Submitted by Marlene Santos (marlene.bc.ufg@gmail.com) on 2016-04-01T21:26:34Z No. of bitstreams: 2 Dissertação - Adriane Regina Garippe Johann - 2016.pdf: 1781487 bytes, checksum: 18af31142ba5f730c7dc9a8ceab22f8c (MD5) license_rdf: 19874 bytes, checksum: 38cb62ef53e6f513db2fb7e337df6485 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Luciana Ferreira (lucgeral@gmail.com) on 2016-04-04T15:07:01Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 2 Dissertação - Adriane Regina Garippe Johann - 2016.pdf: 1781487 bytes, checksum: 18af31142ba5f730c7dc9a8ceab22f8c (MD5) license_rdf: 19874 bytes, checksum: 38cb62ef53e6f513db2fb7e337df6485 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-04-04T15:07:01Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 Dissertação - Adriane Regina Garippe Johann - 2016.pdf: 1781487 bytes, checksum: 18af31142ba5f730c7dc9a8ceab22f8c (MD5) license_rdf: 19874 bytes, checksum: 38cb62ef53e6f513db2fb7e337df6485 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016-01-22 / Barter are negotiations based on commodity exchange, addressing the most primitive trades, barter. With the growth of barter, in agribusiness, agricultural dealers out of this marketing mode, may lose competitiveness against its competitors. At the same time has a competitive advantage of opportunity, their use for agricultural resale, can be limited by several existing ways. The aim of this study was to analyze the socioeconomic perspectives that can determine or not the use of barter transactions in agricultural dealers, the states of Goiás and Mato Grosso. To meet the objective of this study, a survey was conducted using a questionnaire using the "Survey Monkey" tool with closed questions. We used the binary logistic regression model, which studies the probability of an event that presents a dichotomous qualitative way, based on the behavior of explanatory variables. In general, all variables were statistically insignificant, with only a significant explanatory variable in the estimation of the binary logistic regression model. It sought to empirical evidence, analyzing the answers of the respondents of agricultural resales of the analyzed region. Also made it possible to analyze the functioning of the barter operations within these agricultural dealers, the risks involved with the use of these operations, the mitigation strategies of these risks, and what are the future intentions for the use of barter. Keywords: Barter. Agricultural resellers. Midwest. Risk management. / Operações de troca ou operações de Barter são negociações baseadas em troca de mercadorias, endereçando ao mais primitivo dos comércios, o escambo. Com o crescimento das operações de troca no agronegócio, revendas agrícolas fora desta modalidade de comercialização, podem perder competitividade frente a seus concorrentes. Ao mesmo tempo em que apresenta uma oportunidade de vantagem competitiva, sua utilização pelas revendas agrícolas, pode ser limitada por diversos aspectos existentes. O objetivo desse trabalho foi analisar as perspectivas socioeconômicas que podem determinar, ou não, a utilização das operações de troca nas revendas agrícolas, dos estados de Goiás e Mato Grosso. Para atender ao objetivo deste trabalho, foi realizada uma pesquisa utilizando um questionário usando a ferramenta “Survey Monkey” com perguntas fechadas. Foi utilizado o modelo de regressão logística binária, que estuda a probabilidade de ocorrência de um evento que se apresenta de maneira qualitativa dicotômica, baseando-se no comportamento de variáveis explicativas. De maneira geral, todas as variáveis analisadas foram estatisticamente não significativas, havendo apenas uma variável explicativa significativa na estimação do modelo de regressão logística binária. Buscou-se evidência empírica, analisando as respostas dos respondentes das revendas agrícolas da região analisada. Também possibilitou analisar o funcionamento das operações de troca dentro destas revendas agrícolas, os riscos envolvidos com a utilização destas operações, as estratégias de mitigação destes riscos, e quais as intenções futuras para o uso de barter.

Submitted by Luciana Ferreira (lucgeral@gmail.com) on 2018-01-15T11:06:22Z No. of bitstreams: 2 Tese - Raquel Silva Pinheiro - 2017.pdf: 7295411 bytes, checksum: 992259347330f678e97e5d1cd03ce834 (MD5) license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Luciana Ferreira (lucgeral@gmail.com) on 2018-01-15T11:10:09Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 2 Tese - Raquel Silva Pinheiro - 2017.pdf: 7295411 bytes, checksum: 992259347330f678e97e5d1cd03ce834 (MD5) license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2018-01-15T11:10:09Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 Tese - Raquel Silva Pinheiro - 2017.pdf: 7295411 bytes, checksum: 992259347330f678e97e5d1cd03ce834 (MD5) license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) Previous issue date: 2017-12-11 / Outro / Contact with the street exposes the individual to a high risk of physical, sexual exploitation and involvement in illicit activities as means of survival and maintenance of their basic needs. In addition, low levels of education, poor hygiene, low income, unemployment, malnutrition and limited access to health services increase the vulnerability of the homeless to sexually transmitted infections (STI), such as the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) and syphilis. The objective of the present study was to investigate the epidemiological profile of HIV infection and syphilis in homeless individuals housed in Goiânia, Goiás. This is an observational, analytical, cross-sectional study carried out on individuals housed in the Casa de Acolhida Cidadã I (CAC) in Goiânia-GO. From September 2014 to August 2015, 355 individuals were recruited on the street. All participants were interviewed and tested for HIV serological markers (anti-HIV 1 and 2) and syphilis (anti-T. pallidum) by the rapid test. The samples positive for anti-T. pallidum were submitted to VDRL. Of the total number of recruited individuals, 81.4% were male, young (median: 36 years), unmarried (59.4%) and self-declared brown (60.6%). More than half had five to nine years of study, 35.7% reported having no income and most reported having some religion. The median length of stay in CAC was 10 days and 57.5% had an overnight stay experience. An anti-HIV prevalence of 3.9% (95% CI: 2.3-6.4%) was estimated. Of the 355 samples tested by the rapid test for syphilis, 22.0% (95% CI: 17.9-26.5%) were positive and 8.2% (95% CI: 5.6-11.4%) presented positive results VDRL titles. The prevalence of active HIV/syphilis coinfection was 0.6% (2/355; 95% CI: 0.09 - 1.85). In multivariate logistic regression analysis, daily use of alcoholic beverages (adjusted OR: 4.0, p=0.02), sex with HIV/aids carrier (adjusted OR: 8.1, p=0.00) and sex with people of the same sex (adjusted OR: 4.6, p=0.01) were independently associated with HIV infection. The variables age ≤ 36 years (adjusted OR: 3.3, p=0.02), married/stable union (adjusted OR: 2.9, p = 0.02), previous syphilis testing (adjusted OR: 2.6, p=0.03), previous IST (adjusted OR: 3.4, p=0.00) and crack use in the last six months (adjusted OR: 3.6; p ≤0,001) were predictors for syphilis active The results of the present study show that the prevalence of syphilis and HIV infection in sheltered homeless people is high, with the development of prevention and control strategies, including counseling and testing, as well as the provision of treatment for STI in the setting street and temporary and/or permanent shelters. / O contato com a rua expõe o indivíduo a um risco elevado de exploração física, sexual e envolvimento em atividades ilícitas como formas de sobrevivência e manutenção de suas necessidades básicas. Somado a isso, baixos níveis educacionais, condições precárias de higiene, baixa renda, desemprego, má nutrição e acesso limitado aos serviços de saúde aumentam a vulnerabilidade da população em situação de rua às infecções sexualmente transmissíveis (IST), como o vírus da imunodeficiência humana (HIV) e sífilis. O objetivo do presente estudo foi investigar o perfil epidemiológico da infecção pelo HIV e sífilis em indivíduos em situação de rua abrigados em Goiânia, Goiás. Trata-se de um estudo observacional, analítico, de corte transversal realizado em indivíduos abrigados na Casa de Acolhida Cidadã I (CAC) em Goiânia-GO. No período de setembro de 2014 a agosto de 2015, foram recrutados 355 indivíduos em situação de rua. Todos participantes foram entrevistados e testados para os marcadores sorológicos HIV (anti-HIV 1 e 2) e sífilis (anti-T. pallidum) pelo teste rápido. As amostras positivas para anti-T. pallidum foram submetidas ao VDRL. Do total de indivíduos recrutados, 81,4% eram do sexo masculino, jovens (mediana: 36 anos), solteiros (59,4%) e que se autodeclararam pardos/morenos (60,6%). Mais da metade tinha de cinco a nove anos de estudo, 35,7% relataram não possuir renda e a maioria referiu possuir alguma religião. A mediana de tempo de permanência na CAC foi de 10 dias e 57,5% tiveram experiência de pernoite na rua. Estimou-se uma prevalência para anti-HIV de 3,9% (IC 95%: 2,3-6,4%). Das 355 amostras testadas pelo teste rápido para sífilis, 22,0% (IC 95%: 17,9-26,5%) foram positivas e 8,2% (IC 95%: 5,6-11,4%) apresentaram títulos de VDRL. A prevalência de coinfecção HIV/sífilis ativa foi de 0,6% (2/355; IC 95%: 0,09 – 1,85). Em análise de regressão logística multivariada, uso diário de bebida alcoólica (OR ajustado: 4,0; p=0,02), sexo com portador(a) do HIV/aids (OR ajustado: 8,1; p=0,00) e sexo com pessoas do mesmo sexo (OR ajustado: 4,6; p=0,01) foram independentemente associadas a infecção pelo HIV. As variáveis idade ≤ 36 anos (OR ajustado: 3,3; p=0,02), casado/união estável (OR ajustado: 2,9; p=0,02), testagem prévia para sífilis (OR ajustado: 2,6; p=0,03), antecedente de IST (OR ajustado: 3,4; p=0,00) e uso de crack nos últimos seis meses (OR ajustado: 3,6; p ≤0,001) foram preditores para sífilis ativa. Os resultados do presente estudo mostram que a prevalência de sífilis e infecção pelo HIV em pessoas situação de rua abrigadas é alta, sendo importante o desenvolvimento de estratégias de prevenção e controle, incluindo aconselhamento e testagem, bem como o oferecimento de tratamento para IST nos cenários de rua e abrigos temporários e/ou permanentes.

Clean drinking and recreational water is essential for human survival and contaminated water cause 1.4 million deaths worldwide every year. Both developing and developed countries suffer as a consequence of unsafe water that cause waterborne diseases. The Great Lakes region, located in the United States is no exception. Climate change is predicted to cause an increase in waterborne disease outbreaks, worldwide, in the future. To adapt to this public health threat, vulnerability assessments are necessary. This literature study includes a vulnerability assessment that describes the main factors that affect the spreading of waterborne diseases in the Great Lakes region. Future climate scenarios in the region, and previous outbreaks are also described. The study also includes a statistical analysis where mean temperature and precipitation is plotted against waterborne disease cases. The main conclusion drawn is that the Great Lakes region is at risk of becoming more vulnerable to waterborne diseases in the future, if it does not adapt to climate change.

“Eating German, the American Way” explores how and why the mayonnaise-based potato salad came to be a staple of American culinary tradition. It examines how native-born Americans and German immigrants in the nineteenth century identified themselves based on their culinary traditions and what they ate and how the interactions between, and accessibility of, those traditions created a new identity based on the sharing of recipes as the two groups mingled and assimilated to each other. It uses food as a way to understand the processes of assimilation by defining the distinctions between the two groups based on their separate repertoire of recipes, looking at the obstacles to the adoption of ingredients or techniques, and engaging with the primary sites of contact that facilitated the mixing of the cuisines to create a shared culinary identity. Cookbooks are used to establish the boundaries which defined German and American cuisine and introduce the first obstacle to be overcome, the language barrier. Magazines removed the language barrier and created the opportunity for more direct interaction between readers from both traditions, but also introduced another obstacle in the perceptions and preconceptions each group had regarding the other. Changes in the understanding of diet and nutrition in the closing decades of the century introduced another obstacle as attempts to standardize and control what Americans ate limited or excluded the contributions of immigrant groups and the language of control and standardizations reinforced preconceptions and the effects of “othering.” Restaurants and ethnic groceries functioned as the sites of direct contact, exposing native-born Americans to the food offerings of German immigrants, and providing direct access to both complete dishes and the ingredients needed to recreate them at home. As native-born Americans and German immigrants interacted and overcame these obstacles, they shared the recipes that defined them and created a new definition of what it meant to eat American food and a new identity as American eaters.

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Doctor of Philosophy / Department of Curriculum and Instruction / Kay Ann Taylor / This study explored Islamophobia and Muslims’ religious experiences in the Midwest. Its purpose was to propose a new theory named Critical Muslim Theory. The research methodology was autoethnography (me, the researcher) in concert with discovering in-depth experiences and narratives of nine Muslim participants (five Muslim females and four Muslim males) in dealing with Islamophobia. Religion became the centrality of Critical Muslim Theory in replacing race (as in Critical Race Theory) while centralizing other oppressions Muslims experience through intersections with religion and law, religion and gender, and religion and race. Critical Muslim Theory represents six basic tenets, namely: (a) Islamophobia is endemic and pervasive, (b) Critical Muslim Theory is critical towards how the dominant society views Islam and Muslims, (c) Islamophobia is a social construction, (d) Legal basis, (e) Intersectionality, and (f) Storytelling and counterstories reveal the oppression and pain of Muslims. An historical context was established for Muslims in the United States of America, although more research needs to be contributed to this area. Instances of interest convergence also were present, however, more research in this area is needed. One recommendation from this research suggests combating ignorance through education and establishing a pure relationship between Muslims and non-Muslims through dialogue for understanding. This study further proposes Muslim Double Consciousness as an area for future research. This topic was of interest due to proposing the theory, its further research and development, and the potential for Critical Muslim Theory to stand on its own as a methodology.

The objective of this dissertation is to analyze the economic impact of newly operational ethanol biorefineries on rural counties in the U.S. Midwest region for the period 2001 to 2015 using a quasi-experimental approach. Rapid growth in the ethanol industry expanded the number of ethanol plants located in the U.S. Midwest from 54 in 2001 to 173 in 2015. Out of the counties with 119 new ethanol biorefineries, 97 counties met the general treatment criteria defined in this dissertation, but only 56 of those counties qualified for the rural treatment criteria. Counties with ethanol biorefineries that qualified for treatment were organized into a treated group based on county level data. Six counterfactual control groups (or control counties without ethanol biorefineries) were contemporaneously matched to the treated counties based on the Mahalanobis distance metric evaluated on a set of 29 selection variables. Matching occurred on two levels. In the first level, matching was performed both for the in-state level and over the entire Midwest region. In the second level, three criteria were used to select the final control groups: Mahalanobis distance metric best match, population best match, and rural-urban continuum codes (RUCC) best match. Economic impact is evaluated based on the growth rate in real per capita earnings for the treated group over a period from one to five years after treatment relative to the control group. A difference-in-differences (DID) model is used to assess the significance of results where the dependent variable is the natural log of real per capita earnings and a set of control variables is used to capture state fixed effects, time fixed effects and spillover effects. Empirical results evaluated against a representative Midwest control group and over six regression models adjusting for various fixed effects produced, on average, one-sided significant results for average treatment on the treated (ATOT) with a (min, max) range of growth rates as (5.53%-7.63%), (10.0%-12.0%), (14.7%-19.6%), (14.5%-18.3%), and (13.3%-18.9%) from one to five years after treatment, respectively. The minimum value of these estimates can be represented as an uncorrected average annual growth rate as 2.75%, 3.33%, 3.68%, 2.90%, and 2.22% over the respective period from one to five years after treatment. Employment levels for the treated group increased on average by 211 at the county level five years after treatment. A comparative Midwest control group lost, on average, 169 jobs over the five year period after treatment. A treated county employment multiplier calculated using the direct, indirect and induced employment impacts varied from 1.46 during the year of treatment to 7.6 five years after treatment relative to the control group. Five years after treatment, the treated group employment rate gradually increased, on average, by 2.2% which was better than either of the two counterfactual control groups used in this comparison. Overall, the analysis presented in this dissertation does show statistically significant positive economic impacts, on average, for rural U.S. Midwest counties with newly operational ethanol biorefineries relative to control counties without an ethanol biorefinery. These results demonstrate that the Renewable Fuel Standard (RFS) contributed to positive rural economic development impacts in treated counties with the possibility of spillover effects positively affecting contiguous counties.