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À l’instar de nombreuses disciplines, les sciences infirmières ont dû élaborer un savoir qui leur était propre. Ce savoir décrit comme étant un savoir « scientifique » a inspiré nombre d’historiens dans leurs analyses. Adoptant une approche « traditionnelle », plusieurs associent la construction du savoir infirmier à l’esprit d’entreprise, aux luttes et à la volonté des pionnières d’obtenir la reconnaissance légale de la profession. Des analyses multiples ayant recours à l’histoire sociale, à l’histoire des idées, à l’histoire des mentalités, à l’histoire des femmes, etc. ont ainsi vu le jour et ont fourni une interprétation où la prépondérance et le rôle de ces femmes dans l’évolution et les progrès réalisés au sein de la profession infirmière étaient indéniables. À ce jour, peu de recherches historiques se sont éloignées de ces approches. La présente recherche, loin d’embrasser de telles perspectives, décrit plutôt la construction des savoirs infirmiers sous l’angle de concepts puisés dans les propositions critiques suggérées par Michel Foucault. À cet effet, la généalogie et l’analyse de discours de Michel Foucault qui nous ont inspiré pour cette étude convenaient tout à fait aux objectifs de ce projet. De nombreux documents d’archives des Sœurs Grises de Montréal, des Religieuses Hospitalières de Saint-Joseph (Montréal et Bathurst), de l’Ordre des Infirmières et Infirmiers du Québec, de l’Archevêché de Montréal, de la Ville de Montréal pour ne citer que ceux-là ont été consultés et analysés. Les données recueillies ont permis de mettre en lumière les dispositifs discursifs et non-discursifs qui ont contribué à la valorisation et la validation des discours dans la construction du savoir scientifique infirmier. De plus, l’organisation et la médicalisation de l’hôpital, l’apparition de la médecine sociale et des pratiques hygiéniques ont également mis en exergue l’importance d’organiser des écoles de formation pour les infirmières. Ces écoles reconnues pour fournir une formation établie sur des programmes de cours formels et structurés ont permis aux infirmières d’acquérir un savoir reconnu comme « scientifique ». Cette formation scientifique a permis aux infirmières d’avoir une crédibilité dans le milieu de la santé, d’agir efficacement au sein de l’appareil administratif et d’avoir un pouvoir sur les individus et la population. L’expertise des infirmières et leur rôle auprès de la population leur ont offert la possibilité de conduire la conduite des individus et de participer à la normalisation et au gouvernement des populations.

This thesis uses ideas found in Michel Foucault's Discipline and Punish and related works as a theoretic framework for examining daily life in North Korea to understand what type of disciplinary techniques North Korean citizens are subjected to by the North Korean state. This paper will define several disciplinary strategies discussed by Foucault and then show how these strategies are deployed against the North Korean population through multiple examples. Analysis will demonstrate that these disciplinary strategies prevent political instability and suppress ideas dangerous to the North Korean regime, even while the North Korean regime fails to provide basic services for its population. As a result, the reader will have a better understanding of why the North Korean people seem so disciplined and do not rebel against the North Korean regime in the face of state-made disasters and hardships. / Master of Arts

Detta arbete utgår från en kvalitativ intervjustudie med förskollärare runt om i Sverige, med syfte att undersöka deras erfarenheter av och tankar kring barns delaktighet och inflytande i förskolan. Detta är ett väl omdiskuterat ämne som ofta kan upplevas svårt att arbeta med rent praktiskt i verksamheterna. I denna studie används Michel Foucaults tankar om makt som teoretisk utgångspunkt för att försöka analysera förskollärarnas svar och synliggöra både medvetna och omedvetna maktförhållanden som döljer sig i förskollärarnas uttalanden. Resultatet i studien visar att makten, i olika former, är något som ständigt är närvarande och något som både begränsar och möjliggör barns delaktighet och inflytande i verksamheterna. Det visar sig även att det finns en viss medvetenhet hos förskollärarna kring vilka maktförhållanden som råder, men också att det finns många situationer då dessa förhållanden går obemärkt förbi och inte reflekteras över.

<p>Michel Foucault's philosophy took the form of a series of historicallygrounded "genealogical" studies of the interconnections between knowledge and various social practices in contemporary society. This work is a reading of "the good11-to use Charles Taylor's term-in Foucault's genealogies.</p> <p> According to the American social-historian David Rothman, "history is a liberating discipline for it reminds us that there is nothing inevitable about the institutions and procedures that surround us. In developing my reading of "the good" in Foucault's genealogies I have endeavoured to translate the spirit of this claim into the proposition that Foucault's genealogies were an expression of his desire to increase human freedom through historical critique; i.e., that Foucault's ethics were embodied in his philosophy which constitutes "a practice of freedom".</p> / Thesis / Master of Arts (MA)

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This dissertation offers an exploration of the field of normative subjectivity circulated within western fine dining traditions. I use the notion of "normative subjectivity" which derives from the work of Michel Foucault. Foucault's emphasis on the use of disciplinary repetition to mold, circumscribe, and modulate the conduct of subjects informs my own argument that fine dining spaces feature a normative regime of subjectivity centered on the hegemonic governance of a figure which I call "Culinary Man." This phrase follows from Sylvia Wynter's account of "the overrepresentation of Man," which describes the colonial field of subjectivity which revolves around a normatively white, male, and European figure of authority. Drawing from these sources, this dissertation seeks to give a theoretical analysis of the governing relationship between the chef (who embodies Culinary Man) and the fine dining brigade (the organizational unit of labor within commercial kitchens). As I argue, Culinary Man deploys a heterogeneous set of disciplinary discourses and practices which have the effect of consolidating monopolies on epistemic authority and governance. Each position within the brigade's hierarchy is subject to distinct, though related, disciplinary practices. Thus, several chapters seek to identify the specific practices pertinent to each brigade subject, while also illuminating how they fit together as a coherent hegemonic project. Additionally, a genealogy, in the style of Sylvia Wynter, is carried out to illuminate points of variance as well as continuity within the figure of Culinary Man. While the bulk of the dissertation seeks to carry out a discursive analysis of Culinary Man's disciplinary regime, there are also moves toward alternative projects which do not replicate the brigade form. The concluding chapters seek to identify where extant modes of resistance or alternative forms of culinary organization may hold the potential to move beyond the hegemonic overrepresentation of Culinary Man. / Doctor of Philosophy / Within fine dining kitchens, work is generally organized by the hierarchical division of labor known as the "brigade." As the name suggests, this formation is modeled on the military, and the chef sits at the top of the brigade's hierarchy. This dissertation explores the relationship between the governing chef and the subordinate brigade of culinary laborers within western fine dining spaces. While the image of the domineering chef is somewhat ubiquitous in popular culture, this project seeks to understand how the authority of governing chefs is rooted in practices and discourses which encourage consent among the brigade, rather than merely compliance. As I argue, the field of fine dining labor is dominated by a particular set of practices, values, and habits which become solidified as norms through repetition. These norms uphold and legitimate the figure of the brilliant, masterful, and authoritative chef (called "Culinary Man") at the expense of the brigade's subordination. Additionally, there are racialized and gendered implications, as the archetype of Culinary Man is a white, male figure. This dissertation offers an exploration of the collection of practices, norms, and discourses which "shape" members of the brigade and direct the ways in which they conduct themselves. Several of the chapters identify particular positions within the brigade's hierarchy and analyze how distinct practices mold the conduct expected of culinary workers. Additionally, a genealogy of Culinary Man explores several different variations or "genres" of this figure. While much of the dissertation endeavors to identify and theorize Culinary Man's governance over the brigade, the last two chapters feature some discussion of models which might potentially move beyond Culinary Man as a normative archetype.

Finding conceptual tools that lend themselves to the creation of consensus is no easier in an age of mass communication, mass transportation or mass education, than it was in earlier less "modern," technology adventurous, times. In fact, as I argue in this dissertation, modernity can be analyzed and experienced as being anathema to those characteristics upon which consensus can be built. This dissertation examines why this is the case and what may be done to ameliorate the worst excesses of modernity while building on its greatest strengths. / Ph. D.