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  • About
  • The Global ETD Search service is a free service for researchers to find electronic theses and dissertations. This service is provided by the Networked Digital Library of Theses and Dissertations.
    Our metadata is collected from universities around the world. If you manage a university/consortium/country archive and want to be added, details can be found on the NDLTD website.
211

Índices químicos, sensoriais e microbiológicos para avaliação do frescor de pescada amarela (Cynoscion acoupa) armazenada em gelo / Chemical, sensory and microbial Indices for freshness evaluation of Acoupa weakfish (Cynoscion acoupa) stored in ice

Ana Paula Billar dos Santos 05 December 2011 (has links)
Os objetivos deste estudo foram desenvolver o protocolo do Método do Índice de Qualidade (MIQ) para avaliação da qualidade sensorial da pescada amarela parcialmente eviscerada e armazenada em gelo; avaliar as alterações sensoriais, químicas e microbiológicas da pescada amarela durante o armazenamento e indicar os parâmetros mais adequados para avaliação da qualidade propondo limites de aceitação para a espécie. Quatro lotes com peixes recém capturados em Praia Grande-SP foram transportados à Faculdade de Zootecnia e Engenharia de Alimentos (FZEA) e armazenados entre camadas de gelo (0-1ºC) em câmara fria. Periodicamente 5 peixes foram amostrados e submetidos às análises sensorial (para desenvolvimento do protocolo MIQ e posterior avaliação), microbiológicas (contagens de psicrotróficos, coliformes totais e fecais, Salmonella sp, estafilococos coagulase positiva) e químicas (bases nitrogenadas voláteis-BNV, trimetilamina-TMA, triptofano livre e uréia). A qualidade da pescada amarela comercializada em 14 pontos de venda nas cidades de Santos, São Vicente e Praia Grande foi avaliada utilizando-se o protocolo MIQ desenvolvido, análises microbiológicas e químicas. O protocolo MIQ desenvolvido apresentou aumento linear do índice de qualidade (IQ) ao longo do armazenamento. Nos peixes do lote 1, contagens de psicrotróficos atingiram 107ufc/g no 14º dia. Nos lotes 3 e 4 esse limite foi alcançado entre o 6º e 8º dia. Contagens de E.coli superiores a 102ufc/g foram observadas em 9,5% dos peixes do lote 1 após 21 dias de armazenamento e em 15,25% dos peixes do lote 3 no 6º e 9º dia. Staphylococcus aureus estava ausente em todos os peixes e Salmonella sp foi detectada foi detectada em 7,4% das pescadas amarelas analisadas. Os valores finais de BNV variaram de 23.8 mg/100g a 159 mg/100g em pescadas amarelas e foi dependente da carga microbiana inicial. Todos os lotes apresentaram aumento no teor de TMA, que variou entre 0,18 mg/100g e 15,44mg/100g. As amostras de pescada amarela comercializadas apresentaram IQ variando de 2 a 23, indicando um tempo provável pós captura de 3 até 14 dias. Todos os peixes analisados estavam livres de Salmonella sp e E.coli. Staphylococcus aureus foi determinado em níveis abaixo do limite estipulado pela legislação. Contagens de psicrotróficos acima de 107ufc/g foram observadas em 50% dos peixes. Coliformes totais variaram de 102ufc/g até 107ufc/g. Os valores de TMA e BNV foram maiores que os estabelecidos pela legislação brasileira em 50% e 65% dos peixes, respectivamente. No entanto, em relação à TMA, concentrações superiores a 4mg/100g foram encontradas em peixes que apresentaram contagens de psicrotróficos, concentração de BNV e IQ aceitáveis, sugerindo valores em torno de 12-14mg TMA/100g de peixe como limite adequado para consumo de pescada amarela O valor 30mg de BNV/100g recomendado pela legislação brasileira parece ser adequado como limite de comercialização de pescada amarela, porém a concentração de BNV não está diretamente relacionada ao tempo de armazenamento desde a captura. Triptofano livre e uréia não foram parâmetros químicos adequados para avaliação do frescor da pescada amarela. O protocolo MIQ foi eficiente para a avaliação da qualidade de pescada amarela, apresentando boa correlação entre a perda da qualidade sensorial e o tempo de estocagem. A análise de correlação entre os resultados das diversas análises sugere que a pescada amarela, quando eviscerada e resfriada em gelo, mantém características adequadas para consumo até o 8º dia de armazenamento. Diversos estabelecimentos comerciais de Santos, São Vicente e Praia Grande disponibilizam para os consumidores pescada amarela resfriada em condições inadequadas para consumo de acordo com a legislação brasileira. / The objectives of this study were to develop a Quality Index Method (QIM) scheme for sensory evaluation of partially gutted Acoupa weakfish; to evaluate the sensory, chemical and microbial changes during storage in ice and to suggest the best parameters for quality evaluation and limits of acceptability of this fish species. Four groups of Acoupa weakfish caught in Praia Grande, São Paulo state, were transported to the Faculdade de Zootecnia e Engenharia de Alimentos (FZEA) within 24h of their capture and stored between layers of ice (0-1ºC) in chilling room. Periodically, 5 fishes were sampled and evaluated by sensory (QIM), microbial (counts of psychrotrophic, total and faecal coliforms, Salmonella sp and coagulase-positive Staphylococcus) and chemical (volatile base nitrogen-VBN, trimethylamine-TMA, free tryptophan and urea) analysis. The quality of samples of Acoupa weakfish commercialized in fourteen markets in Santos, São Vicente and Praia Grande cities was also evaluated. The QIM scheme presented linear increase of QI during the storage. In fishes of group 1 the counts of psychrotrophic bacteria reached 107cfu/g at the 14th day of storage. In groups 3 and 4 this limit was reached between days 6 and 8. Counts of E. coli higher than 102cfu/g were detected in 9.5% of the fishes belonging to the group 1 after day 21. This level was also detected in 15.25% of the fishes of the group 3 after days 6 and 9. Staphylococcus aureus was not detected and Salmonella sp was present in 7.4% of the Acoupa weakfish in groups 1 and 2. VBN contents ranged from 23.8 mg/100g to 159 mg/100g and was affected by the microbial load at the beginning of the storage. All the groups of Acoupa weakfish in this study, presented increases in TMA contents during storage and the values ranged between 0.18 and 15.44mg/100g. The samples of Acoupa weakfish obtained from markets showed QI ranging from 2 to 23, suggesting a storage time between 3 to 14 days respectively. All the fishes were free from Salmonella sp and E. coli. Counts of Staphylococcus aureus were lower than the amount determined by the Brazilian legislation. Counts of psychrotrophic bacteria higher than 107cfu/g were observed in 50% of the fishes. Counts of total coliforms ranged from 102cfu/g till 107cfu/g. TMA and VBN contents were higher than the amount allowed by the Brazilian legislation in 50% and 65% of the fishes, respectively. Nevertheless, TMA contents higher than 4mg/100g, were detected in fishes presenting low counts of psychrotrophics, low VBN levels and low QI. Contents ranging from 12-14mg TMA/100g of fish are the suggested limits of consumption for Acoupa weakfish. The limit of 30mg of VBN/100g of fish, allowed by the Brazilian legislation is the appropriate amount for commercialization of Acoupa weakfish, although the VBN contents are not directly related to the storage time. Free tryptophan and urea were not useful as quality indices for Acoupa weakfish. The QIM scheme was effective for quality evaluation of Acoupa weakfish showing significant correlation with quality loss and storage time. Results of correlation analysis allow suggesting that Acoupa weakfish, when gutted and maintained in ice, is suitable for consuming until day 8. Several markets in Santos, São Vicente and Praia Grande commercialize chilled Acoupa weakfish that are unacceptable for consumption according to the Brazilian legislation.
212

Efeito da adição de Lactobacillus rhamnosus em queijos Minas frescal sobre as contagens de Staphylococcus aureus e Listeria monocytogenes / Effect of Lactobacillus rhamnosus on growth of Staphylococcus aureus and Listeria monocytogenes in cheese

Lígia Eleonor Prezzi 31 October 2014 (has links)
O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar o efeito inibitório de Lactobacillus rhamnosus sobre as contagens de Staphylococcus aureus e Listeria monocytogenes, aspergidos isoladamente ou em combinação sobre a superfície de queijo Minas Frescal, durante armazenamento por 21 dias a 7ºC. O delineamento consistiu em esquema fatorial 2x2x2, sendo 8 tratamentos com 4 repetições. As características físico-químicas (pH, atividade de água, umidade, teor de gordura, proteína e perfil de textura) foram determinadas nos queijos dos tratamentos sem adição de L. rhamnosus ou contendo este probiótico (T1 e T2, respectivamente). Verificaramse as contagens de L. rhamnosus, S. aureus e L. monocytogenes nos queijos de todos os tratamentos nos dias 1, 7, 14 e 21 de armazenamento. Foram também analisados os percentuais de sobrevivência dos microrganismos submetidos a condições de simulação do trato gastrointestinal (TGI) utilizando ensaios in vitro. Não houve efeito significativo (P>0,05) entre os parâmetros físico-químicos dos queijos dos tratamentos T1 e T2. As contagens de L. rhamnosus aumentaram (P<0,05) em todos os tratamentos a partir do dia 7 de armazenamento, estabilizando ao redor de 108 UFC/g, sendo que a presença concomitante de L. monocytogenes e/ou S. aureus nos queijos não influenciou a contagem de L. rhamnosus. L. rhamnosus diminuiu em cerca de 1 ciclo log as contagens de L. monocytogenes, e não exerceu efeito inibitório sobre S. aureus após 21 dias. S. aureus não sobreviveu ao teste de simulação ao TGI. No entanto, L. rhamnosus e L. monocytogenes apresentaram percentuais de sobrevivência entre 74,6% a 86,4%, e entre 75,8% a 94,1%, respectivamente. Os resultados demonstraram que a adição de L. rhamnosus não alterou as características físico-químicas dos queijos Minas frescal, porém exerceu efeito inibitório sobre L. monocytogenes, mas nenhum efeito sobre S. aureus. A utilização de L. rhamnosus como probiótico apresenta um potencial para inibição de L. monocytogenes na fabricação de queijos Minas frescal. São necessários estudos sobre os mecanismos envolvidos na competição entre as bactérias por substratos no alimento, bem como sua sobrevivência nas condições do TGI em ensaios in vivo. / The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of Lactobacillus rhamnosus on growth of Staphylococcus aureus and Listeria monocytogenes in Minas frescal cheese during 21 days of storage at 7ºC. The experimental design was totally randomized, in a 2x2x2 factorial arrangement with 8 treatments and 4 replicates per treatment. Physical chemical parameters such as pH, moisture, water activity, fat, protein and texture profile analysis were carried out in cheeses where no microorganism were inoculated (T1) and in the cheeses inoculated with the probiotic bacteria, L. rhamnosus (T2). The counts of L. rhamnosus, S. aureus and L. monocytogenes were examined on days 1, 7, 14, 21 of storage. Survival percentage of the bacteria after exposure to simulated gastrointestinal conditions was studied in vitro. Statistical analysis indicated that there were no significant differences (P>0,05) among the means of the physical chemical parameters analyzed in treatments 1 and 2. From day 7 on, the counts of L. rhamnosus increased (P<0,05) in all treatments, stabilizing and reaching up to 108 CFU/g. It was noticed that the concurring presence of L. monocytogenes and/or S. aureus in the cheese samples did not show influence in the counts of the probiotic bacteria. The L. rhamnosus caused about 1 log cycle reduction in the counts of L. monocytogenes, but showed no inhibitory effect on S. aureus at the end of the period of storage. S. aureus did not survive the exposure to simulated gastrointestinal conditions. However, L. rhamnosus and L. monocytogenes showed survival percentages varying from 74,6% to 86,4%, and from 75,8% to 94,1%, respectively. The results showed that the addition of L. rhamnosus had no influence on the physical chemical characteristics of the Minas frescal cheese and no inhibitory effect on S. aureus, nevertheless demonstrated inhibitory effect on L. monocytogenes. The addition of probiotic strains of L. rhamnosus in Minas frescal cheese represents potential for L. monocytogenes inhibition. It is essential to carry out studies on the mechanisms involved in the competition for substrate by bacteria, as well as their survival to simulated gastrointestinal conditions in in vivo experiments.
213

Avaliação quantitativa do risco de doença, causada por Vibrio arahaemolyticus, associado ao consumo de ostras (Crassostrea brasiliana) cruas cultivadas e comercializadas no Estado de São Paulo / Quantitative risk assessment of illness, caused by Vibrio parahaemolyticus, associated with the consumption of raw oysters (Crassostrea brasiliana) farmed and commercialized in the State of São Paulo

Paulo de Souza Costa Sobrinho 03 August 2007 (has links)
Vibrio parahaemolyticus (Vp) é uma bactéria naturalmente presente em regiões estuarinas, sendo a principal causa de gastrenterite de origem bacteriana associada a pescados, principalmente ostras cruas. Nesta pesquisa, foi desenvolvida uma avaliação quantitativa de risco para avaliar a probabilidade de Vp causar doença após o consumo de ostra crua, produzida e comercializada no Estado de São Paulo. O estudo incluiu a identificação e caracterização do perigo, a avaliação da exposição e a caracterização do risco. Um modelo matemático foi desenvolvido. Este modelo leva em consideração o comportamento de Vp em ostras na cadeia produtiva, em cada estação do ano, além da relação entre a dose de Vp ingerida e a probabilidade de desenvolver a doença. A avaliação da exposição foi desenvolvida em três etapas: cultivo, pós-coleta e consumo. Na etapa de cultivo foram considerados os fatores que influenciam a prevalência e o número de Vp em ostras no momento da coleta. Na etapa pós-coleta, foram descritas as práticas da indústria e foram considerados os fatores associados ao processamento, transporte e manipulação. Já na etapa de consumo foram considerados os fatores como a quantidade de ostras consumidas por porção, o peso médio por ostra consumida e a população de Vp patogênico no momento do consumo. O resultado do modelo quantitativo da avaliação da exposição foi, então, integrado ao modelo dose-resposta, Beta-Poisson, para se obter uma estimativa do risco. Esta estimativa expressa o impacto da exposição humana a Vp, sobre a saúde pública, associada ao consumo de ostras. A simulação de Monte Carlo foi utilizada para avaliar o efeito da variabilidade e incerteza das variáveis do modelo sobre a estimativa do risco. O modelo prediz uma probabilidade de ocorrência de doença de 4,6x10-4, por porção de ostra, consumida ao longo do ano. As variáveis que possuem maior influência sobre o risco de ocorrência de doença são a população de Vp em ostras no cultivo, a temperatura de transporte das ostras até o varejo e a porcentagem de Vp patogênico em ostra, no momento do seu consumo. O modelo evidencia que uma das maneiras de reduzir o risco de ocorrência de doença seria intervir nas condições de transporte de ostras até o varejo por meio da sua refrigeração. Com o modelo é possível identificar fatores e simular cenários para avaliar o comportamento de V. parahaemolytícus como um perigo microbiológico, ao longo da cadeia produtiva de ostra até o momento do seu consumo. Também é possível avaliar o impacto de medidas de intervenção na cadeia produtiva. As suposições adotadas limitam a aplicabilidade do modelo. Portanto, é necessário que o modelo seja validado, particularmente com relação ao número de casos de doença causados por Vp, cujos dados de vigilância epidemiológica inexistem no Brasil. / Vibrio parahaemolyticus (Vp) is naturally present in estuarine regions and is the main cause of gastroenteritis associated with the consumption of bivalve molluscan shellfish, specially raw oysters. In this research, a quantitative risk assessment was developed to evaluate the probability of Vp causing disease after consumption of raw oyster, produced and commercialized in the state of Sao Paulo. The study included the identification and characterization of the hazard, exposure assessment and risk characterization. A mathematical model was developed. This model takes into account the behavior of Vp in oysters in the productive chain, for each season of the year, besides the relationship between the number of cells of Vp ingested and the probability of developing the disease. The exposure assessment was done in three steps: farming, after harvesting and consumption. At the farming step, the factors that influence the prevalence and the population of Vp at the time of harvesting were considered. At the after harvesting step, the factors associated with transportation, handling and processing were considered. At the consumption step, factors related to the amount of oysters and the average weight per oyster consumed and the density of pathogenic Vp at the time of consumption were considered. Then, the quantitative model of exposure assessment was integrated to the dose-response model, BetaPoisson, in order to obtain a risk estimate. This calculation expresses the impact of the human exposure to Vp associated with the consumption of oysters on public health. The Monte Carlo simulation was used to evaluate the effect of variability and uncertainty of variables of the model in the risk estimation. The model predicts a probability of occurrence of the disease of 4,6x10-4 per serving of oyster consumed during one year. The variables showing the greatest influence on the risk of occurrence of disease are the density of Vp in oyster in the farming step, the temperature during transportation of oysters to the retail market and the percentage of pathogenic Vp strains in oysters,\' at the moment of consumption. The model indicates that the use of refrigeration during transportation of oysters to retail could reduce the risk of disease. The model allows the identification of factors and the simulation of scenarios in order to evaluate the behavior of V. parahaemolyticus, as a microbiologícal hazard, in the productive chain of oyster to the consumption. It is also possible to evaluate the impact of intervention measures in the productive chain. The assumptions Iimit the application of the model. Therefore, it is necessary to validate the model, particularly in relation to the number of cases of dísease caused by V. parahaemolyticus of which the data on epidemiologic surveillance do not exist in Brazil.
214

Paralelos entre métodos fenotípicos, imunológicos e genotípicos para detecção rápida de Salmonella spp em matrizes alimentares sem contaminação experimental: avaliação em condições reais e simultâneas de uso / Parallels between phenotypic, genotypic and immunological methods for rapid detection of Salmonella spp in non-contaminated food matrices: evaluation in real conditions of use

Mario Killner 20 June 2008 (has links)
Salmonella spp é um dos microrganismos patogênicos de relevância em alimentos. Sua detecção em alimentos por metodologia de cultura é trabalhosa e demorada, o que explica a grande variedade de sistemas automatizados e kits para detecção rápida desse patógeno existentes no mercado. Muitos desses métodos alternativos são validados por organizações internacionalmente reconhecidas, mas tais validações têm sido efetuadas em condições laboratoriais artificiais e com matrizes alimentares experimentalmente contaminadas, dificilmente refletindo a realidade de um laboratório de rotina de análises microbiológicas de alimentos. Nesse trabalho, avaliou-se o desempenho de sete métodos rápidos alternativos genotípicos e imunológicos, usados simultaneamente para detecção de Salmonella spp em 244 amostras de alimentos sem contaminação experimental, empregando o método de cultura ISO 6579:2002 como método de referência. Os métodos avaliados foram BAX Salmonella,VIDAS Salmonella (SLM),Transia Plate Salmonella Gold,VIP Salmonella,TECRA UNQUIQUE SALMONELLA,Singlepath Salmonella e 1-2 Test. O nível de detecção para cada método também foi determinado, trabalhando-se com três matrizes alimentares diferentes, experimentalmente contaminadas com cinco níveis de inóculo. O método de referência detectou 50 amostras (20,5%) positivas para Salmonella spp. Nas condições em que o trabalho foi realizado, a porcentagem de concordância dos resultados positivos obtidos pelos métodos alternativos avaliados em relação aos resultados positivos obtidos pelo método ISO 6579:2002 variou de 42,3% a 100% nas amostras sem contaminação experimental e de 75% a 100% nas amostras artificialmente contaminadas, dependendo do método avaliado e da matriz alimentar analisada. Todos os métodos rápidos avaliados apresentaram resultados falso-positivos e falso-negativos, em freqüências dependentes também do método avaliado e da matriz alimentar analisada. Os resultados obtidos evidenciaram que os métodos rápidos avaliados devem ser utilizados unicamente para fins de triagem, podendo haver um risco intrínseco na escolha de um método rápido para detectar Salmonella spp em determinada matriz alimentar. A seleção de um método rápido, em particular, só deve ser feita após a determinação do grau de risco que se queira assumir. / Salmonella spp is an important foodborne pathogen. The detection in foods by the cultural methodology takes at least five days to be completed and several automated systems and kits are available in the market for rapid detection of this pathogen. Most rapid methods are validated by internationally recognized organizations, but most validations have been conducted in artificial laboratory conditions, working with inoculated food samples, hardly reflecting the real conditions of a routine testing laboratory. In this study, seven immunological and genotypic rapid methods were used simultaneously for the detection of Salmonella spp in 244 non-inoculated food samples, and compared to the ISO 6754:2002 cultural method, used as reference. The rapid methods evaluated were BAX Salmonella, VIDAS Salmonella (SLM), Transia Plate Salmonella Gold, TECRA UNIQUE SALMONELLA, VIP Salmonella, Singlepath Salmonella and 1-2 Test. The lowest detection level for each method was also determined using three different food matrices experimentally contaminated with five levels of inoculum. Based on results obtained by the ISO 6754:2002 method, 50 (20.5%) samples were positive for Salmonella spp. In the conditions of the study, the agreement percentage of positive results obtained by each rapid method when compared to the positive results of the reference method varied between 42.3% and 100% in the non-inoculated food samples and between 75% and 100% in the experimentally contaminated samples, depending on the method and the tested food matrix. All rapid methods presented false-positive and false-negative results, and their frequency varied according to the method and the tested food matrix. Results confirmed that these rapids methods should be used for screening exclusively, and the selection of a rapid method for detection of Salmonella spp in foods may have an intrinsic risk. The degree of this risk needs to be determined before a particular method is selected.
215

Análise in-silico de integrases no fitopatógeno Xylella fastidiosa: diversidade, sítios de integração e associação com bacteriófagos. / In silico analysis of integrases in the phytopathogen Xylella fastidiosa: diversity, integration sites and association with bacteriophages.

Alessandro de Mello Varani 03 September 2008 (has links)
Os elementos genéticos móveis encontrados no genoma da bactéria Xylella fastidiosa (Xf) são representados principalmente por bacteriófagos (na forma de profagos inseridos no genoma) e ilhas genômicas. As integrases são responsáveis pelo processo de mobilização (integração e/ou excisão) destes elementos, através do mecanismo de recombinação sítio-específica. Bacteriófagos e ilhas genômicas estão associados a eventos de rearranjos genômicos e à aquisição e ou interrupção de genes importantes para bactéria, tendo implicação direta na diversidade e organização genômica e, por conseqüência, na diferenciação entre linhagens. A extensão e o impacto desses eventos é o foco deste trabalho, através da análise in-silico das integrases e sua associação com regiões de profagos e ilhas genômicas, no genoma de quatro linhagens de Xf. Os dados aqui apresentados corroboram o papel das integrases e seus elementos genéticos móveis associados como agentes chaves no processo de diversidade e evolução da organização genômica entre as quatro linhagens de Xf. / The mobile genetic elements found in the genome of the bacterium Xylella fastidiosa (Xf) are mainly represented by bacteriophages (as prophages inserted into the genome) and genomic islands. The integrases are responsible for the process of mobilization (integration and / or excision) of these elements through the mechanism of site-specific recombination. Bacteriophages and genomic islands are associated with events of genomic rearrangements and the acquisition and or interruption of important genes for bacteria, with direct involvement in diversity and genomic organization and, consequently, the differentiation between strains. The extent and impact of these events are the focus of this work, through in-silico analysis of integrase and association with regions of prophages and genomic islands in the genome of four strains of Xf. The data presented here support the role of integrases and their mobile genetic elements associated as key players in the process of evolution and diversity of genomic organization between the four strains of Xf.
216

Reúso de água residuária tratada no cultivo de hortaliças /

Santos, Roberta Daniela Da Silva January 2019 (has links)
Orientador: Rodrigo Máximo Sánchez-Román / Resumo: As atividades humanas no geral são extremamente dependentes da água. Entretanto, a utilização deste indispensável recurso na geração de energia, abastecimento humano, lazer, indústria e na agricultura, quando realizada de maneira inadequada, pode comprometer sua qualidade. Assim, faz-se necessário incorporar na irrigação a prática do reúso, utilizando, por exemplo, água residuária tratada (ART). Desta forma, os objetivos deste trabalho foram: avaliar a viabilidade do uso de água residuária tratada por dois sistemas distintos, tanque séptico + SODIS + 125 mg L-1 H2O2 (ARTS) e alagados construídos (ARTAC), através da irrigação por gotejamento nas culturas alface, beterraba e rabanete, em termos de produção, contaminação por Escherichia coli, e eficiência do uso da água (EUA); calcular o percentual de macronutrientes fornecido pela ARTS e ARTAC; e verificar a uniformidade do sistema de irrigação operando com elas. As hortaliças foram cultivadas a campo com cinco composições da lâmina de irrigação 0, 25, 50, 75 e 100% de ARTS e ARTAC. Durante a condução do experimento foram realizadas análises físicas, química e microbiológicas na ART. Após a colheita foram realizadas análises biométricas, de produtividade e microbiológicas nas amostras de hortaliças, como também a uniformidade do sistema de irrigação. A irrigação com ARTS e ARTAC proporcionou melhor rendimento de todas as hortaliças se comparado ao plantio convencional (0% ART). Os dois sistemas avaliados e as quatro composições... (Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo) / Abstract: Human activities in general are extremely dependent on water. However, the use of this indispensable resource in power generation, supply, industry and agriculture, when improperly performed, may compromise its quality. Thus, it is necessary to incorporate the practice of reuse in irrigation, using for example, treated wastewater (TW). Thus, the objectives of this work were: to evaluate the feasibility of using wastewater treated by two distinct systems, septic tank + SODIS + 125 mg L-1 H2O2 (TWST) and constructed wetlands (WTCW), through drip irrigation in lettuce, beet and radish crops in terms of yield, Escherichia coli contamination, and water use efficiency (WUE); calculate the percentage of macronutrients provided by TWST and WTCW; and verify the uniformity of the irrigation system operating with TWST and WTCW. The vegetables were field grown with five irrigation depth compositions 0, 25, 50, 75 and 100% TWST and WTCW. During the conduction of the experiment, physical, chemical and microbiological analyzes were performed at TW. After harvesting, biometric, yield and microbiological analyzes were performed on the vegetable samples, as well as the uniformity of the irrigation system. Irrigation with TWST and WTCW provided better yield of all vegetables compared to conventional planting (0% TW). Both evaluated systems and the four irrigation depth compositions (with TW) made it possible to produce vegetables free of E. coli contamination, classifying them as suitable for r... (Complete abstract click electronic access below) / Doutor
217

Effect of irrigation water quality on the microbiological safety of fresh vegetables

Ijabadeniyi, Oluwatosin Ademola 15 June 2011 (has links)
Irrigation water is perhaps the leading pre-harvest source of contamination of fresh vegetables in the world. In this thesis, the effect of source water from the Olifants River and the Wilge River on the bacterial quality of water in the Loskop Canal that they feed and also the subsequent contribution to the bacterial contamination of fresh vegetables was determined for a period of twelve months. Also effect of attachment time on the survival of Listeria monocytogenes and the effect of chlorine on L. monocytogenes attached to vegetables were determined. Finally, a step-wise logistic regression analysis was made to determine whether various predictor variables could be used to predict the occurrence of L. monocytogenes, Salmonella spp and intestinal Enterococcus in irrigation water and vegetables (i.e., cauliflower and broccoli). COD and turbidity were higher in the Olifants River and the Wilge River than in the Loskop Canal that they feed, according to the water guidelines set by the World Health Organisation (WHO) and the Republic of South Africa (RSA). The level of the COD and turbidity were significantly different in terms of the two rivers in comparison with the canal. Levels of faecal coliforms and Escherichia coli were also higher than the WHO standard. Staphyloccocus aureus, intestinal Enterococcus, Salmonella, L. monocytogenes were recovered from the two rivers and the canal. Apart from L. monocytogenes that was not recovered from cauliflower, all bacterial pathogens recovered from the surface water were recovered from the vegetables. This study also indicated that L. monocytogenes could attach to both surface and subsurface structures of both tomatoes and spinach within 30 min, and that even after 72 h, it still remained viable. It also indicated that chlorine treatment is more effective against surface L. monocytogenes compared with subsurface inoculated L. monocytogenes. Finally, the logistic regression analysis of the sampled data showed that COD was statistically reliable to indicate a high probability of L. monocytogenes, turbidity reliable to indicate a high probability of intestinal Enterococcus and faecal coliforms and coliforms reliable to indicate a high probability of Salmonella in irrigation water. Low aerobic colony count (ACC) was statistically significant for the prediction of the three pathogens on vegetables. / Thesis (PhD)--University of Pretoria, 2010. / Food Science / unrestricted
218

Riskbedömning av nuvarande och framtida dricksvattenproduktion i Eskilstuna enligt ODP och MRA

Westermark, Maria January 2011 (has links)
Vatten i Sverige har länge ansetts hålla hög kvalitet, men trots detta inträffar årligensjukdomsfall orsakade av förorenat dricksvatten. I enlighet med livsmedelsverketsföreskrifter om dricksvatten ska dricksvatten vara ”hälsosamt och rent”. Detta är dock inteett praktiskt tillämpbart villkor, då ingen acceptabel risk har satts upp.Världshälsoorganisationen (WHO) och det amerikanska naturvårdsverket (US EPA) hardäremot satt upp gränser för vad som är en acceptabel sjukdomsrisk respektiveinfektionsrisk för dricksvatten.Denna studie syftade till att bedöma om reningen vid Hyndevads vattenverks, medavseende på mikroorganismer, möjliggör att en acceptabel risknivå uppnås. Detta hargenomförts med hjälp av metoderna Optimal desinfektionspraxis (ODP) ochMikrobiologisk riskanalys (MRA). ODP är ett norskt system för att bedömamikrobiologiska risker vid ett vattenverk och MRA är ett svenskt verktyg som genom att tahänsyn till variationer i vattenkvalitet och driftförhållanden beräknar hälsorisken. MRA gerutdata i form av infektions- och sjukdomsrisk för konsumenterna samt gör det möjligt attpå ett enkelt sätt jämföra olika typer av beredningar och scenarion med varandra.Vattenverket visade sig varken ha tillräckligt antal skyddsbarriärer, enligtlivsmedelsverkets rekommendationer, eller uppnå tillräcklig rening enligt ODP eller MRA.Resultaten har lett till bedömningen att reningen med avseende på mikroorganismer inte ärtillräcklig och att åtgärder är nödvändiga. Som åtgärd föreslås att nuvarande reningsprocesskompletteras. De tillbyggnader som enligt simuleringarna i MRA skulle klara US EPA:sgräns, som innebär att den årliga infektionsrisken underskrider 1/10 000, var: 1. Membranfiltrering med porstorlek 0,01-0,1 μm 2. En kombination av Ozon (2 mg/l), UV-ljus (25 mJ/cm2) och monokloramin iställetför nuvarande klorering, där tillbyggnaderna är beräknade för att behandla detkonstgjorda grundvattnet 3. Kemisk fällning vid god flockbildning och filtrering / For a long time Sweden has been known to have a high quality of water, although everyyear diseases occur due to drinking water. According to the Swedish National FoodAdministration drinking water shall be “healthy and clean”. In practice this is hard toapply, as an acceptable risk level has not been decided. The World Health Organization(WHO) and the American Environmental Protection Agency (US EPA) have specified theacceptable risk for illness and infection due to drinking water.The purpose of this study was to estimate if the process at Hyndevad water treatment plantachieves an acceptable risk level. This has been done by using the methods ODP (Optimaldisinfection practice) and MRA (Microbiological risk assessment). ODP is a Norwegianmethod to evaluate if the process is good enough. MRA is a Swedish tool that includesvariations in water quality and process operation which make it possible to replace riskestimates with calculated numbers. The data is given as risk of infection and disease for theconsumers. This makes it possible to compare different types of processes and scenarios.The study has shown that the water treatment plant neither provides sufficient protectivefence according to Swedish National Food Administration recommendations, nor iseffective enough according to ODP or MRA. This leads to the conclusion that thereduction of microorganisms is not good enough and actions are necessary. That is why itis suggested that the process is complemented. The additional processes that manage toaccomplish the limit according to US EPA, less than 1/10 000 infected per year, would be: 1. Membrane filtration with mesh size 0,01-0,1 μm 2. A combination of 2 mg O3/l, 25 mJ UV/cm2 and monochloramine instead of currentchlorination where the additional processes are calculated to treat the artificialgroundwater 3. Chemical precipitation with good flocculation and filtration
219

Effects of Iron Fortification on Microbiological, Physical, Chemical, and Organoleptic Properties of Yogurt

Hekmat, Sharareh 01 May 1995 (has links)
It has been shown that iron binds strongly to the proteins in milk, and our aim was to determine whether or not this binding was affected by lowering pH in the manufacture of yogurt. Iron-protein complexing was studied using two different techniques. 1) Skim milk was fortified with 10 mg iron/100 ml and the pH of the milk was adjusted to 6.7, 6.2, 5.8, 5.3, 4.5, and 4.0. The milk was fractionated by ultracentrifugation at 52,000 x g for 60 minutes. The pellets and serum were then analyzed for iron, calcium, and phosphorus content by inductively coupled plasma spectroscopy. SOS-PAGE gels were used to determine protein profiles in the pellets and serum. 2) Yogurt was made from milk fortified with FeCl3, iron complexed with casein, and iron complexed with whey proteins. Small samples of the yogurt were then freeze-dried on carbon coated grids and examined by transmission electron microscopy at 80 KV. Affinity of iron for milk proteins was independent of pH. Iron fortification of milk did not cause loss of calcium or phosphorus from casein micelles. Electron spectroscopic imaging (ESI) showed that iron was bound to casein when yogurt was fortified with FeC13 or iron-casein complex. When fortified with iron-whey protein complex, the iron was distributed throughout the non-micellar portion of the yogurt. To determine effects of iron on yogurt quality, low-fat (2%) and nonfat iron fortified yogurt was made with three sources of iron: FeCl3, iron complexed with casein, and iron complexed with whey protein, at three levels (10, 20, 40 mg/kg). Iron content and lipid oxidation were determined over one month of storage at 4°C. Iron fortification had no effect on the rate of fermentation by the lactic cultures. There was no significant increase in oxidation levels between iron-fortified yogurt and unfortified yogurt (P > .05). No differences in the appearance, mouth feel, flavor, and overall quality ,between iron-fortified yogurt and unfortified yogurt were detected in consumer sensory analysis. Our study showed that high quality iron-fortified yogurt could be manufactured without added food safety risks.
220

Impact of weekend admission on in-hospital mortality in severe community-acquired pneumonia patients in Japan / 重症市中肺炎における週末入院の退院時死亡に与える影響

Uematsu, Hironori 23 March 2017 (has links)
京都大学 / 0048 / 新制・課程博士 / 博士(社会健康医学) / 甲第20288号 / 社医博第77号 / 社新制||医||9(附属図書館) / 京都大学大学院医学研究科社会健康医学系専攻 / (主査)教授 川上 浩司, 教授 一山 智, 教授 伊達 洋至 / 学位規則第4条第1項該当 / Doctor of Public Health / Kyoto University / DGAM

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