Made available in DSpace on 2015-07-22T20:50:40Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2012-02-22. Added 1 bitstream(s) on 2015-08-11T03:26:01Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 Publico-12449.pdf: 2083853 bytes, checksum: fc7929ee968e83049b55729492ddf124 (MD5) / Introdução: Pacientes cirróticos frequentemente são submetidos a procedimentos de endoscopia digestiva alta diagnóstica ou terapêutica. A cirrose hepática pode prejudicar o metabolismo das drogas utilizadas para sedação devido às alterações de função hepática, com possíveis consequências para a eficácia e a segurança durante os procedimentos. Idealizamos um estudo comparando dois esquemas para sedação durante endoscopia digestiva neste grupo de pacientes: propofol associado a fentanil e midazolam associado a fentanil. Objetivos: comparar os dois esquemas de sedação propostos quanto à eficácia (proporção de exames completos realizados com o esquema inicialmente proposto), segurança (ocorrência de complicações relacionadas à sedação) e tempo de recuperação (definido como tempo entre o término do exame endoscópico e a alta ambulatorial). Pacientes e método: realizamos estudo prospectivo aleatorizado no período de fevereiro de 2008 a fevereiro de 2009. Foram incluídos para análise 210 pacientes cirróticos ambulatoriais, distribuídos em dois grupos: Grupo Midazolam (110 pacientes) e Grupo Propofol (100 pacientes). A dose inicialmente proposta de sedação foi, para o grupo Midazolam, 0,05 mg/kg associado a fentanil, 50 μg, por via intravenosa; e para o grupo Propofol, 0,5mg/kg associado a fentanil, 50 μg, por via intravenosa. Resultados: Não houve diferença entre os grupos quando comparados em relação à idade, sexo, peso, etiologia da cirrose, classificação de Child-Pugh ou ASA, bem como em relação ao tipo de procedimento endoscópico realizado (exame diagnóstico, ligadura elástica ou escleroterapia de varizes). A sedação com propofol e fentanil mostrou-se mais eficaz (100% vs. 88.2% - p <0,001) e com menor tempo de recuperação que a sedação com midazolam associado a fentanil (16,23 DP 6,84 min vs. 27,40 DP 17,19 min, respectivamente - p < 0,001). A ocorrência de complicações foi semelhante nos dois grupos (14% vs. 7,3% - p = 0,172). Conclusão: Ambos os esquemas mostraram-se seguros. A sedação com propofol e fentanil foi mais eficaz e apresentou tempo de recuperação mais curto quando comparado ao midazolam associado ao fentanil. Propofol deve ser considerado como alternativa para sedação durante endoscopia digestiva alta em pacientes cirróticos ambulatoriais. / Background: Cirrhotic patients often undergo diagnostic or therapeutic upper gastrointestinal endoscopy. The liver cirrhosis might impair the metabolism of drugs used to sedation due to changes in liver function, with possible consequences for the efficacy and safety during procedures. We designed a study to compare two regimens for sedation during endoscopy in this group of patients: propofol with fentanyl and midazolam with fentanyl. Objectives: To compare the two schemes proposed regarding the sedation efficacy (proportion of complete procedures using the initial proposed scheme), safety (occurrence of sedation-related complications) and recovery time (defined as time between the end of the procedure and ambulatory discharge). Patients and methods: We performed a prospective randomized controlled trial conducted between February 2008 to February 2009. Two hundred and ten cirrhotic outpatients were included and randomized in two groups: Midazolam Group (110 patients, 0.05 mg / kg associated with fentanyl, 50 mg intravenously) and Propofol Group (100 patients, 0.5 mg / kg combined with fentanyl, 50 mg intravenously). Results: There were no differences between groups regarding age, sex, weight, etiology of cirrhosis, classification Child-Pugh or ASA classification, as well as to the type of procedure exam was performed (diagnostic test, band ligation or sclerotherapy for esophageal varices). Sedation with propofol and fentanyl was more efficacious (100% vs. 88.2% - p <0.001) and had a shorter recovery time than sedation with midazolam to fentanyl (16.23 ± 6.84min vs. 27.40 ± 17.19 min, respectively - p <0.001). Complications rate were similar in both groups (14% vs. 7.3% - p = 0.172). Conclusion: Both sedation regimens were safe in this setting. Sedation with propofol and fentanyl was more efficacious and had shorter recovery time when compared to midazolam plus fentanyl. Propofol should be considered as an alternative to sedation during upper GI endoscopy in cirrhotic outpatients. / TEDE / BV UNIFESP: Teses e dissertações

Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Centro de Ciências Biológicas, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biologia Celular e do Desenvolvimento, Florianópolis, 2015. / Made available in DSpace on 2016-10-19T12:51:31Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 337729.pdf: 1221821 bytes, checksum: 7c57ec1110e16404029739f864df5aae (MD5) Previous issue date: 2015 / O fenômeno conhecido como Tolerância à primeira exposição, do inglês "One Trial Tolerance (OTT)", vem sendo estudado durante os últimos 25 anos. Porém, os seus mecanismos subjacentes (neurobiológicos, moleculares, genéticos), ainda não foram totalmente desvendados. No OTT, uma simples experiência no labirinto em cruz elevado (LCE) reduz significativamente a ação das drogas, que exercem um efeito ansiolítico em roedores, quando estes são reexpostos ao teste. O estado farmacológico dos roedores durante a primeira exposição ao teste não influencia no desenvolvimento da tolerância criada por esta primeira passagem pelo LCE, e o fenômeno, parece persistir mesmo com um intervalo de duas semanas entre o teste e o reteste. No presente trabalho, nós investigamos o OTT em ratos machos e fêmeas, adultos, de duas linhagens diferentes, SLA16 (SHR.LEW-Anxrr16) e seu controle isogênico SHR (Spontaneously Hypertensive Rats). Inicialmente foi realizada uma caracterização comportamental de todos os grupos experimentais, sendo expostos durante cinco dias repetidos ao Teste Triplo (TT) (experimento 1) ou ao LCE (experimento 2), em um estado sem droga. Após, nós avaliamos o OTT no TT, utilizando novamente ratos machos e fêmeas adultos das linhagens SLA16 e SHR, utilizando doses baixas de midazolam (MDZ), (experimento 3). Nossos resultados para o experimento 1 sugeriram a ausência de OTT em todos os grupos. No experimento 2, os resultados sugerem que ao menos as fêmeas SLA16 apresentam total ausência de OTT em um estado sem droga quando testada também no LCE. Por fim, no experimento 3, foi observado que em machos, não ocorreu o OTT e em fêmeas a ausência do OTT foi verificada nos dias 3 e 4. Portanto, o TT demonstrou ser um teste comportamental útil para pesquisa de novos fármacos podendo ser utilizado para triagem de drogas ansiolíticas. Além disso, a linhagem SLA16, especialmente as fêmeas, parece ser uma ferramenta genética promissora para a pesquisa de novos fármacos, ou dos mecanismos biológicos subjacentes ao OTT.<br> / Abstract : The phenomenon known as "One Trial Tolerance" (OTT) has been studied for the past 25 years. However, its underlying mechanisms (neurobiological, molecular, genetic), have not been fully unraveled. In OTT, a trial in elevated plus maze (EPM) significantly reduces the action of drugs that exert anxiolytic effects in rodents, when they are re-exposed into this test. The rodents pharmacological state during the first test exposure does not influence the development of tolerance created by this first trial in the EPM, and the phenomenon seems to persist even with an interval of two weeks between the test and the retest. In this study, we investigated the OTT in males and females, adults, of two rat strains, SLA16 (SHR.LEW-Anxrr16) and its inbred control SHR (spontaneously hypertensive rats). Initially, we performed a behavioral characterization of all experimental groups exposed them for five repeated days into Triple Test (TT) (experiment 1) or EPM (experiment 2) in a drug-free state. After we evaluated the OTT in TT, again using adult male and female SLA16 and SHR strains , using low doses of midazolam (MDZ) (experiment 3). Our results for the first experiment suggested the absence of OTT in all groups. In the experiment 2, the results suggested that at least the SLA16 females have total absence of OTT in a drug-free state, also when tested in the EPM. Finally, in the experiment 3, males didn?t exhibited OTT what occurred on days 3 and 4 in females. Therefore, the TT proved a useful behavioral assay for screening of new anxiolytic drugs. Furthermore, SLA16 strain, especially females, appears to be a promising tool for genetic research on new drugs or biological mechanisms underlying the OTT.

Tese (doutorado) - Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Centro de Ciências da Saúde. Programa de Pós-Graduação em Farmacologia. / Made available in DSpace on 2012-10-21T13:10:30Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 199740.pdf: 1518959 bytes, checksum: df9075468cbafa2ae38379124dfd94e7 (MD5) / Um aumento seletivo e significativo na exploração dos braços abertos do labirinto em cruz elevado (LCE) é observado após a administração de drogas ansiolíticas. Entretanto, se os animais já tiverem sido pré-expostos no LCE, eles não responderão mais aos ansiolíticos durante a re-exposição. Este fenômeno foi relatado inicialmente para benzodiazepínicos (BZs), drogas que aumentam a atividade dos receptores GABAA, e denominado de one-trial tolerance (OTT). Apesar da considerável atenção direcionada ao entendimento e/ou prevenção deste fenômeno, este assunto ainda permanece em debate.

A farmacocinética dos enantiômeros da ciclofosfamida (CPA) foi avaliada em pacientes portadores de nefrite lúpica distribuídos em dois grupos de acordo com o clearance da creatinina: Grupo 1 90,6-144,6mL/min/1,73m2 e Grupo 2 42,8-76,4mL/min/1,73m2. Os pacientes foram tratados com doses de 0,75 a 1,3g de ciclofosfamida racêmica sob forma de infusão com duração de 2h e com 1mg de midazolam (MDZ) administrado via endovenosa para a avaliação da atividade in vivo do CYP3A. As concentrações plasmáticas dos enantiômeros da CPA e do MDZ foram avaliadas por LC-MS/MS. Os enantiômeros da CPA foram resolvidos na coluna Chiralcel OD-R, com fase móvel constituída por mistura de acetonitrila e água (75:25, v/v) adicionada de 0,2% de ácido fórmico. Os enantiômeros da CPA foram extraídos do plasma com recuperações maiores que 95% e o limite de quantificação obtido foi de 2,5ng de cada enantiômero da CPA/mL plasma. As seguintes diferenças (teste de Wilcoxon, p<0,05) foram observadas nos parâmetros farmacocinéticos entre os enantiômeros (S)-(-)-CPA e (R)-(+)-CPA para os pacientes do Grupo 1: AUC do tempo 0 ao infinito 152,41 vs 129,25g.h/mL; Cl 3,28 vs 3,89L/h; Vd 31,38 vs 29,74L e t1/2 6,79 vs 5,56h e para os pacientes do Grupo 2: AUC do tempo 0 ao infinito 167,20 vs 139,08g.h/mL; Cl 2,99 vs 3,59L/h e t1/2 6,15 vs 4,99h. Não foi observada diferença (teste de Mann-Whitney, p<0,05) nos parâmetros farmacocinéticos de ambos os enantiômeros entre os grupos 1 e 2. Não foi observada corrrelação entre o clearance do MDZ (2,92-16,40ml/min.kg) e o clearance de cada enantiômero da CPA. Concluindo, a farmacocinética da CPA é enantiosseletiva em pacientes portadores de nefrite lúpica com acúmulo plasmático do enantiômero (S)-(-)-CPA e a farmacocinética de ambos os enantiômeros da CPA não é alterada pela agravamento da função renal. / The pharmacokinetics of cyclophosphamide (CYC) enantiomers was evaluated in patients with lupus nephritis distributed in two groups according to creatinine clearance; Group 1 - 90.6-144.6mL/min/1.73m2 and Group 2 - 42.8- 76.4mL/min/1.73m2. All patients were treated with 0.75 to 1.3g of racemic CYC as a 2-hour infusion and with 1mg intravenous midazolam as a drug marker. CYC enantiomers and midazolam concentrations in plasma were measured by LC-MS/MS. CYC enantiomers were separated on a Chiralcel OD-R column, with the mobile phase consisting of a mixture of acetonitrile and water (75:25, v/v) plus 0.2% formic acid. Recovery rates were higher than 95% and the quantification limit was 2.5ng/ml plasma for both enantiomers. The coefficients of variation and the relative errors obtained for the validation of intra- and interassay precision and accuracy were less than 10%. The following differences in the pharmacokinetic parameters (Wilcoxon test, p<0.05) were observed between the (S)-(-) and (R)-(+) enantiomers for Group 1 AUC from time 0 to infinity 152.41 vs 129.25g.h/mL, Cl 3.28 vs 3.89L/h, Vd 31.38 vs 29.74L and t1/2 6.79 vs 5.56h and for Group 2 AUC from time 0 to infinity 167.20 vs 139.08g.h/mL, Cl 2.99 vs 3.59 L/h and t1/2 6.15 vs 4.99 h. No differences (Mann-Whitney test, p<0.05) were observed between Groups 1 and 2 in the pharmacokinetics parameters of both enantiomers. No significant relationship was observed between midazolam clearance (2.92-16.40 ml/min.kg) and clearance of each CYC enantiomer. In conclusion, CYC kinetic disposition is enantioselective resulting in higher exposure of (S)-(-)-CYC in lupus nephritis patients and the pharmacokinetic parameters of both enantiomers are not altered by the worsening of renal condition.

Premedicinering innebär att en patient behandlas med lugnande läkemedel inför enoperation eller ett ingrepp för att dämpa dennes oro och smärta. Inom den pediatriskapopulationen är detta vanligt då yngre patienter kan uppleva oro eftersom de inte alltidförstår syftet med ingreppet och kan känna rädsla då de ska separeras från sinaföräldrar. Bensodiazepinet midazolam har länge använts inom premedicinering tillbarn och har väl dokumenterad effekt. Det har dock påvisats att läkemedlet kan geupphov till så kallade paradoxala reaktioner, en biverkan som innebär att barnen fåroväntade reaktioner i form av t ex agitation. Det har därför föreslagits att substansenbör ersättas med alfa-2-adrenoceptoragonister som t ex klonidin eller dexmedetomidin,vilka har samma indikationer som midazolam, men utan att orsaka paradoxalareaktioner. Syftet med detta examensarbete är att undersöka om alfa-2-adrenoceptoragonister äröverlägsna midazolam vid premedicinering av barn. Arbetet är en litteraturstudie somfrämst jämfört resultaten från kliniska prövningar av olika läkemedelsbehandlingar isamband med premedicinering av barn avseende effekt och kvalitet, samt uppkomst avbiverkningar mellan de tre substanserna midazolam, klonidin och dexmedetomidin. Deprimära parametrar som jämförts är sedationsdjup, tillslagstid, substansernasanxiolytiska effekt och återhämtningsprofil. De sekundära parametrarna är hanteringav separation från föräldrar, föräldrarnas betyg samt läkemedels-/maskacceptans. Resultatet visar att de två alfa-2-adrenoceptoragonisterna klonidin ochdexmedetomidin är bättre än midazolam vad gäller sedationsdjup, separation frånföräldrar, läkemedelsacceptans och återhämtningsprofil, samt var denläkemedelsgrupp som gavs högst betyg av föräldrarna. Anxiolytisk effekt ochmaskacceptans var likvärdiga mellan de två grupperna, medan midazolam hadesnabbast tillslagstid. Paradoxala reaktioner förekom i relativt hög frekvens vidmidazolamsedering, medan alfa-2-adrenoceptoragonisterna gav biverkningar i form avhemodynamiska förändringar som sänkt blodtryck och puls. Avslutningsvis visar resultaten i denna studie att alfa-2-adrenoceptoragonister är attföredra framför midazolam. Speciellt avsaknaden av paradoxala reaktioner vid sederingmed alfa-2-adrenoceptoragonister gör att den gruppen av läkemedel har en stor fördelframför midazolam vid sedering av barn. Men i de fall där barnet har hemodynamiskabesvär i form av exempelvis bradykardi, bör man undvika alfa-2-adrenoceptoragonisteroch istället premedicinera med midazolam.

Magister Scientiae Dentium - MSc(Dent) / The aim of the study was to compare two doses of intranasal midazolam (INM) 0.3 mg/kg and 0.5 mg/kg in terms of effectiveness and recovery time. Design:-This study was a Randomized Controlled Trial (RCT) and Triple blinded study. Sample and methods A sample of one hundred and eighteen children aged from 4-6 years old were randomly assigned for Intranasal sedation (INS) to either the 0.3 mg/kg group or the 0.5 mg/kg group. Children were taken in fasting and non-fasting conditions. The children were monitored using a pulse-oximeter, the sedation was assessed using Wilson sedation scale and the anxiety and behaviour scales were rated by Venham’s scale throughout the treatment. The facial image Scale (FIS) was also used to assess anxiety and mood of children before and after treatment. Results The mean BMI of children was found to be from 14-16. Intranasal sedation with both 0.3 mg/kg and 0.5 mg/kg midazolam was completed in 100% of the children. The pulse rates were within normal limit but statistically lower in the 0.5 mg/kg group. Oxygen saturation was above 98% in all except for one child who desaturated to 90%. Thirty five percent found this route acceptable in this study; Nine percent had burning sensation from midazolam. The state anxiety between the two groups of 0.3 mg/kg and 0.5 mg/kg were insignificant using Venham’s scale. However, behaviour scores showed statistical significant results of p value (0.03) and (0.04) in the behaviour during LA and behaviour during extractions respectively. The facial images scale (FIS) ratings chosen by the children before and after sedation was insignificant to the anxiety and behaviour ratings. The FIS revealed that 66% chose a happy face at the end of treatment. Fifty percent of the children in the study chose the same image before and after sedation. There were no adverse events encountered during the procedure. Conclusion INS with midazolam using the 0.3 mg/kg or 0.5 mg/kg doses resulted in safe and effective sedation. The 0.5 mg/kg proved to be more effective than the 0.3 mg/kg in providing better behaviour and decreasing anxiety when compared with the 0.3 mg/kg dose. The 0.5 mg/kg dose was found to be safe and the recovery time was slightly more than the 0.3 mg/kg but the difference was not clinically significant.

Philosophiae Doctor - PhD / Conscious sedation or moderate sedation and analgesia is an effective and popular alternative option for procedures outside the operating theater. If conscious sedation is a viable alternative to general anaesthesia then we as sedation practitioners must use safe sedation techniques in facilities that meet all the requirements for safe practice. Three studies were done to determine the safety and efficacy of conscious sedation outside the operating theatre. In the first study post sedation satisfaction in one hundred children aged 3-9 years was evaluated. It was extremely important to determine whether the combination of midazolam, ketamine and propofol, called an advanced sedation technique (SASA, 2015), can be safely used for paediatric sedation outside the operating theatre. The incidence of side-effects after conscious sedation using multiple drugs were documented. It is clear that intravenous sedation with midazolam, ketamine and propofol is safe and effective to use. There may be side effects but they are not long lasting and usually not life-threatening. In the second study intravenous sedation was administered to 447 adults (aged 18 years and older) using fentanyl (sublimazeR), ketamine (ketalar), midazolam (dormicum) and propofol (Diprivan) (FKMP) called an advanced sedation technique. Post sedation satisfaction, post sedation recovery on arrival home, and the relationship between side effects and different dental procedures were evaluated. The results of the study show that side effects are possible, and can be expected, when we use sedative and analgesic drugs for sedation. However, we report a low incidence of side effects when we compare it with other studies in literature as mentioned. It is known that the use of combinations of drugs may cause unforeseen synergistic pharmacological effects which can be lifethreatening. Our results show that the drugs used can be safely used for advanced sedation techniques. In trying to demonstrate the safety of sedative and analgesic agents used during sedation we looked at the haemodynamic parameters, duration of sedation, pulse rate and systolic blood pressure, in the third study. The sedation records of 335 patients for dental surgery were assessed for the period 2010 – 2011. Our results show the mean Duration of sedation is substantially and statistically significantly greater with combination FKMP than with the other combinations. The mean duration of sedation is not significantly different between ketamine and propofol (KP) and fentanyl, ketamine and propofol (FKP) (Figure 10). The use of polypharmacy regarding the combination of drugs, specifically FKMP, will cause a longer duration of sedation. This has implications for safety, as well as the side effect profile during and after sedation. When we use combinations of drugs patients were more comfortable which shows that we do not yet have a single drug that has all the characteristics of an ideal drug for sedation. Different combinations of drugs are used by other practitioners with a higher incidence of side effects. It is difficult to explain the higher values of blood pressures when all four drugs were used. It may have been a ketamine effect, although one would not expect this when using propofol with ketamine. In clinical terms the higher blood pressures are no reason for concern as all our patients were classified as ASA I and II. Our research study support the view that ketamine can be used safely outside the operating theatre with exciting possibilities for Third World countries for procedures outside the operating theatre. Sedation can be considered a reasonable alternative to general anaesthesia for certain surgical procedures in the Third World. Sedation will be an attractive option not only as far as costs are involved but also the availability of sedation providers. The important lesson from all the results is that sedation providers must be trained in procedural sedation as defined by all international sedation guidelines. We proved in this research study that sedation can be done safely, however we need to make a contribution to train sedation providers. Sedation will become an attractive alternative to general anaesthesia because of the low side-effect profile and high patient satisfaction. It is interesting that few studies are available that looked at this aspect of sedation. It is clear that a high side-effect profile can contribute to an unsafe sedation technique. Severe nausea and vomiting can cause numerous haemodynamic disturbances and dehydration. Our research study support the findings of the study by Lapere et al., (2015) that there is a high rate of patient satisfaction, and a low side-effect profile during and after sedation. This is an extremely important research study and the results are crucial as far as an option for healthcare in developing countries. Sub-Saharan Africa is a densely populated and resource poor subcontinent that provides unique challenges in patient care. These challenges include a lack of facilities and staff for the performance of operative as well as non-operative procedures. In conclusion, we feel that we are part of Sub-Saharan Africa with all the problems mentioned as far as provision of healthcare is concerned. This research study can make a crucial contribution to safe and cost-effective management of healthcare in Africa for procedures outside the operating theatre.

Barn kan genomgå smärtsamma procedurer vid sjukhusbesök och tanläkarbesök, vilket innebär en upplevelse av smärta och ångest hos dem. För att hjälpa barn att klara av smärtsamma procedurer kan lustgas eller midazolam vara till hjälp. Föreliggande studie syftade till att jämföra effekten av lustgas och midazolam vid användning som premedicinering inför smärtsamma procedurer på barn. Metod: En systematisk litteraturstudie som var byggd på sex randomiserade studier och en observationsstudie. Databaserna Cinahl och PubMed användes för att systematiskt söka efter vetenskapliga artiklar som svarade på frågeställningen. Artiklarna granskades enligt SBU:s mallar. Resultat: De sju studierna tog upp effekter som smärta och oro, sedering och biverkningar i samband med att barn får lustgas eller midazolam vid smärtsamma procedurer. Utifrån resultatet kunde slutsatser dras att ur smärtlindrande/orosdämpande- och sederings-perspektiv var lustgas ett bättre alternativ. Däremot var det ur biverkningssynpunkt tvetydigt vilken premedicinering som bör ges till barn som genomgår smärtsamma procedurer. Jämförelserna mellan studierna blev även problematiska då det användes olika koncentrationer på lustgas och olika mängd och administrationssätt för midazolam inför de smärtsamma procedurerna. / Children can undergo painful procedures during hospital visits, which means an experience of pain and anxiety. To help children cope with painful procedures, nitrous oxide or midazolam may be helpful. This study aims to compare the effect of nitrous oxide and midazolam when used as premedication prior to painful procedures on children. Methods: A systematic literature review based on six randomized trials and one observational study. The databases CINAHL and PubMed was used to systematically search for scientific articles that responded to the question. The articles were reviewed according to the SBU templates. Results: The seven studies addressed effects like pain and anxiety, sedation and side effects when given nitrous oxide or midazolam prior to painful procedures. Based on the results conclusions could be drawn that from analgesic/anxiolytic and sedation point of view nitrous oxide was a better option. However, regarding the side effects, the result were ambiguous as to which premedication should be given to children undergoing painful procedures. The comparisons between the studies also became problematic sinces different concentrations of nitrous oxide and various routes of administration and volume of midazolam were used before the painful procedures.

INTRODUÇÃO: O midazolam é uma imidazobenzodiazepina usada para induzir o sono, produzir sedação antes de procedimentos dolorosos e no tratamento do estado de mal epiléptico. Seu uso pela via intranasal proporciona um rápido início de ação e esta via, em muitos casos, pode substituir as vias endovenosa e intramuscular, mais invasivas. Assim, o midazolam intranasal tem sido sugerido no tratamento extra-hospitalar de crises epilépticas e ataques de pânico. Por outro lado, os benzodiazepínicos possuem um potencial para serem abusados, principalmente em usuários de outras drogas. OBJETIVO: o presente estudo objetivou verificar o potencial de abuso do midazolam intranasal numa população experiente no uso intranasal de substâncias - abusadores de cocaína aspirada. MÉTODOS: Foram estudados 31 voluntários abusadores ou dependentes de cocaína e 34 controles saudáveis, subdivididos em quatro grupos: Abusadores de Cocaína (N = 16) e Voluntários Saudáveis (N= 17) que receberam midazolam (0,5 mg de hidrocloreto de midazolam em cada narina), e Abusadores de Cocaína (N = 15) e Voluntários Saudáveis (N = 17) que receberam o mesmo volume de um placebo ativo. As variáveis de resposta foram a Apreciação da Substância (AS) e a Vontade de Repetir o Uso da Substância (VR), avaliadas através de escalas analógicas visuais. RESULTADOS: A análise de perfis para medidas repetidas das variáveis de resposta mostrou um efeito significante da variável Tempo sobre AS (F[5;57] =3,947, p=0,004) e VR (F[5;57] =3,311, p=0,011). A variável Grupo (Abusadores de Cocaína x Voluntários Saudáveis) também teve um impacto sobre as variáveis de resposta AS e VR, sendo que os Abusadores de Cocaína tiveram pontuações mais altas tanto em AS (F[5;57] = 4,946, p = 0,030) quanto em VR (F[5;57] =5,229, p=0,026). Numa análise de regressão linear para investigar os efeitos do humor - medidos através de uma Escala Visual Analógica do Humor (VAMS) - sobre as variáveis de resposta AS e VR, os Abusadores de Cocaína apresentaram escores maiores que os Voluntários saudáveis tanto para AS (t = 3,37; p = 0,001) quanto para VR (t = 5,607; p = 0,011). Observou-se, também, um efeito dos fatores VAMS 16 (MAIS DEPRIMIDO MAIS EUFÓRICO; t = 4,28; p < 0,001) e VAMS 12 (MAIS EXCITADO MAIS RELAXADO; t = 2,66; p = 0,010), sobre a variável de resposta AS (R2 = 0,32): níveis maiores de euforia e relaxamento predisseram uma maior Apreciação da Substância instilada. O fator VAMS 16 (MAIS DEPRIMIDO MAIS EUFÓRICO) teve um efeito também sobre a variável de resposta VR (t = 3,65, p < 0,001; R2 =0,24): maior euforia predisse maior vontade de repetir o uso da substância. Finalmente, uma análise de regressão linear utilizando-se AS como variável explicativa e VR como variável de resposta resultou que quanto maior a apreciação positiva da substância, maior era a vontade de repetir seu uso (F = 108, 517; p < 0,001; R2 = 0,65). CONCLUSÕES: Corroborando estudos anteriores, observou-se que sensações como relaxamento e euforia correlacionam-se com o potencial de abuso de uma substância e uma maior apreciação positiva dos efeitos de uma substância correlaciona-se com uma maior vontade de usá-la novamente. Por outro lado, conclui-se que via intranasal em si aumentaria a probabilidade de abuso em usuários de substâncias intranasais. Consequentemente, uma eventual produção e comercialização para uso intranasal de uma substância com potencial de abuso deverá levar em conta este risco adicional para populações usuárias de drogas / INTRODUCTION: Midazolam is an imidazobenzodiazepine used for sleep induction, for sedation before painful procedures and in the treatment of status epilepticus. When it is administered through the intranasal route, it has a fast beginning action and this route can many times be substituted for the more invasive intravenous and intramuscular routes. Therefore, intranasal midazolam has been uggested for the community management of pileptic seizures and panic attacks. On the other side, benzodiazepines display abuse liability, particularly in substance abusers. OBJECTIVE: The present study aimed at examining the abuse liability of intranasal midazolam in a population experienced with the intranasal abuse of substances, namely snorted cocaine abusers. METHODS: Thirty-one subjects with diagnoses of snorted-cocaine abuse or dependence have been studied, divided in four groups: Cocaine-Abusers (n = 16) and Healthy Volunteers (n = 17) that received midazolam (0.5 mg midazolam hydrochloride in each nostril), and Cocaine-Abusers (n = 15) and Healthy Volunteers (n = 17) that received the same volume of an active placebo. Response variables were Substance Liking (SL) and the Desire to Take the Substance Again (SA), assessed through visual analogue scales. RESULTS: Profile analysis for repeated measures of the response variables showed a significant effect of Time over both SL (F[5,57] =3.947, p=0.004) and SA (F[5;57] =3.311, p=0.011). Group had also a significant effect, in that Cocaine Abusers scored higher in both SL (F[5,57] = 4.946, p = 0.030) and SA (F[5;57] =5.229, p=0.026). In a linear regression analysis examining the effects of mood (measured through Visual Analogic Mood Scales VAMS) over the response variables SL and SA, Cocaine Abusers displayed higher scores than Healthy Volunteers at both SL (t = 3.37; p = 0.01) and SA (t = 5.607; p = 0.011). It was also found that variables VAMS 16 (MORE DEPRESSED MORE EUPHORIC; t = 4.28; p < 0.001) and VAMS 12 (MORE EXCITED MORE RELAXED; t = 2.66; p = 0.010) had an effect over response variable SL (R2 = 0.32): higher euphoria and relaxation scores predicted more liking of the administered substance. Factor VAMS 16 (MORE DEPRESSED MORE EUPHORIC) had also an effect over response variable SA (t = 3.65, p < 0.001; R2 =0.24): more euphoria predicted more desire to take the drug again. Finally, in a linear regression with SL as explaining variable and SA as response variable, it was found that higher SL predicted a higher SA (F = 108.517; p < 0.001; R2 = 0.65). CONCLUSIONS: Corroborating previous findings in literature, it was observed that feelings of relaxation and euphoria after the administration of an intranasal substance are correlated with higher abuse liability and that subjects who report more liking of a substance do also report more desire to take it again. On the other hand, it is concluded that the intranasal route might per se increase the probability of abuse in intranasal-substance users. Therefore, the production and marketing for intranasal use of a substance with abuse liability should take into account this additional risk for intranasal drug abusing populations.

Objetivos: Avaliar a segurança e a eficácia do midazolam intranasal (MIN) para sedação para tomografia em crianças, bem como a qualidade dos estudos radiológicos obtidos com esta técnica. Material e métodos: Entre dezembro de 2011 e julho de 2012, este estudo prospectivo avaliou o MIN como sedativo para crianças submetidas à tomografia sem acesso venoso. Após aprovação do Comitê de Ética em Pesquisa e consentimento dos responsáveis, 0,4 mg/kg de MIN foi administrado, sendo feita dose adicional de 0,1 mg/kg se o nível de sedação avaliado pela Escala de Sedação de Ramsay não fosse atingida após 15 minutos da primeira dose. Os desfechos relacionados à sedação incluíram tempo para sedação e para atingir os critérios de alta; parâmetros fisiológicos como oximetria de pulso e frequência cardíaca foram registrados a cada cinco minutos até a alta. A qualidade dos exames tomográficos foi avaliada quanto à presença de artefatos de imagem e movimento. Resultados: 60 eventos de sedação foram realizados em 58 pacientes. A idade média foi de 15,5 meses, sendo 90,9% dos exames tomográficos de crânio. O tempo médio para sedação foi de 15,2 minutos (5-40) e o tempo médio para atingir os critérios de alta foi de 74,7 minutos. Eventos adversos foram observados em 5 crianças (8,4%), incluindo reação paradoxal (3), tempo de recuperação prolongado (1) e vômitos (1). Apenas 4 pacientes (6,7%) não foram adequadamente sedados com MIN. Imagens consideradas excelentes, sem artefatos, foram obtidas em 56 (93,3%) sedações. Não houve eventos como bradicardia, hipoxemia ou hipotensão. Conclusões: O midazolam intranasal, administrado via atomizador nasal, é um método simples e não-invasivo para sedação segura, eficaz e previsível para crianças na obtenção de estudos tomográficos de qualidade / Objective: To evaluate the safety, efficacy and image quality of sedation with aerosolized intranasal midazolam for pediatric CT studies. Materials and Methods: Between December 2011 to May 2012, this prospective study evaluated aerosolized intranasal (AIN) midazolam as a sedative for CT of children without intravenous access. After IRB approval and parental consent, 0,4 mg/kg of AIN midazolam was administered, and repeated with 0.1 mg/kg if adequate sedation evaluated by Ramsay Sedation Scale not achieved in 15 minutes after the first dose. Sedation outcome variables which included time to achieve sedation, to meet discharge criteria and physiological vital signs of pulse oximetry and heart rate, were recorded every five minutes until discharge. The quality of CT images was reviewed and graded for presence of motion and imaging artifacts, Results: 60 sedation encounters were performed in 58 children. Mean age was 15.5 months, and 90.9% of CT scans were brain scans. Mean time to sedation was 15.2 minutes (range 5-40) and mean time to achieve discharge criteria was 74.7 minutes. Adverse events were recorded in 5 children (8.4%) that underwent sedation - paradoxical reaction (3), prolonged recovery time (1) and vomiting (1). Only 4 patients (6.7%) failed to sedate. Excellent CT imaging, with no artifacts, were obtained in 56 (93.3%) of sedation encounters. No adverse events like bradycardia, hypoxia or hypotension were documented. Conclusions: The aerosolized route of administration of midazolam is a simple and noninvasive approach for predictable, effective and safe sedation of children for quality CT imaging studies