allowed us to identify that almost half of the articles selected belong to the last six years (44.9%), which reveals a great interest in the subject. The most frequent methodological approach is the quantitative one (89.8%), the adaptation of the instruments predominates (53.1%), and the psychometric properties of validity and reliability are mentioned at 42.9%. A probabilistic and non-probabilistic sampling is used with the same frequency (36.7%); likewise, descriptive statistics are used in 83.3%. However, for the inferential analyses, there was greater use of parametric statistical tests than nonparametric ones. The results show that there are multiple ways to carry out the methodological design, both in the use of the data collection instrument and in the use of information analysis methods. / Revisón por pares