• Refine Query
  • Source
  • Publication year
  • to
  • Language
  • 245
  • 221
  • 79
  • 38
  • 2
  • 1
  • Tagged with
  • 586
  • 454
  • 180
  • 132
  • 114
  • 97
  • 77
  • 73
  • 73
  • 65
  • 65
  • 60
  • 55
  • 54
  • 52
  • About
  • The Global ETD Search service is a free service for researchers to find electronic theses and dissertations. This service is provided by the Networked Digital Library of Theses and Dissertations.
    Our metadata is collected from universities around the world. If you manage a university/consortium/country archive and want to be added, details can be found on the NDLTD website.
241

Microscopy with undetected photons in the mid-infrared

Kviatkovsky, Inna 20 October 2023 (has links)
Die einzigartige (bio)-chemische Spezifität der mittleren Infrarotmikroskopie birgt ein enormes Potential für eine breite Palette biomedizinischer und industrieller Anwendungen. Eine wesentliche Einschränkung ergibt sich jedoch durch die unzureichenden Detektionsmöglichkeiten in diesem Wellenlängenbereich, da derzeitige Mittelinfrarot-Detektoren meist durch geringere Leistungsfähigkeit bei deutlich höheren Anschaffungskosten gekennzeichnet sind. Dementsprechend verlagern neuentwickelte Technologien mitunter die Detektion in den sichtbaren Spektralbereich, in dem eine weitaus bessere, Silizium-basierte Kameratechnologie verfügbar ist. Ein solches Verfahren, das im Mittelpunkt dieser Arbeit steht, ist die Quantenbildgebung mit undetektiereten Photonen, welche sich zunehmend als leistungsfähiges Werkzeug für Infrarot-Bildgebung entwickelt. Der optische Aufbau basiert auf nichtlinearer Interferometrie bei der räumlich verschränkte, nicht-entartete Photonenpaare die Entkopplung der Analyse- und Detektionswellenlängen ermöglicht. Entsprechend wird die Bildgebung im mittleren Infrarotbereich durch die Detektion von Nahinfrarotlicht mit einer handelsüblichen CMOS-Kamera realisiert. In dieser Arbeit wird die beschriebene Methode auf die Mikroskopie übertragen, wodurch Abbildungen biologischer Gewebeproben im mittleren Infrarotbereich mit einer Auflösung von geringer als 10 Mikrometer angefertigt werden können. Darüber hinaus werden zwei Abbildungsregime untersucht, die auf den komplementären Impuls- und Positionskorrelationen der Photonenpaare basieren. Weiterführende Möglichkeiten der Kombination von Quanten-Bildgebung mit unentdeckten Photonen und FTIR-Spektroskopie zum Zwecke der räumlich-spektral kontinuierlichen Datenerfassung werden besprochen. Die vorgestellten Ergebnisse stellen die Entwicklungsfähigkeit der Quantenbildgebung mit unentdeckten Photonen unter Beweis und demonstrieren ihr Potential für praxisnahe Anwendungen in der Biomedizin und der Industrie. / The unique (bio)-chemical specificity of mid-infrared (IR) microscopy holds tremendous promise for a wide range of biomedical and industrial applications. Significant limitation, however, arises from poor detection capabilities in this wavelengths range, with current mid-IR detection technology often marrying inferior technical capabilities with prohibitive costs. Accordingly, emerging approaches shift detection into the visible regime, where vastly superior silicon-based camera technology is available. One such technique, and the one that is in the center of this thesis is quantum imaging with undetected photons (QIUP), which has recently emerged as a new powerful imaging tool. The optical layout is based on nonlinear interferometry, where spatially entangled non-degenerate photon pairs enable the decoupling of the sensing and detection wavelengths, facilitating mid-IR wide-field imaging through the detection of near-IR light with an off-the-shelf CMOS camera. Additionally, the method is expanded towards microscopy, attaining sub-10 μm resolution, demonstrating our technique is fit for purpose, acquiring microscopic images of biological tissue samples in the mid-IR. Additionally, two imaging regimes are explored, based on the complementary momentum and position correlations. A comparison between the two regimes is presented and some limitations of the technique are discussed. Further efforts of combining QIUP with Fourier Transform IR spectroscopy for spatio-spectral continuous data acquisition are reviewed. The presented results demonstrate the achieved progress towards advancing QIUP to enable real-world biomedical as well as industrial imaging applications.
242

Segmentation and Tracking of Cells and Nuclei Using Deep Learning

Hirsch, Peter Johannes 27 September 2023 (has links)
Die Analyse von großen Datensätzen von Mikroskopiebilddaten, insbesondere Segmentierung und Tracking, ist ein sehr wichtiger Aspekt vieler biologischer Studien. Für die leistungsfähige und verlässliche Nutzung ist der derzeitige Stand der Wissenschaft dennoch noch nicht ausreichend. Die vorhandenen Methoden sind oft schwer zu benutzen für ungeübte Nutzer, die Leistung auf anderen Datensätzen ist häufig verbesserungswürdig und sehr große Mengen an Trainingsdaten werden benötigt. Ich ging dieses Problem aus verschiedenen Richtungen an: (i) Ich präsentiere klare Richtlinien wie Artefakte beim Arbeiten mit sehr großen Bilddaten verhindert werden können. (ii) Ich präsentiere eine Erweiterung für eine Reihe von grundlegenden Methoden zur Instanzsegmentierung von Zellkernen. Durch Verwendung einer unterstützenden Hilfsaufgabe ermöglicht die Erweiterung auf einfache und unkomplizierte Art und Weise Leistung auf dem aktuellen Stand der Wissenschaft. Dabei zeige ich zudem, dass schwache Label ausreichend sind, um eine effiziente Objekterkennung auf 3d Zellkerndaten zu ermöglichen. (iii) Ich stelle eine neue Methode zur Instanzsegmentierung vor, die auf eine große Auswahl von Objekten anwendbar ist, von einfachen Formen bis hin zu Überlagerungen und komplexen Baumstrukturen, die das gesamte Bild umfassen. (iv) Auf den vorherigen Arbeiten aufbauend präsentiere ich eine neue Trackingmethode, die auch mit sehr großen Bilddaten zurecht kommt, aber nur schwache und dünnbesetzte Labels benötigt und trotzdem besser als die bisherigen besten Methoden funktioniert. Die Anpassungsfähigkeit an neue Datensätze wird durch eine automatisierte Parametersuche gewährleistet. (v) Für Nutzer, die das Tracking von Objekten in ihrer Arbeit verwenden möchten, präsentiere ich zusätzlich einen detaillierten Leitfaden, der es ihnen ermöglicht fundierte Entscheidungen zu treffen, welche Methode am besten zu ihrem Projekt passt. / Image analysis of large datasets of microscopy data, in particular segmentation and tracking, is an important aspect of many biological studies. Yet, the current state of research is still not adequate enough for copious and reliable everyday use. Existing methods are often hard to use, perform subpar on new datasets and require vast amounts of training data. I approached this problem from multiple angles: (i) I present clear guidelines on how to operate artifact-free on huge images. (ii) I present an extension for existing methods for instance segmentation of nuclei. By using an auxiliary task, it enables state-of-the-art performance in a simple and straightforward way. In the process I show that weak labels are sufficient for efficient object detection for 3d nuclei data. (iii) I present an innovative method for instance segmentation that performs extremely well on a wide range of objects, from simple shapes to complex image-spanning tree structures and objects with overlaps. (iv) Building upon the above, I present a novel tracking method that operates on huge images but only requires weak and sparse labels. Yet, it outperforms previous state-of-the-art methods. An automated weight search method enables adaptability to new datasets. (v) For practitioners seeking to employ cell tracking, I provide a comprehensive guideline on how to make an informed decision about what methods to use for their project.
243

Polarimetric examination of carious lesions: Visualization and characterization of occlusal carious lesions using optical imaging techniques in-vitro

Grundmann, Julia 28 June 2024 (has links)
Ziel der Dissertation: Ziel ist die Weiterentwicklung und Charakterisierung eines nichtionisierenden Diagnoseverfahrens für die Detektion von Okklusalkaries auf Basis von polarisationssensitiver optischer Kohärenztomografie (PS OCT). Die Einführung eines erweiterten polarisationsmikroskopischen Verfahrens (Depolarisationsmikroskopie, DLM) ermöglicht erstmals die Visualisierung der Pathohistologie der Karies durch Depolarisationsbildgebung am Dünnschliff. Material und Methode: Insgesamt wurden 17 Zähne mit klinisch auffälligen Okklusalflächen in-vitro mit fünf Bildgebungsverfahren untersucht: digitale Bissflügelaufnahmen, µCT, PS-OCT und konventionelle sowie erweiterte Polarisationsmikroskopie (Depolarisationsmikroskopie). Die optischen Verfahren wurden an intakten Zähnen und histologischen Dünnschliffen angewendet. Die kariösen Läsionen konnten nach räumlicher Registrierung der verschiedenen Datensätze in Schnittebenen vergleichend visualisiert werden. Ergebnisse: Die vergleichende Darstellung der verschiedenen Verfahren in einer Schnittebene liefert einen Beitrag zum Grundverständnis der optischen Eigenschaften kariöser Läsionen. Die konventionelle zahnmedizinische Histologie wurde um zwei neue optische Bildgebungsverfahren ergänzt: PS-OCT und Depolarisationsmikroskopie. Die erstmalige Auswertung des DOP im histologischen Dünnschliff ermöglicht die Quantifizierung der pathohistologischen Zonen der Karies. Demineralisierte Schmelzareale sowie demineralisiertes, sklerosiertes und gesundes Dentin können farbunabhängig visualisiert werden. Die Ursache der Depolarisation in Schmelz und Dentin ist unterschiedlich. Die Studie liefert Erkenntnisse für die Auswertung von PS-OCT Daten in-vivo. Schlussfolgerung: Für die valide Interpretation zukünftiger klinischer PS-OCT Daten ist es erforderlich, die polarisationsoptischen Eigenschaften von Zahnhartsubstanzen genauer zu untersuchen. Dies wurde mit der Auswertung des Polarisationsgrades (Degree of Polarization, DOP) mit Polarisationsmikroskopie und PS-OCT im histologischen Präparat erzielt und dient dem Grundverständnis von PS-OCT Volumendaten für die zukünftige zahnärztliche Praxis. Die vorgestellten Verfahren sind eine relevante Ergänzung der klassischen zahnmedizinischen Histologie bei der wissenschaftlichen Charakterisierung kariöser Läsionen. / Objective: The aim of this doctoral thesis is the advancement and characterization of a non-invasive, non-ionizing diagnostic method for the detection of occlusal caries based on polarization-sensitive optical coherence tomography (PS-OCT). By introducing an expanded polarization microscopic technique (depolarized light microscopy, DLM), enables, for the first time, the visualization of the pathohistology of caries through depolarization imaging on thin sections. Material and Methods: A total of 17 teeth with clinically suspicious occlusal surfaces were examined in vitro using five imaging techniques: digital bitewing radiographs, µCT, PS-OCT, and conventional as well as expanded polarized light microscopy (depolarized light microscopy). The optical methods were applied to intact teeth and histological thin sections. After spatial registration of the different datasets, carious lesions were comparably visualized in sectional planes. Results: The comparative representation of various optical imaging methods within the same sectional plane contributes to the fundamental understanding of the optical properties of carious lesions. Traditional dental histology was supplemented by the inclusion of two innovative optical imaging methods: PS-OCT and depolarized light microscopy. The preliminary assessment of the degree of polarization (DOP) in histological thin sections enables the quantification of the pathohistological zones of caries. Demineralized areas in enamel as well as demineralized, sclerotic, and healthy dentin can be visualized color-independently. The cause of depolarization in enamel and dentin is different. The study provides insights for the evaluation of PS-OCT data in-vivo. Conclusion: For the valid interpretation of future clinical PS-OCT data, it is necessary to investigate the polarization-optical properties of dental hard tissues more closely. This was achieved by the evaluation of the degree of polarization (DOP) with polarized light microscopy and PS-OCT in histological preparations, contributing to the fundamental understanding of PS-OCT volumetric data for future dental practice. The presented methods are also a relevant addition to classical dental histology for characterizing carious lesions.
244

Fast STED Microscopy / Schnelle STED-Mikroskopie

Lauterbach, Marcel 15 December 2009 (has links)
No description available.
245

Optical nanoscopy of transient states in condensed matter

Kehr, Susanne C., Kuschewski, Frederik, Green, Bert, Bauer, Ch., Eng , Lukas M., Gensch, Michael 20 January 2016 (has links) (PDF)
Recently, the fundamental and nanoscale understanding of complex phenomena in materials research and the life sciences, witnessed considerable progress. However, elucidating the underlying mechanisms, governed by entangled degrees of freedom such as lattice, spin, orbit, and charge for solids or conformation, electric potentials, and ligands for proteins, has remained challenging. Techniques that allow for distinguishing between different contributions to these processes are hence urgently required. In this paper we demonstrate the application of scattering-type scanning near-field optical microscopy (s-SNOM) as a novel type of nano-probe for tracking transient states of matter. We introduce a sideband-demodulation technique that allows for probing exclusively the stimuli-induced change of near-field optical properties. We exemplify this development by inspecting the decay of an electron-hole plasma generated in SiGe thin films through near-infrared laser pulses. Our approach can universally be applied to optically track ultrafast/-slow processes over the whole spectral range from UV to THz frequencies.
246

Ganglion cell translocation across the retina and its importance for retinal lamination

Icha, Jaroslav 15 February 2017 (has links) (PDF)
Correct layering (lamination) of neurons in the central nervous system (CNS) is critical for the tissue functionality. Neuronal lamination is established during development, when the majority of neurons have to move from their birthplace to the appropriate layer, where they function. Therefore, to grasp the logic of CNS development, it is essential to understand the kinetics and modes of the variety of neuronal translocation events. Most of our knowledge about neuronal translocation has been gained using fixed tissue or ex vivo imaging, which is not ideal for such a dynamic process heavily dependent on the surrounding environment. To avoid these limitations, I combined translucent zebrafish embryos with light sheet fluorescence microscopy, which together enabled gentle in toto imaging of neuronal translocation. I studied the translocation of retinal ganglion cells (RGCs) across the developing zebrafish retina. RGCs are the first neurons that differentiate in the vertebrate retina and are born in a proliferative zone at the retinal apical side. From here, they move basally, spanning the complete apico-basal length of the tissue. They are destined to occupy the most basal layer, where their axons form the optic nerve. Although it was described that RGCs move their soma while being attached to both apical and basal sides of the retina, the kinetics and cell biological mechanisms of somal translocation remained unknown. Extracting single cell behavior of RGCs from high-resolution movies of their translocation allowed for quantitative analysis of RGC movement. I revealed that RGCs cross the retina in less than two hours in a directionally persistent manner. The movement of RGC soma is a cell autonomously generated process, which requires intact microtubules and actin-dependent basal attachment of cells for speed and efficiency. Unexpectedly, interference with somal translocation leads to a shift towards a multipolar migratory mode, previously not observed for RGCs, in which they temporarily lose both apical and basal attachment and apico-basal polarity. The multipolar mode is overall slower and less directionally persistent, but still allows RGCs to reach the basal retina. However, when RGC translocation is inhibited completely, they differentiate ectopically in the center of the retina, which in turn triggers the formation of ectopic layers of later born neurons. These results highlight the importance of establishing the basal layer of ganglion cells for ensuing retinal lamination. Overall, I generated important advances in the understanding of neuronal translocation and lamination, which might be relevant for other parts of the CNS.
247

Bistable self-assembly in homogeneous colloidal systems for flexible modular architectures

Steinbach, Gabi, Nissen, Dennis, Albrecht, Manfred, Novak, Ekaterina V., Sánchez, Pedro A., Kantorovich, Sofia S., Gemming, Sibylle, Erbe, Artur 29 April 2016 (has links) (PDF)
This paper presents a homogeneous system of magnetic colloidal particles that self-assembles via two structural patterns of different symmetry. Based on a qualitative comparison between a real magnetic particles system, analytical calculations and molecular dynamics simulations, it is shown that bistability can be achieved by a proper tailoring of an anisotropic magnetization distribution inside the particles. The presented bistability opens new possibilities to form two-dimensionally extended and flexible structures where the connectivity between the particles can be changed in vivo. / Dieser Beitrag ist aufgrund einer (DFG-geförderten) Allianz- bzw. Nationallizenz frei zugänglich.
248

Studium spinové polarizace pomocí laserové spektroskopie / Investigation of spin polarization by laser spectroscopy

Kuchařík, Jiří January 2015 (has links)
Spintronics is a new branch of electronics, which uses not only the charge of electron but also its spin for transfer and processing of information. For re- al applications it is necessary to understand, how the magnetic state of matter changes not only in time but also in space. This diploma thesis is therefore de- voted to the imaging of magnetic domains in ferromagnetic semiconductors by purely optical methods, which are based on the usage of the magneto-optical ef- fects. In first part of the thesis we concentrated on the optimalization of existing polarizing microscope, whose function is based solely on the polar Kerr effect. After the optimalization we try to use this setup to observe magnetic domains in ferromagnetic semiconductor GaMnAs by the means of the magnetic linear dichroism. 1
249

Lokalizace koreceptoru CD4 a jeho variant v lidských T buňkách / Localisation of CD4 coreceptor and its variants in human T cells

Glatzová, Daniela January 2013 (has links)
CD4 co-receptor of main T cell receptor (TCR) is essential for proper development of T lymphocytes and their function in adaptive immune responses. It is believed that CD4 stabilizes the interaction of TCR with antigenic ligand, peptide-MHC, and thereby improves T cell-dependent responses during immune reaction. CD4 is transmembrane glycoprotein with a number of structural motifs in its intracellular domain which do not dramatically affect its sorting to the plasma membrane but can influence its local organization at nanoscale. CD4 was shown to transiently accumulate in the immunological synapse formed between T cell and antigen-presenting cell. Such accumulation is rapidly followed by its internalization and/or delocalization outside the synapse. This is in contrast with TCR which accumulates strongly in the immunological synapse and is later found enriched in the central area of this structure. It is therefore unclear how TCR and its CD4 co-receptor function together when binding to their common ligand during the initiation of signaling in T cells. We aim to study localization of CD4 at nanoscale using advanced fluorescence microscopy techniques achieving significant improvements in resolution. In this work, CD4 and its mutant variants, potentially causing its different localization at the...
250

Detekce signálních elektronů v prostředí vysokého tlaku plynů environmentálního rastrovacího elektronového mikroskopu / Detection of Signal Electrons in High Pressure Conditions in Environmental Scanning Electron Microscopy

Neděla, Vilém January 2008 (has links)
The thesis deals with the study of properties of a new system for detection of true secondary and backscattered electrons in high pressure conditions of the specimen chamber of a newly built environmental scanning electron microscope AQUASEM II. Detection system contains three detectors. For the first time is introduced and analyzed the working principle of ionisation detector with electrostatic separator, which is in many experiments compared with ionisation detector of secondary electrons. Experimentally demonstrated are unique properties of this detection system, especially the ability of energy separation of detected signal electrons. For the various working conditions are also analyzed signal levels detected by the BSE YAG detector, which is designed as a part of the new detection system and which worked together with both ionisation detectors.

Page generated in 0.0252 seconds