Esta dissertação busca analisar o processo de produção da metrópole a partir de desdobramentos do uso da norma de regulação do espaço urbano denominada operação urbana. A operação urbana é um instrumento urbanístico de parceria público-privada, regulamentado pelo Estatuto da Cidade em 2001, cujas primeiras formulações remontam à década de 1980. O objetivo principal desse instrumento é alcançar transformações em áreas definidas pelo plano diretor da cidade com base em intervenções previstas em lei específica, viabilizadas por recursos privados derivados da cobrança de contrapartida financeira que possibilita exceções à legislação de uso e ocupação do solo. Ao longo da pesquisa, analisamos o histórico de formulação do conceito da operação urbana, seus mecanismos de funcionamento, as correlações espaciais que resultam da análise do conjunto das operações urbanas em andamento na cidade de São Paulo e seus desdobramentos futuros a partir da investigação das operações urbanas da orla ferroviária, atualmente em processo de elaboração de suas leis específicas. O objetivo é discutir em que medida as normas referentes às operações urbanas participam do processo de produção e transformação do espaço geográfico, tendo em vista que se trata de um instrumento do planejamento urbano que, em São Paulo, contempla quase 25% da área urbanizada do município. / This essay aims to analyze the metropolis production process from the application unfoldings of the urban space regulation entitled urban operation. The urban operation is an urban instrument of public-private partnership regulated by the City Statute in 2001, which had its first formulations around the 1980s. The main objective of this instrument is to achieve transformations in areas defined by the citys master plan, based on interventions provided by specific legislation, enabled through private funding attained from charging financial compensations, upon exceptions within the legislation for use and occupation of land. Throughout this study, we analyzed the urban operation concepts historical formulation, its operating mechanisms, the resulting spatial inter-relations revealed in the analysis of all ongoing urban operations in the city of Sao Paulo, as well as the future developments concerning the investigation of the urban operations along the railway margins, currently amongst the development of their specific legislation. The aim is to discuss to what extent urban operations regulations take part in the processes of production and modification of geographic space, given that it is an urban planning instrument that accounts for almost 25% of Sao Paulos urbanized area.

La thèse contient 6 chapitres. Le premier chapitre contient une introduction à la régression linéaire et aux problèmes Lasso et Lasso bayésien. Le chapitre 2 rappelle les algorithmes d’optimisation convexe et présente l’algorithme FISTA pour calculer l’estimateur Lasso. La statistique de la convergence de cet algorithme est aussi donnée dans ce chapitre en utilisant l’entropie et l’estimateur de Pitman-Yor. Le chapitre 3 est consacré à la comparaison des méthodes quasi-Monte Carlo et Monte Carlo dans les calculs numériques du Lasso bayésien. Il sort de cette comparaison que les points de Hammersely donne les meilleurs résultats. Le chapitre 4 donne une interprétation géométrique de la fonction de partition du Lasso bayésien et l’exprime en fonction de la fonction Gamma incomplète. Ceci nous a permis de donner un critère de convergence pour l’algorithme de Metropolis Hastings. Le chapitre 5 présente l’estimateur bayésien comme la loi limite d’une équation différentielle stochastique multivariée. Ceci nous a permis de calculer le Lasso bayésien en utilisant les schémas numériques semi implicite et explicite d’Euler et les méthodes de Monte Carlo, Monte Carlo à plusieurs couches (MLMC) et l’algorithme de Metropolis Hastings. La comparaison des coûts de calcul montre que le couple (schéma semi-implicite d’Euler, MLMC) gagne contre les autres couples (schéma, méthode). Finalement dans le chapitre 6 nous avons trouvé la vitesse de convergence du Lasso bayésien vers le Lasso lorsque le rapport signal/bruit est constant et le bruit tend vers 0. Ceci nous a permis de donner de nouveaux critères pour la convergence de l’algorithme de Metropolis Hastings. / The thesis contains 6 chapters. The first chapter contains an introduction to linear regression, the Lasso and the Bayesian Lasso problems. Chapter 2 recalls the convex optimization algorithms and presents the Fista algorithm for calculating the Lasso estimator. The properties of the convergence of this algorithm is also given in this chapter using the entropy estimator and Pitman-Yor estimator. Chapter 3 is devoted to comparison of Monte Carlo and quasi-Monte Carlo methods in numerical calculations of Bayesian Lasso. It comes out of this comparison that the Hammersely points give the best results. Chapter 4 gives a geometric interpretation of the partition function of the Bayesian lasso expressed as a function of the incomplete Gamma function. This allowed us to give a convergence criterion for the Metropolis Hastings algorithm. Chapter 5 presents the Bayesian estimator as the law limit a multivariate stochastic differential equation. This allowed us to calculate the Bayesian Lasso using numerical schemes semi-implicit and explicit Euler and methods of Monte Carlo, Monte Carlo multilevel (MLMC) and Metropolis Hastings algorithm. Comparing the calculation costs shows the couple (semi-implicit Euler scheme, MLMC) wins against the other couples (scheme method). Finally in chapter 6 we found the Lasso convergence rate of the Bayesian Lasso when the signal / noise ratio is constant and when the noise tends to 0. This allowed us to provide a new criteria for the convergence of the Metropolis algorithm Hastings.

nÃo hà / The research discusses the different forms of housing production as necessary mediation between the space production dynamics and characteristics of the formal real estate circuit in the valuing southeast axis of Fortaleza metropolis, taking as a case study the Sapiranga/Coità while conflict sector in the metropolis. The analysis object was studied based on the theoretical and methodological foundations of the social production of space theory. The methodology included documentary research (plant allotments and housing estates, slum mapping, urban and environmental legislation), statistics (data of IVV, ITBI, construction permits, dwell up and ARTs for residential developments), field work and interviews, gathering a database with qualitative and quantitative indicators at different spatial and temporal scales, from the definition of themes, processes and variables in the methodological matrix. This is on the assumption that there are different social logics of access to urban land and various agents of housing production that support specific forms of housing production. In the particular context of brazilian metropolises in contemporary times, the three forms of housing production are: production by the formal residential real estate circuit; production by the State; and production by informal residential real circuit. These forms of production are intertwined in reality through agendas, strategies and projects that sometimes come together and sometimes come into conflict. It defends the thesis that the formal real state expansion in conflict areas in the metropolis depends on the creation of a space production logic guided by differentiation strategies (location, product, construction, price, "concept" housing, target public etc.) and links with the State and the market to ensure the insulation in the proximity. The pair social distancing / spatial proximity supports the notion of socio-fragmentation, which approaches the idea of fractal segregation standard, fundamental concepts in this research. In the case study analyzed, the differentiation strategies were amalgamated in the constitution of the product horizontal gated community in the 1990s, making it the "brand" of the southeast sector. While urban form, the horizontal gated community contains processes and production space logical that give rise to it, generating in Sapiranga/Coità a cumulative result of intense fragmentation in response to individual choices of investment by entrepreneurs and buyers. / A pesquisa discute as diferentes formas de produÃÃo da habitaÃÃo enquanto mediaÃÃo necessÃria entre as dinÃmicas de produÃÃo do espaÃo e as especificidades do circuito imobiliÃrio formal no eixo sudeste de valorizaÃÃo da metrÃpole Fortaleza, tomando como estudo de caso o bairro Sapiranga/Coità enquanto setor de conflitos na metrÃpole. O objeto de anÃlise foi estudado com base nos fundamentos teÃrico-metodolÃgicos da teoria da produÃÃo social do espaÃo. A metodologia abrangeu pesquisas documental (plantas de loteamentos e de conjuntos habitacionais, mapeamentos de favelas, legislaÃÃo urbanÃstica e ambiental), estatÃstica (dados de IVV, ITBI, alvarÃs de construÃÃo, habite-se e ARTs referentes a empreendimentos residenciais), trabalho de campo e realizaÃÃo de entrevistas, reunindo um banco de dados com indicadores qualitativos e quantitativos, em diferentes escalas espaciais e temporais, a partir da definiÃÃo de temas, processos e variÃveis na matriz metodolÃgica da pesquisa. Parte-se do pressuposto de que hà diferentes lÃgicas sociais de acesso à terra urbana e diversos agentes da produÃÃo habitacional que sustentam formas de produÃÃo da habitaÃÃo especÃficas. No contexto particular das metrÃpoles brasileiras na contemporaneidade, as trÃs formas de produÃÃo da habitaÃÃo sÃo: produÃÃo pelo circuito imobiliÃrio residencial formal; produÃÃo pelo Estado; e produÃÃo pelo circuito imobiliÃrio residencial informal. Essas formas de produÃÃo sÃo entrelaÃadas na realidade por meio de agendas, estratÃgias e projetos que ora se aproximam ora entram em conflito. Defende-se a tese de que a expansÃo imobiliÃria formal em espaÃos de conflito na metrÃpole depende da constituiÃÃo de uma lÃgica de produÃÃo do espaÃo pautada em estratÃgias de diferenciaÃÃo (de localizaÃÃo, de produto, de construÃÃo, de preÃo, de âconceitoâ de moradia, de pÃblico-alvo etc.) e em articulaÃÃes com o Estado e com o mercado que garantam o isolamento na proximidade. O par distanciamento social/proximidade espacial sustenta a noÃÃo de fragmentaÃÃo socioespacial, que se aproxima da ideia de padrÃo fractal de segregaÃÃo, conceitos fundamentais na pesquisa. No estudo de caso trabalhado, as estratÃgias de diferenciaÃÃo se amalgamaram na elaboraÃÃo do produto condomÃnio horizontal fechado de casas na dÃcada de 1990, tornando-o âmarcaâ do setor sudeste. Enquanto forma urbana, o condomÃnio horizontal contÃm os processos e as lÃgicas de produÃÃo do espaÃo que lhe dÃo origem, tendo gerado em Sapiranga/Coità um resultado acumulado de intensa fragmentaÃÃo como resposta Ãs escolhas individuais de investimento por parte de empreendedores e compradores.

A pesquisa aborda a produção do espaço urbano das regiões metropolitanas de São Paulo, Buenos Aires e Cidade do México. Inicialmente examina-se a formação histórica dos seus padrões de urbanização, a partir das respectivas dinâmicas socioeconômicas, histórico-políticas e territoriais dominantes ao longo do século XX, e em seguida analisam-se comparativamente as transformações desses padrões no marco da reestruturação econômica global dos últimos anos. Os resultados da análise histórico-comparativa apontam considerável diversidade nos processos históricos de produção do espaço urbano e tendências diferentes nas transformações recentes dos padrões de urbanização: em suma, Buenos Aires experimentou profundas rupturas, São Paulo manteve seu padrão histórico de urbanização e a Cidade do México registrou mudanças de menor porte. Dessa forma, as conclusões do estudo põem em questão os diagnósticos acerca da convergência de processos ou tendências urbanas globais, tal como insistentemente afirmada na literatura urbanística contemporânea. / This study examines the production of the urban space in the metropolitan regions of São Paulo, Buenos Aires and Mexico City: Firstly, it observes the historical formation of urban space patterns from the socioeconomic, historical, political and territorial dynamics which were dominant through the 20th century; secondly, with the help of cross-metropolitan comparisons, the transformation of these urbanization patterns are analyzed within the context of the global economic reorganization. The findings of this historical-comparative analysis are twofold. They show considerable diversity in the historical processes of the production of urban space, and different trends in recent transformations of urbanization patterns as well. On the one hand, Buenos Aires shows a deep break with the past, but, on the other, São Paulo has preserved its historical urbanization patterns, while Mexico City has registered changes of lesser importance. Thus, the common wisdom about a world wide convergence of global urban trends is criticized.

A pesquisa tem como objetivo principal estudar as formas de crescimento urbano da área metropolitana de Fortaleza, verificadas nas três últimas décadas (1980-2010). A investigação detalhada do processo preocupou-se em examinar e analisar as transformações relevantes ocorridas na estruturação do espaço urbano e metropolitano, buscando relacioná-las com os processos recentes de urbanização. O trabalho procurou, inicialmente, abordar aspectos teórico-conceituais referentes à urbanização contemporânea, quando foram buscados pressupostos teóricos necessários à compreensão da matéria, tentando correlacionar, sempre que possível, com as dinâmicas urbanas recentes da metrópole cearense. Em seguida, no sentido de melhor caracterizar o objeto de estudo, foram elaboradas uma descrição e uma análise da área metropolitana, investigando sua dinâmica socioespacial e dimensão econômica. Na sequência, foi enfocada e discutida sua forma de expansão urbana, a partir das transformações verificadas nas últimas décadas, tomando como base a análise dos diferentes vetores de crescimento urbano e metropolitano, com o intuito de verificar seu modo particular de desenvolvimento. Finalmente, optou-se por investigar com maior ênfase uma área em particular - o setor sudeste da Metrópole - onde se constatou ocorrerem espacialidades novas e padrões de tecido urbano diferenciados. Efetuada a análise dos diferentes vetores de expansão, ficou comprovada a hipótese de que o crescimento urbano atual da área metropolitana de Fortaleza já não se faz de modo homogêneo e apresenta dinâmicas próprias e diferenciadas, distintas do modelo centro-periferia, que predominou até a década de 1980-1990. O estudo demonstrou que existem, de fato, processos urbanos novos e inéditos e em conformidade com as formas mais recentes de urbanização, à semelhança do que ocorre em outras aglomerações urbanas do Brasil e do mundo. Essas dinâmicas são mais evidentes no setor sudeste da Metrópole, onde se verificam novos tipos de produção de centralidade e a presença de núcleos dispersos e descontínuos, formados por condomínios horizontais fechados e equipamentos turísticos, dispostos ao longo do litoral. Este setor pode ser caracterizado, no âmbito da Metrópole, como o mais representativo das novas formas de urbanização, indicando rupturas com o modelo tradicional de assentamento urbano. O propósito do estudo, enfim, foi identificar as características do processo de urbanização em curso, aprofundar essa análise e investigar as especificidades que esse conjunto de mudanças está assumindo na área metropolitana de Fortaleza. O exame da situação é fundamental para se buscar modos de lidar com essa nova realidade e para que sejam criados instrumentos que permitam subsidiar futuras propostas de planejamento e intervenções mais consistentes. / This work\'s main objective is to study Fortaleza\'s metropolitan area urban growth patterns that have been observed in the last three decades (1980-2011). A detailed investigation of that process was concerned to examine and analyze relevant transformations occurring in the structure of urban and metropolitan spaces, focusing on relating them to recent urbanization processes. First, this study approaches theoretical and conceptual aspects related to contemporary urbanization, stating a theoretical understanding of the subject, and tries to correlate that, when feasible, to Fortaleza\'s recent urban growth. Then, in order to better characterize the object of study, a description and an analysis of this metropolitan area are made by investigating the dynamics and socio-economic dimensions of that metropolis. The following approach and discussion deals with actual urban expansion of Fortaleza from a perspective of observed transformations in these past decades, based on the analysis of different axes of urban and metropolitan growth, intending to verify their particular pattern of development. Finally, this work focus on a particular area, in greater detail - the southeastern part of the metropolis - where new spatialities and different patterns of urban fabric are found. After analyzing different axes of expansion, the hypothesis that current urban growth of Fortaleza\'s metropolitan area has not been occurring homogeneously and it presents a particular dynamic and a distinctive center-periphery model, which prevailed in 1980\'s, is accepted. Further, this study finds some evidence that, indeed, there are new and unprecedented urban processes in accordance to latest forms of urbanization, similar to what occurs in other urban areas of Brazil and of other countries. This dynamic is more evident in the southeastern sector of the metropolis, where there are new forms of centrality formation, and the presence of more scattered and discontinuous nuclei, consisting of condominiums and tourist facilities displayed along eastern seacoast. This sector can be characterized as the most representative within the metropolis in terms of new forms of urbanization, indicating disruption of traditional urban growth patterns. The purpose of this study, in short, has been to identify characteristics of the undergoing urbanization process, to deepen the analysis and to investigate the specific set of changes that are taking over Fortaleza\'s metropolitan area. To examine actual urban growth pattern is essential to, both, discover ways to deal with this new reality and create tools to support more consistent future planning proposals and interventions considering urban expansion, in order to ensure proper functioning and development of contemporary metropolises.

Submitted by admin tede (tede@pucgoias.edu.br) on 2018-10-04T19:33:56Z No. of bitstreams: 1 ALEX LEAL MACEDO.pdf: 2566595 bytes, checksum: 89f40e61c7d5e843315edaf7a3216fe3 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2018-10-04T19:33:56Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 ALEX LEAL MACEDO.pdf: 2566595 bytes, checksum: 89f40e61c7d5e843315edaf7a3216fe3 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2018-08-14 / Society and community are seen under the anthropological gaze, in which they interact socially, that is, the society involves secondary relations, impersonality in the bonds, rationality in the visions, utilitarian actions. For the community relations are closer, involving feelings, solidarity, traditionalism, rigidity as to social control. Finally, the relations between society and communities, form a relationship that imbues and coexists. Among the various theories that debate about the right to the city, in what concerns in legal terms, the law stands out as what is justified in the perspective of the social function of property. To live the urban life would be to experience what city has to offer, that is, spaces of coexistence and of encounter between the different social groups and of classes. But what we observe is that there are in the cities socio-spatial segregation, whose central spaces are used by the rich minority, and the peripheral spaces for the poor. Faced with this scenario it is necessary to rethink, to rethink the role of the city and its inhabitants fairly. The purpose of this dissertation is to discuss the issue of housing of social interest in large metropolises. For the purpose of this study, Riachuelo Building, located in the center of the city of São Paulo, is a commercial building transformed into a social housing. A practical example of great value in the central region of the city of São Paulo, an enterprise that represents the occupation of abandoned buildings without exercising their social function of property. The building illustrates the importance of the process around the Houses of Social Interest, as well as the preservation of the city's historical heritage / A sociedade e a comunidade são vistas sob o olhar antropológico, no qual se interagem socialmente, isto é, a sociedade envolve relações secundárias, impessoalidade nos vínculos, racionalidade nas visões, ações utilitárias. Para a comunidade as relações são mais próximas, envolvendo sentimentos, solidariedade, tradicionalismo, rigidez quanto ao controle social. Enfim, as relações entre a sociedade e a comunidades, formam um relacionamento que se imbrica e coexiste. Entre as várias teorias, que debatem sobre o direito à cidade e a moradia, no que concernem em termos legais, destaca-se a função social da propriedade. Viver a vida urbana seria experimentar o que a urbes tem para oferecer, ou seja, espaços de convivência e de encontro entre os diferentes grupos sociais e de classes. Mas, o que se observa é que há a segregação socioespacial, cujos espaços centrais são utilizados pela minoria rica, e os periféricos pelos pobres. Diante deste cenário é necessário repensar, reformular de forma justa o papel da cidade e de seus moradores. Essa dissertação busca debater a questão da habitação de interesse social em grandes metrópoles, para fins desse estudo aborda-se o Edifício Riachuelo, localizado no centro da cidade de São Paulo, um edifício comercial transformado para habitação de interesse social. Um exemplo prático de grande valia na região central de São Paulo, um empreendimento que representa a ocupação dos edifícios abandonados sem exercer a sua função social da propriedade. O edifício ilustra a importância do processo em torno das Habitações de Interesse Social, assim como, a preservação do patrimônio histórico da cidade.

Nous développons des modèles probabilistes pour l’impression à l’échelle micrométrique. Tenant compte de l’aléa de la forme des points qui composent les impressions, les modèles proposés pourront être ultérieurement exploités dans différentes applications dont l’authentification de documents imprimés. Une analyse de l’impression sur différents supports papier et par différentes imprimantes a été effectuée. Cette étude montre que la grande variété de forme dépend de la technologie et du papier. Le modèle proposé tient compte à la fois de la distribution du niveau de gris et de la répartition spatiale de l’encre sur le papier. Concernant le niveau de gris, les modèles des surfaces encrées/vierges sont obtenues en sélectionnant les distributions dans un ensemble de lois de forme similaire aux histogrammes et à l’aide de K-S critère. Le modèle de répartition spatiale de l’encre est binaire. Le premier modèle consiste en un champ de variables indépendantes de Bernoulli non-stationnaire dont les paramètres forment un noyau gaussien généralisé. Un second modèle de répartition spatiale des particules d’encre est proposé, il tient compte de la dépendance des pixels à l’aide d’un modèle de Markov non stationnaire. Deux méthodes d’estimation ont été développées, l’une approchant le maximum de vraisemblance par un algorithme de Quasi Newton, la seconde approchant le critère de l’erreur quadratique moyenne minimale par l’algorithme de Metropolis within Gibbs. Les performances des estimateurs sont évaluées et comparées sur des images simulées. La précision des modélisations est analysée sur des jeux d’images d’impression à l’échelle micrométrique obtenues par différentes imprimantes. / We develop the probabilistic models of the print at the microscopic scale. We study the shape randomness of the dots that originates the prints, and the new models could improve many applications such as the authentication. An analysis was conducted on various papers, printers. The study shows a large variety of shape that depends on the printing technology and paper. The digital scan of the microscopic print is modeled in: the gray scale distribution, and the spatial binary process modeling the printed/blank spatial distribution. We seek the best parametric distribution that takes account of the distributions of the blank and printed areas. Parametric distributions are selected from a set of distributions with shapes close to the histograms and with the Kolmogorov-Smirnov divergence. The spatial binary model handles the wide diversity of dot shape and the range of variation of spatial density of inked particles. At first, we propose a field of independent and non-stationary Bernoulli variables whose parameters form a Gaussian power. The second spatial binary model encompasses, in addition to the first model, the spatial dependence of the inked area through an inhomogeneous Markov model. Two iterative estimation methods are developed; a quasi-Newton algorithm which approaches the maximum likelihood and the Metropolis-Hasting within Gibbs algorithm that approximates the minimum mean square error estimator. The performances of the algorithms are evaluated and compared on simulated images. The accuracy of the models is analyzed on the microscopic scale printings coming from various printers. Results show the good behavior of the estimators and the consistency of the models.

Temps de l’obscurité et du repos social, la nuit urbaine a longtemps été considérée comme une discontinuité dans le rythme global de la société. Cependant, les temps changent. Entraînées par le mouvement de la société contemporaine, les nuits de nos villes s’animent et deviennent un nouvel espace-temps de la vie quotidienne.Aujourd’hui, qu’on le veuille ou non, une ville qui se veut internationale, attractive et dynamique, est représentée comme vivant intensément la nuit. Cette dernière autorise effectivement le fonctionnement en continu de l’économie mondialisée. Elle répond également au désir de vivre intensément éprouvé par les individus contemporains pour qui le « tout, tout le temps, tout de suite » devient une norme de la vie hypermoderne.Si la nuit cristallise de nombreux enjeux de la société contemporaine, elle est de plus en plus tiraillée entre deux forces antagonistes. D’un côté, la nuit doit être animée pour répondre aux exigences économiques et à l’envie de divertissement des habitants. Mais de l’autre, elle doit rester une temporalité apaisée pour assurer le nécessaire repos de la société.Entre temps global et temps local, animation et apaisement, divertissement et repos, les nuits de nos villes apparaissent comme un nouveau champ de tension où les notions de conflits et de régulation sont souvent présentées comme des données centrales des politiques publiques locales. Mais en étant régulièrement analysée au prisme des conflits et de la régulation de ses activités, la nuit reste finalement peu considérée comme une dimension singulière de nos villes. Pourtant, en se référant à d’autres territoires, mais aussi à des activités, des économies, des populations ou encore, des pratiques reconfigurées, la nuit illustre finalement la recomposition temporaire de tout un système urbain.Entre enjeu d’animation et enjeu d’apaisement de la ville, cette thèse de doctorat se propose de mieux comprendre le fonctionnement de la nuit urbaine. En nous appuyant sur le cas des nuits de la métropole lyonnaise en France, nous analyserons notre objet de recherche du point de vue de sa symbolique, de ses représentations, de son organisation spatiale et temporelle ou encore de ses activités. Afin de dépasser la notion de conflit, nous proposons également d’aborder la nuit sous un angle renouvelé. Pour opérer ce changement, nous avons choisi d’aborder la nuit à travers le concept de qualité de vie qui suppose de mettre en regard les potentialités d’un cadre de vie donné - celui de la nuit urbaine - avec les aspirations de celles et ceux qui le fréquentent de manière constante ou temporaire.Entre animation et apaisement de la ville, nos investigations nous conduiront à formuler des pistes de réflexion afin d’imaginer des nuits urbaines plus accueillantes, inclusives et soucieuses de la qualité de vie des individus. Nous proposerons notamment de mieux intégrer la dimension nocturne des territoires dans la pratique de l’urbanisme et de l’aménagement urbain ou encore de repenser les aménités de la ville à travers l’élaboration d’une politique publique de la nuit. Pour ce faire, il nous semble indispensable de placer les individus au centre de la démarche pour faire de la nuit le sujet d’un vaste projet urbain pensé par et pour la qualité de vie. / Time of darkness and social rest, the urban night has for a long time been considered as a pause in the overall pace of society. However, times are changing. Driven by the movement of contemporary society, the nights of our cities have come alive and become a new space-time of everyday life.Today, whether we like it or not, a city that wants to be international, attractive and dynamic, is represented with an intensely lively nightlife. The latter effectively allows the continuous operation of the globalized economy. It also fulfills the desire of an intense life shared by contemporary individuals for whom "everything, all the time, immediately" becomes a standard of hypermodern life.If the night crystallizes many stakes of the contemporary society, it is more and more torn between two antagonistic forces. On the one hand, nights must be lively to meet the economic requirements and the people’s desire of entertainment. But on the other hand, it must remain a quiet time to ensure the necessary rest of society.Among global and local time, vibrancy and calm, entertainment and rest, the nights of our cities appear as a new field of tensions where the concepts of conflict and regulation are often presented as central in local public policies. But because the night is often analyzed through conflicts and nighttime activity regulation, it remains little considered as a singular time within our cities. Still, since referring to other territories, but also activities, economies, populations, or altered practices, in the end nights exemplifies a time-framed reorganization of an entire urban system.Facing the issues of vibrant and calm city nights, this PhD thesis aims to understand better how the urban night works. Based on the example of the Lyon metropolis nights in France, we will analyze the subject with emphasis on symbolism, representations, space and time organization, and activities. To investigate beyond the notion of conflict, we also propose to study nights from a renewed angle. To make this change, we have chosen to address the night through the concept of quality of life, leading us to compare the offer of a given living environment - that of the urban night - with the aspirations of those who are constantly or temporarily involved in it.Among vibrancy and calm of the city, our investigations will lead us to propose lines of thought in order to design urban nights that are more welcoming, inclusive and concerned about the quality of life of individuals. Among other things, we will propose a better integration of territories night aspect in town planning and urban area development, and to redesign the city appeals through the development of a night-oriented public policy. To do this, placing people at the heart of the process seems essential to make nights a subject within a vast urban project designed by and for the quality of life.

La présente thèse de doctorat consiste en une enquête sur la construction du paysage nocturne par la publicité lumineuse, spécifique aux métropoles occidentales depuis la fin du XIXe siècle. Elle s’est appuyée en particulier sur trois études de cas, New York, Londres et Paris, et a cherché à éclairer les circulations d’idées, de techniques et de design qui ont animé ces espaces. Elle interroge notamment la pertinence de la notion de « modèle américain » et souligne les échanges et les apports réciproques entre l’Europe et les États-Unis. Le propos est organisé en trois grandes parties, subdivisées en trois chapitres chacune et il s’y ajoute une série d’annexes. Le livre premier, intitulé « de l’incandescence en publicité : le temps des pionniers » porte sur le premier grand dispositif technique de la publicité lumineuse, celui de la lampe à incandescence, qui s’imposa de la fin du XIXe siècle à la fin des années 1920. Le second livre a pour titre « l’ère du néon : au cœur de la culture populaire ». Il se concentre sur la mise au point et la diffusion des tubes luminescents. Il montre comment la culture populaire s’appropria le néon, à la fois par la fréquentation des hauts-lieux de la publicité lumineuse et par son intégration dans l’art. Enfin, le troisième livre invite à « repenser la publicité, des années 1970 à nos jours », et met en évidence les changements à l’œuvre avec la montée des préoccupations écologiques et énergétiques et le renouvellement des acteurs de publicité lumineuse. Trois évolutions majeures marquent cette période : l’accélération du phénomène de mondialisation ; l’essor de la politique institutionnelle du logo ; la multiplication des écrans vidéo. / The subject of this doctoral thesis is a study of the construction of the nocturnal landscape using illuminating advertising, specific to large Western cities since the end of the XIXth century. It is supported in particular by three case studies: New York, London and Paris and will examine the circulation of ideas, techniques and design used in these locations. The relevance of the concept of the “American model” will be examined, with particular reference to the exchanges and mutual contributions between Europe and the United States. This thesis will be divided into three main sections, each sub-divided into three chapters and supplemented with appendices. The first section, titled “Incandescence in advertising: the pioneers” will examine the first significant technical device used in illuminating advertising, i.e. the incandescent lightbulb, used principally from the end of the XIXth century to the end of the 1920s. The second section, titled “The neon era – at the heart of popular culture” will concentrate on the development and deployment of fluorescent tubes. It will be demonstrated how popular culture appropriated neon lighting, both in its use in the high spots of lighted advertisements and by its inclusion in arts. Finally, the third section titled “Re-thinking advertising from the 1970s to today” will concentrate on changes brought about by the rise of sensitivity to ecological and energy concerns as well as changes in the people involved in the use of lighted advertising. Three major developments mark this period: acceleration of the global phenomenon, the rise of institutional policies involving logos and lastly, the multiplication of video screens.

[pt] Um documento de atuação. Este é o formato desta tese. O empreendimento consiste na busca dos significados do grafite a partir dos depoimentos de sete jovens grafiteiros pertencentes às camadas médias-altas da Zona Sul da cidade do Rio de Janeiro, da interpretação das imagens fotográficas dos grafites urbanos e da análise dos registros do diário de campo da pesquisa. O intuito maior em documentar a atuação de Twig, Broz, Fel, Rio, Det´s, Zat e Dog foi descobrir a razão pedagógica que torna o grafiteiro, grafiteiro. Não obstante, busco compreender e revelar que valores, gestos e conteúdos são mantidos, atualizados e transmitidos de grafiteiros a grafiteiros a fim de formar-lhes o ethos e agregá-los à cultura do grafite. É justamente pela perspectiva da transmissão do modus adquirendi de geração a geração que busco os nexos e as relações entre o grafite urbano e o processo educativo que os partícipes experimentam e pelo qual se tornam grafiteiros. Aqui encontro o principal indício de que tal itinerário configura-se enquanto uma pedagogia que, no caso específico desta tese, é a própria Pedagogia do Spray. / [en] A document of performance. This is the format of this thesis. Its main task consists in a search for the meanings of the graffiti from the standpoint views and depositions of seven young graffiti writers belonging to the upper-medium class of the southern area of the city of Rio de Janeiro. It also deals with the interpretation of the photographic images of the urban drawings as well as the analysis of the registries on the field diary. The major purpose in documenting the performance of Twig, Broz, Fel, Rio, Det´s, Zat and Dog was to discover the pedagogic reason behind those who choose this form of expression - the graffiti. We also tried to understand and to reveal how values, gestures and contents are maintained, updated and transmitted from each older and more experienced graffiti writers to the new ones establishing an ethos, which provides them with the means to become a part of the graffiti culture. It is exactly from the perspective of the transmission, of the modus adquirendi, from generation to generation that we search for the connections and the relationships between the urban graffiti and the educational process that involves the process of becoming graffiti writers. Our findings show a strong indication that such itinerary might be viewed as a pedagogy that, in this specific case, we designate as Pedagogy of the Spray.