This dissertation examines the origin, purpose, and function of the Athenian ephebeia during the Lycurgan period (334/3-322/1 B.C.). The ephebeia, a compulsory two-year long state-funded and organized program of military service for eighteen and nineteen year old citizens called ephebes, did not exist as a formal institution prior to 334/3 B.C., the date of the earliest known ephebic inscriptions. Instead, the demos probably created the ephebeia after Alexander’s destruction of Thebes in September 335 B.C. because they needed a standing army to defend Attica against Boeotian raiders. The ephebeia, then, was not a Lycurgan reform of a long-standing institution but founded de novo for a specific military purpose. This explains many hitherto misunderstood aspects of the ephebeia’s organization, officials, and military activities. Having entrusted the defense of Athens to the youngest and most immature citizens with no combat experience, the demos turned them into a capable fighting force by subjecting them to unusually strict discipline and by establishing a program of military training under specialized instructors. The demos also encouraged reluctant ephebes to serve by appealing to their love of honor (philotimia) and rewarded them with many honors at the end of their garrison duty. In addition to its military activities, the ephebeia played an important role in the civic and moral paideia of the ephebes because they were unable to gain the educational benefits from Athens’ democratic institutions. The ephebeia, by instilling moderation, piety, and patriotic fervor in the ephebes, sought to make them virtuous citizens both dedicated to preserving the democracy and deeply motivated to freeing Athens from Macedonian domination. This devotion to the state explains why the institution was abolished by the pro-Macedonian oligarchy (321/0-319/8 B.C.) established after Athens’ defeat in the Lamian War in 322 B.C. / text

兩岸兵役制度的演變，雖然每一時期或階段不盡相同，但亦有其可變性與不可變性的本質。惟其差異與特色乃反映出，當時期兩岸互動、國內外政、經、軍形勢發展、假想敵能力、人口政策與民意及輿論的需要。 國家安全並非是一種靜態的概念，而是隨著時間之動態不斷的演進。因此，國際社會已將「國家安全」擴展成為綜合性安全。是以，就國防安全而言，兵役制度政策對軍事產生的效能外，同時也會影響、牽引到橫向的政治、經濟等安全戰略的目標與運作。 首先，在政治方面，徵兵制的兵役制度近來不斷地成為民意與輿論熱門議題，除了影響國軍建軍備戰工作外，亦影響到為國服務、犧牲的意願及國家生存與發展的安全。惟該等議題之爭議實已點出國人對「政府正當性支配」、「流通性」管道阻塞、兵役法的適法性與國家認同等疑慮。 其次，在經濟方面，徵兵制造成役男役前、役後的高失業率，除衍生出新的社會問題外，也造成附加價值高的勞動力閒置，而不利國家經濟發展與競爭力。在成本效益及國家財政支出上，徵兵制較募兵制所費不貲，其因在於訓練頻繁及人力資源運用缺乏彈性，導致人才錯置，難以人盡其才，阻礙工作效能與部隊戰力的提升。 最後，在軍事方面，徵兵制與募兵制對於軍隊屬性（攻勢或守勢）、兵力需求（傳統或高科技）、兵員素質（高技術、多專長）、社會工程（公民素養）、文人統制（軍文關係）與軍方籓籬（特殊階級、文化）等等議題，有著舉足輕重的影響力。然而，對我國而言，要順利漸進降低徵兵比例，提昇募兵比例，則需良好的兩岸關係、適當的規劃時間予以轉型、武器裝備的更新、準則的發展與修訂、訓練方式的改變與相關兵役制度配套措施循序漸進的執行，才能圓滿克竟其功，達到預期的目標。 / Although each period or stage of the cross-strait military service system evolution is not quite the same, but it still has the changeable and unchangeable essence. The differences and characteristics between them reflect the cross-strait interaction, development of domestic and diplomatic political, economical and military affairs, imaginary enemy ability, population policy and the need of public opinion at that time. The national security is not a static concept, but it is a process of unceasing evolution along with the time. Therefore, the international society has expanded the meaning of "the national security" into “the comprehensive security”. That is, for national defense security, except the efficacy brought by military service system policy to the armed forces, it can affect the goal and operation of crosswise political, economical security strategy as well in the meantime. First, in political aspect, conscription of the military service system continuously becomes popular subject of the public discussion these years, this kind of phenomenon influences not only the foundation in armed forces and preparation for war of the national troops, but also the wish to serve and sacrifice for the country, even influences the security of national survival and development. Only this dispute of the subject pointed out the qualms of our countrymen in "the government reasonable control", "circulation channel obstruction”,” the legality of military service law” and “ the recognition of our country”. Second, in the economical aspect, the conscription made the high rate of unemployment of our servicemen before or after service, then new social problem came out, highly appended value labor force left unused, these are all disadvantages for national economy development and competitive ability. Finally, in the military aspect, conscription and enlistingsystem have played a decisive role in the army attribute (offensive or defensive), the military strength demand (tradition or high tech), the soldier quality (high-tech, multi- specialties), the social engineering (citizen accomplishment), the civil governance (military and civilian relations) with the military hedge (special social class, culture) and so on. However, it also need steady cross-strait relations, suitable schedule for the reforms, weaponry renewal, development and revision of the criterion, change of the training method and the necessary measure of correlation military service system proceeded in an orderly way, for our country to gradually and smoothly reduces the proportion of conscription, increases the proportion of enlisting,and at last reach the anticipated and satisfactory goal.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-04-28T20:19:21Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 2007 - Marco Aurelio Lima de Sa.pdf: 494351 bytes, checksum: d61a92407227a4b6f2eee556c8fa7e01 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2007-08-31 / The objectives of such study consists of analyzing how processed information happens within the Military Services Division in the beginning, during and thereafter it is accomplished. Therefore, it is analyzed the empirical transformation process at the Military Services Division located in Volta Redonda City which pertains to the State of Rio de Janeiro. The research methodology goes through a qualitative case study, where the goals of such research is to diagnose through a comparative study of the past and present changes due to such process of informatization implemented within the Division, pointing the positive and negative results, proposing improvement actions. This research becomes interesting not only for testing hypotheses, furthermore for diagnosing and proposing corrections of miscalculation in the development process. It was observed that not necessarily every planned change in the processed organization causes somewhat confusion and complexity as introduced in this study. Such procedures are always a consequence of appropriate solutions on planning to solve certain issues because, it does not depend exclusively on the instruction but mainly on the people involved at the whole context and decisions taken by these individuals. However, the analysis and research of data, drove us to the conclusion that processed information at the Military Services Division, may present some distortions, although; will generate an institution of professional growth. / O objetivo deste estudo consiste em analisar como ocorreu o processo de informatiza??o em uma Junta de Servi?o Militar do antes para o decorrer do processo, identificando fatores sociais, t?cnicos e financeiros, inibidores ? ado??o de Tecnologia da Informa??o, por parte das Juntas de Servi?o Militar. Desta forma ? analisado empiricamente o processo de informatiza??o da Junta de Servi?o Militar localizada no munic?pio de Volta Redonda, Estado do Rio de Janeiro. A metodologia da pesquisa se d? atrav?s de um estudo de caso qualitativo, onde o objetivo principal do pesquisador est? em diagnosticar atrav?s de um comparativo do passado com o presente, as mudan?as ocorridas em fun??o do processo de informatiza??o implantado no ?rg?o, apontando portanto, os resultados positivos e negativos, propondo a??es de melhorias. Esta pesquisa se torna interessante n?o por testar hip?teses, mas sim por diagnosticar e propor corre??es de distor??es no decorrer do processo. Foi verificado que nem todo processo de mudan?a planejado em organiza??es complexas e confusas, como a apresentada neste estudo, ocorre de sempre serem apresentadas solu??es e planejamento adequados e que venham a solucionar determinados problemas, pois n?o depende exclusivamente do ?rg?o, mas principalmente das pessoas inseridas no contexto e das decis?es tomadas por estas pessoas. Por?m, a an?lise dos dados da pesquisa permitiu que se conclu?sse que a informatiza??o em uma Junta de Servi?o Militar, apesar das distor??es encontradas, tende sempre a gerar um crescimento organizacional e profissional.

Paying specific attention to influences of life events and different timing of taking compulsory military service for Taiwanese people, this dissertation explores time-dependence of job mobility and class mobility throughout careers. The author criticizes that previous research of social mobility focusing on either differences between father’s and son’s classes or the relationship between one’s initial and current statuses do not realize the process of status attainment in which individual characteristics and life courses continuously interact with external structures in the labor market. The analyses in this dissertation demonstrate the dynamics of career mobility by specifying two career stages and investigating the differences in paces and mechanisms of job change and class mobility. All findings lead to the conclusion that the time dependence of career mobility is deeply embedded in the context of life course in a society. For Taiwanese men, the timing of taking CMS (i.e., before or after their first entry into the labor force), which is strongly correlated with their educational level, is crucial to the pace and type of career development. For Taiwanese women, their trajectories of mobility follow the typical scenario of career mobility in which job change happens often during the early career and then settles into relatively stable employment in the later stage. Compared to job mobility, status attainment is more stable and consistent throughout the life time. After specifying the directions of job mobility, results show that upward and downward mobility, which bring significant change in occupational prestige, do not show gender differences in their transition rates, and their patterns are consistent throughout careers. With respect to the transition between social classes, moving into ownership (including employers and self-employed) in later careers is a mainstream transition for all Taiwanese people in spite the fact that women have much lower transition rates than do men. Moreover, this dissertation also examines inter-sector and intra-sector mobility in segmented labor market in Taiwan. Taking selection bias into consideration, this research found that under the assumption of homogeneity, the treatment effects of initial attainment in the public sector have negative effects on job mobility throughout careers. However, when heterogeneity of treatment effects are taken into account, findings reveal that there is no significant heterogeneity in this treatment effect for Taiwanese men, but for Taiwan women, the more likely they are to attain a position in the public sector at the time of first entry into the labor market, based on their educational achievement and social background, the more they benefit via low transition rates of job mobility in their work lives. / text

Jaunuoliai, kurie ateina į profesinę karo tarnybą, kasmet yra fiziškai silpnesni. Karių fizinio rengimo programa skirta pagerinti jų fizinį parengtumą, kuris reikalingas jų profesinei veiklai. Todėl fizinis rengimas - viena iš pagrindinių kovinio rengimo kariuomenėje dalių. Pagrindinis fizinio rengimo uždavinys - visapusiškai fiziškai lavinti karį (Greičius ir kt., 1998). Pagrindinis fizinio rengimo tikslas bazinio kario kurso (toliau – BKK) metu yra fizinio pasirengimo lygio, būtino tolesnei kario tarnybai, pasiekimas. Tai reiškia, kad karys, baigęs BKK, turi atitikti jo būsimoms pareigoms ir karinei specialybei keliamus fizinio pasirengimo reikalavimus bei įvykdyti karių fizinio pasirengimo normatyvus. Nustatyta, kad žmogaus organizmas naudojant tam tikras specialių adaptacinių sistemų funkcijas (mechanizmus) prie padidėjusio fizinio ir psichologinio krūvio visiškai adaptuojasi tik per 6 – 10 savaičių. PKT kariams BKK trunka 13 savaičių, o pirmo kurso kariūnams - 9 savaites, todėl karys prie karo tarnybos sąlygų visiškai adaptuotis gali tik baigiantis šiam kursui. Šio darbo tikslas - ištirti profesinės karo tarnybos karių ir pirmo kurso kariūnų fizinio rengimo programą, pritaikytą rengti karius bazinio kario kurso metu. Buvo ištirtas 120 profesinės karo tarnybos karių ir 80 pirmo kurso kariūnų fizinis išsivystymas, funkcinis pajėgumas ir fizinis parengtumas. PKT karių tyrimai vyko bazinio kario kurso pradžioje, bazinio kario kurso penktą savaitę ir kurso... [toliau žr. visą tekstą] / Youngsters coming to the professional military service every year are weaker physically. The program for soldiers’ physical training is intended to improve their physical qualification which is necessary for their career. That is why physical training is one of the most important parts in the combat training in the army. The main aim of the physical training is to educate the soldier comprehensively physically. (Greičius ir kt., 1998). The main aim of the physical training during the Basic Combat Training (BCT) is the development of the level of physical readiness which is necessary for the further soldiering. That means that the soldier who is finished this course has to be able to meet requirements which are necessary for his future position and military service and he has to be able to fulfil all requirements of soldier physical readiness. It is stated that adaptation of the human body to the enlarged physical and mental strain with the help of the certain special functions of the adaptation systems is fully formed only in 6 to 10 weeks. The Basic Combat Training lasts 13 weeks, for the soldiers of the first course it lasts just 9 weeks, so the soldier can specialize to the conditions of military service only at the end of this course. The aim of this work is to research the program of the soldiers of the professional military service and the first course soldiers, which is adapted for the Basic Combat Training. It was researched physical development, functional fitness... [to full text]

Conscription of white males to the South African Defence Force between 1969 and 1994 was one of the measures used by the South African government to uphold apartheid and white supremacy. While it appeared that the majority of white males and their families supported the National Party propagated ideologies of the country at the time and felt it was their duty to render military service, there were some for whom this duty provided a conflict of conscience. Giving expression to this conflict and finding constructive ways of dealing with it was almost impossible within the highly restrictive, repressive political, legal and social climate of that time. Limited options seemed available to the young men who had objections to serving in the military, namely exile, evasion or deferment: personal choices that drove people into physical and emotional isolation, and which did not engage the state in the resolution of this conflict. Some young men, however, chose to confront the state and object openly. This began a protracted series of negotiations with ruling authorities, debates within state structures, legislative changes and prosecutions that attempted to prevent and quash the presence of objectors. In the face of this oppression, family and friends formed themselves into solidarity groups around individual objectors to support them in handling the consequences of their objection and in making their stance known and heeded by the government. And so began a movement for change, which over the years learned the skills of nonviolent direct action and constructively challenged the state on issues of conscription and the militarisation of society. This initiative, known as the Conscientious Objector Support Group, although small in scale, ranks as one of the anti-apartheid movements that contributed to South Africa’s peaceful transition to democracy. As such it has invaluable lessons to share with movements for change throughout the world that are presently grappling with situations of human rights’ violations. / Thesis (M.Com.)-University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, 2008.

Abstract Abdominal obesity in adults is associated with insulin resistance. The purpose of the present study was to examine insulin resistance-associated abnormalities during military service as well as the effect of smoking on these abnormalities. In 1995 we invited all the 1268 servicemen attending military service in the Ostrobothnian Brigade and in 1997 all the 106 servicemen in the First Signal Company for measurements at the beginning of their service. Metabolic syndrome was defined: hyperinsulinemia (fasting insulin ≥ 13.0  mU/l) and dyslipidemia (triglycerides ≥ 1.7 mmol/l and/or total cholesterol/HDL cholesterol > 5) at the same time. Metabolic syndrome was present in 10% of the servicemen who had a body mass index > 27 kg/m2. Metabolic syndrome was present in 1% of all servicemen. None of the servicemen of normal weight had metabolic syndrome. Smoking increased the prevalence of metabolic syndrome sixfold. The mean weight of servicemen in the Ostrobothnian Brigade increased by 4,6 kg during the service. In the First Signal Company, weight did not change during the service. Total cholesterol, HDL and LDL cholesterol increased in both groups. Two out of three servicemen had increased their exercise activity and their consumption of doughnuts/confectionary during the service. Consumption frequence of doughnuts increased by 166%. Apparently, the changes in the diet had a major effect on lipids, and the beneficial effect of increased exercise could not compensate for it. Smokers had lower levels of adiponectin than non-smokers at the beginning of the service. During the service, the levels of adiponectin decreased. The decrease of adiponectin was related to a decrease in QUICKI but not to smoking. Thus, the decreased adioponectin level was due to a decrease of insulin sensitivity caused by diet. Overweighted servicemen should decrease their weight. I suggest that preventive health education should be pointed to overweighted servicemen. The aim should be to decrease obesity and to abandon smoking. By these means we could reduce or prevent arteriosclerosis and diabetes in the future. This is a common challenge for primary health care in Finland and the Finnish military forces. / Tiivistelmä Aikuisten keskivartalolihavuuteen liittyy insuliiniresistenssiä ja metabolista oireyhtymää, jotka ennakoivat tulevaa diabetestä ja valtimonkovetustautia. Nuorten ylipainoisuus on huomattavasti yleistymässä. Useat nuoret tupakoivat. Tässä väitöskirjatyössä tutkittiin insuliiniresistenssiin liittyviä kardiovaskulaarisia riskitekijöitä varusmiespalvelun aikana ja tupakoinnin yhteyttä näihin riskitekijöihin. Tutkimusaineiston muodostivat kaikki 1 268 Pohjan Prikaatissa vuonna 1995 ja kaikki 106 1. Viestikomppaniassa tammikuussa 1997 palvelunsa aloittanutta varusmiestä. Metabolinen oireyhtymä (MBO) määriteltiin siten, että varusmiehellä oli yhtä aikaa hyperinsulinemia (paastoinsuliini ≥ 13,0 mU/l) ja dyslipidemia (triglyseridipitoisuus ≥ 1,7 mmol/l ja/tai kokonaiskolesteroli/HDL-kolesteroli > 5). Näin määritelty MBO löytyi 10 %:lta niistä varusmiehistä, joiden painoindeksi oli yli 27 kg/m2. MBO esiintyi 1 %:lla kaikista varusmiehistä. Kenelläkään normaalipainoisella ei havaittu metabolista oireyhtymää. Painoindeksi yli 27 kg/m2 esiintyi 11 %:lla varusmiehistä. Tupakointi lisäsi MBO:n esiintymisriskiä kuusinkertaisesti. Pohjan Prikaatin varusmiesten paino lisääntyi 4,6 kg, mutta 1. Viestikomppanian varusmiesten paino ei muuttunut varusmiespalvelun aikana. Kuitenkin kokonaiskolesterolin, HDL- ja LDL-kolesterolin pitoisuudet lisääntyivät molemmilla. Ravinto- ja liikuntakyselytutkimus osoitti, että kahdella kolmesta varusmiehestä liikunnan määrä ja munkkien/kahvileipien käyttö lisääntyi varusmiespalvelun aikana. Munkkien käyttökerrat lisääntyivät 166 %. Ilmeisesti ruokavalion muutoksen aiheuttama "rasvarasitus" ja sen haitallinen vaikutus lipideihin oli niin merkittävä, että se mitätöi lisääntyneen liikunnan tuoman hyödyn. Tupakoivien adiponektiinipitoisuudet olivat varusmiespalvelun alussa matalampia kuin tupakoimattomien. Adiponektiinipitoisuudet vähenivät varusmiespalvelun aikana tupakoivilla ja tupakoimattomilla. QUICKI-indeksin pieneneminen oli itsenäinen selittäjä adiponektiinipitoisuuden muutokselle. Siten adiponektiinipitoisuuden vähenemisen syy oli ruokavalion aiheuttama insuliiniherkkyyden heikkeneminen varusmiespalvelun aikana ja se ei riippunut tupakoinnista. Ylipainoiset kutsuntaikäiset nuoret miehet ja varusmiehet tulisi saada laihtumaan. Suosittelen juuri heille suunnattua täsmäehkäisyä, joka tähtää painonpudotukseen ja tupakoimattomuuteen, sillä ylipainolla ja tupakoinnilla on selvä haitallinen vaikutus insuliiniresistenssiin liittyviin kardiovaskulaarisiin riskitekijöihin jo nuoruusvuosien aikana. Puuttumalla ajoissa vaaratekijöihin valtimonkovetustaudin ja diabeteksen kehittymistä voidaan hidastaa tai estää. Tämä on yhteinen haaste suomalaiselle perusterveydenhuollolle ja puolustusvoimille.

Sous l’Ancien Régime, l’armée française était, en principe, composée de troupes professionnelles recrutées sur le mode du volontariat. Son recrutement était par ailleurs complété par différentes formes d’obligations militaires comme le ban, le guet et garde ou encore la milice provinciale. Les aspects techniques de ces institutions, leurs origines, leur évolution ou encore leur ampleur, sont connues. Il n’en va pas de même des fondements et des limites de l’exercice du pouvoir de contrainte qu’elles supposent. Il existe certes des études classiques sur l’histoire de la conscription, du pro patria mori ou de l’obligation to die for the state. Mais leurs conclusions sont contradictoires, elles négligent la doctrine et la législation d’Ancien Régime, et leur perspective n’embrasse qu’une partie des conditions de légitimité d’une obligation qui impose aux sujets de risquer leur vie et de tuer. L’objet du présent travail est donc d’offrir un exposé des justifications avancées en faveur ou contre l’obligation militaire, et d’identifier les débats auxquels celle-ci a donné lieu entre le XVIe et le XVIIIe siècle. Pour éclairer et ordonner le syncrétisme des préambules de la législation royale et déceler les obstacles que permettent de surmonter les arguments, il a paru nécessaire de calquer le plan de la thèse sur l’ordre du traitement de l’obligation militaire dans les ouvrages doctrinaux. Or, ceux-ci abordent l’obligation militaire sous trois angles complémentaires, trois séries de conditions cumulatives correspondant aux trois appartenances qui définissent l’état des personnes : citoyens membres du corps politique ; chrétiens membres du corps mystique de l’Église ; hommes intégrés dans un ordre et considérés dans leur individualité. À ces trois séries de personnes correspondent alors trois séries de biens : le bien commun de l’État, le bien divin, commun lui aussi, et le bien propre des individus. Ces trois biens correspondent aux conditions classiques de la légitimité des lois qui, dans la doctrine thomiste, sont orientées vers le bien commun, doivent respecter la loi divine et être justement réparties. Ces séries de considérations permettent de structurer la thèse en trois parties. Deux enseignements peuvent être tirés du tableau des conditions de légitimité de l’obligation militaire sous l’Ancien Régime. En premier lieu, il révèle un besoin constant de légitimation d’un devoir mortel. Tout absolu qu’il était, le roi de France ne pouvait exiger ad nutum l’obligation militaire. Il lui fallait, au moins, avancer une argumentation et, au mieux, respecter certaines conditions. En second lieu, l’histoire des justifications de l’obligation militaire sous l’Ancien Régime est celle de la progression du bien commun qui permet de repousser les limites traditionnelles qui encadrent le pouvoir royal. Cette évolution n’est pas sans susciter des critiques de la doctrine qui, d’une certaine façon, cherche à protéger l’individu. / Under the Ancien Régime, the French army was, in principle, composed of professional troops recruited on a voluntary basis. In addition, recruitment included various forms of military obligation, such as the arrière-ban, the watch and guard or the territorial militia. The technical aspects of those institutions are well known, as are their origins, their evolutions, and their scope. But the underlying foundations and limitations of the enforcement powers implied by them are not. There have been classic accounts of the history of conscription, pro patria mori, or the obligation to die for the state. But their conclusions are contradictory; they overlook the doctrine and legislation of the Ancien Régime, and they embrace but a fraction of the conditions governing the legitimacy of the obligation for subjects to risk their lives and kill. The subject of this present work is to offer an account of the justifications put forward in favor or against military obligation, and to identify the debates it has generated between the 16th and the 18th century. In order to clarify and organise the syncretism of the preambles of the royal legislation and detect the challenges that allows to overcome the arguments, it was deemed necessary to model the thesis plan on the treatment order of the military obligation in doctrinal publications. They address that topic from three complementary perspectives, with three sets of cumulative conditions corresponding to three affiliations that define a person’s status: citizen, who are members of the body politic; Christians, who are members of the mystical body of the Church; men members of an order or considered in their individuality. Three series of goods correspond to those three types: the common good of the State, the divine good, common as well, and the individual good. Those three goods correspond to the classical conditions of the law’s legitimacy that, in Thomistic doctrine, are aimed at the common good, must abide by the divine law and be justly distributed. These sets of considerations help to structure the thesis in three parts. Two conclusions can be drawn from the overview of the conditions for the legitimacy of military obligation under the Ancien Régime. Firstly, it shows a constant need of legitimation of a deadly duty. As absolute as he was, the King of France could not demand ad nutum military obligation. He needed to, at least, put forward an argument and, at best, respect certain conditions. Secondly, the history of the justifications for military obligation under the Ancien Régime is that of a progress of the common good, which led to push back the traditional limitations to the royal power. This evolution is not without instigating criticism of the doctrine that, in a certain way, seeks to protect the individual.

Though generally unheard of in the Western world and the United States prior to the Spanish-American War of 1898, the Filipino people have made some remarkable contributions to world leadership and world history. Frequently they have been considered a pagan and an ignorant people, although in objectively observing them one finds such a belief unfounded and even the reverse of that to be true. Progress which the republic has made during the last fifty years, since being liberated to develop liberties in religion, politics, and education, is phenomenal, even when compared with the United States period of evolution to her present position of world leadership as the champion for democracy. Future growth will depend on the freedom the republic of the Philippines is able to achieve and maintain. The success she attains in preserving freedom is believed to be an important factor for the future growth of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints in those islands, just as it has been in other areas of the world. The feeble beginning the L.D.S. Church has experienced in the Philippines is attributed to the devotion of men and women to the principles of the gospel while they served with the military forces of their country.

Thesis (MA)--Stellenbosch University, 2015. / ENGLISH ABSTRACT: With the shift to an all-volunteer force and the end of the Cold War, armed forces across the globe are finding it increasingly difficult to attract, recruit and retain the right quantity and quality of recruits in the ranks. Similarly, the South African National Defence Force (SANDF) has expressed difficulties with recruitment but more so with the ability to attract ‘high calibre’ recruits in order to staff a defence force that is disciplined and technologically advanced. Although this is a consequence of various economic, social and political factors, one of the greatest challenges facing recruiters is the changing work values and preferences of the new millennial generation. As the title of this thesis postulates, evidence from the West suggests a ‘clash’ in values between millennials, who are individualistic, protected, ambitious and self-centred, and the military, which requires conformity, obedience and structure. While there is a vast amount of literature regarding the all-volunteer force and youth values of military service in the West, there is no study of this kind in South Africa. In this study, I aim to fill this void by exploring young South Africans’ perceptions and experiences of military service. As there is no existing literature on the propensity to enlist in South Africa, focus groups and interviews were conducted with high school learners, Military Skills Development System (MSDS) members who have completed one year of military service and recruitment officers who come into contact with school-leavers from across South Africa. These discussions were framed around two broad questions, namely what are the work values of young South Africans and what factors attract young people to or deter them from the military job. The conclusion is reached that the SANDF is not an employer of choice because of various institutional and societal factors. The military job is largely unappealing to young South Africans, who are risk-averse, individualistic and wish to be in close proximity to their families. The culture of the military is also unattractive to the majority who are not receptive to authoritarian regimes that expect unquestioning obedience and discipline and emphasise hegemonic masculine ideals. Besides this, two societal forces have a significant impact on the ability of the ability of the SANDF to attract recruits. The decline in the prestige of the military job and the presence of an ever-growing civilmilitary gap indicate that youth are neither informed about the military nor see the military as a high status job in society. Consequently, the inability of the SANDF to meet recruitment targets can be detrimental to the ability of the SANDF to fulfil its mandate. / AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Sedert die verskuiwing na weermagte wat geheel en al uit vrywilligers bestaan en die einde van die Koue Oorlog vind gewapende magte wêreldwyd dit steeds moeiliker om voldoende rekrute van die regte kwaliteit te lok, te werf en te behou. Ook die Suid-Afrikaanse Nasionale Weermag (SANW) ervaar probleme met werwing, maar veral met die vermoë om ‘hoëkaliber’-rekrute te lok na ’n weermag wat gedissiplineer en tegnologies gevorderd is. Hoewel dit die gevolg van verskeie ekonomiese, sosiale en politieke faktore is, is een van die grootste uitdagings vir werwingspersoneel die veranderende werkwaardes en werkvoorkeure van die nuwe milenniumgenerasie. Soos die titel dit stel, dui getuienis uit die Weste op ’n ‘waardekonflik’ tussen hierdie generasie, wat individualisties, beskut, ambisieus en selfgesentreerd is, en die militêr, wat konformiteit, gehoorsaamheid en struktuur vereis. Hoewel daar ’n magdom literatuur oor vrywilligersmagte en jeugwaardes van militêre diens in die Weste bestaan, is geen studie van hierdie aard nog in SuidAfrika onderneem nie. Met hierdie studie wil ek hierdie leemte vul deur jong Suid-Afrikaners se persepsies en ervarings van militêre diens te verken. Aangesien daar geen literatuur bestaan oor geneigdheid om by die weermag in Suid-Afrka aan te sluit nie, is fokusgroepe gehou en onderhoude gevoer met hoërskoolleerders, MSDS-lede wat hul eerste diensjaar voltooi het en werwingsoffisiere wat met landwyd met skoolverlaters in aanraking kom. Hierdie gesprekke is afgegrens deur twee breë vrae, naamlik wat die werkwaardes van jong Suid-Afrikaners is en watter faktore jong mense na of van die militêre werk lok of afstoot. Die gevolgtrekking is dat die SANW om verskeie institusionele en maatskaplike redes nie ’n voorkeurwerkgewer is nie. Jong Suid-Afrikaners, wat risikoweersinnig en individualisties is en naby hulle familie wil bly, vind ʼn militêre loopbaan breedweg onaantreklik. Die militêre kultuur spreek ook nie die meerderheid aan nie, wat nie ontvanklik is vir outoritêre regimes wat onverbiddelike gehoorsaamheid en dissipline eis en hegemoniese manlike ideale beklemtoon nie. Hierbenewens is daar twee samelewingsfaktore wat ʼn beduidende impak het op die SANW se vermoë om rekrute te werf. Die kwynende prestige van ʼn militêre loopbaan en die teenwoordigheid van ʼn steeds groeiende kloof tussen siviel en militêr dui daarop dat jongmense nóg oor die militêr ingelig is nóg dit as ’n werk met status in die samelewing beskou. Gevolglik kan die SANW se onvermoë om werwingsteikens te behaal sy vermoë om sy mandaat uit te voer nadelig beïnvloed.