This dissertation investigates how personal military service, which during the immensely popular Crimean War of 1854-6 was regarded as the business only of an abstract and lowly soldier-class, had by the eve of the Great War taken on the aspect of a clear and universal citizenly duty in London press discourse. It utilises text-searchable digitised newspaper archives to exhaustively review the whole body of relevant press debate in thirteen key London periodicals, identifying key shifts and trends in press conceptions of civilian military obligation over the six decades between the outbreak of the Crimean War in 1854 and the eve of the Great War in 1914. The analytical narrative that emerges highlights the importance of key events, including the Crimean War, Indian Mutiny, wars of Prussian expansionism, and Boer War, in promoting and shaping the coherent conception of citizenly duty towards military service that would go on to underpin not only the mass enlistments of 1914 but also the acceptance of conscription in 1916. It suggests also the important role of broader cultural and political trends – in particular, the advent of militarist Imperialism, the growing legitimacy of the state, the shift towards a more collectivist ‘social democratic’ liberalism, and the emergence of ‘contractual’ theories of citizenship – in facilitating a reconciliation between the military imperative towards mass civilian military participation and existing liberal values and ideologies. This dissertation reveals that the societal consensus on the duty to enlist in 1914 was by no means a foregone cultural conclusion, nor indeed the relic of an earlier heroic age, but rather the dynamic product of evolution and contestation over six decades. The present study not only provides vital context to our understanding of the ‘rush to the colours’ of 1914, but also represents the first historical investigation of an important and much-neglected aspect of the relationship between war and society.

Approved for public release, distribution is unlimited / This thesis defines the strategic utility of Special Operation Forces (SOF), identifies why SOF only provide limited strategic utility, and presents an operational concept for the reorganization, alignment, and employment of SOF to overcome these shortf alls. The thesis is presented in a deductive manner that argues that SOF were designed for strategic purposes, and leads the reader to conclude that reformation must occur for SOF to provide strategic utility and meet their intent. SOF would be in an optimal position to meet their organizational intent by becoming a fifth armed service within the Department of Defense (DoD). Through the creation of mission-based units and a holistic employment strategy, SOF would become a strategic instrument capability of assisting national decision -makers in blending the elements of national power. Finally, the thesis concludes with additional required areas for research to make this concept become a reality, but that are beyond the scope of this study. / Major, United States Army

In 2017 the Swedish government decided that the defense should be based on both volunteerism and duty. The military service had then been dormant since 2010 and built entirely on volunteerism. From this political decision, the duty is now gender neutral, which means that the same opportunities and obligations apply to both men and women. The Swedish Armed Forces have an active desire for more women to carry out the military service - an organisation that historically has been strongly associated with masculine norms.  ”From campaign to attention” is a qualitative interview study on the military conscripts’ experience of government communication, which aims to contribute to increased gender equality in the defense. The study aims to illustrate how communication that challenges stereotypes to change norms is received by men and women who carry out their basic education in the Armed Forces.  In order to find out the military conscripts’ view of the chosen authorities’ communication, we conducted ten qualitative interviews with military conscripts who are in the middle of their basic education. All respondents belonged to the armory regiment P4 in Skövde, Sweden. The material selected for the study consists of a campaign from the Recruitment Authority (2017) and two campaigns from the Swedish Armed Forces (2018). The theories from which the study is based on are Stuart Hall’s encoding / decoding theory, theories on framing and theories on advertising, stereotypes and mirror theories. These theories help the study to shed light on the different parts of the process when a message is packaged and coded and how they are finally interpreted by their recipients.  The study shows that the military conscripts believe that the authorities have chosen appropriate efforts to increase gender equality in the Swedish Armed Forces in the long term. They believe that the authorities communicate a broader picture of who can be a soldier, they consider contributing to reaching new target groups, including both women and men who do not identify with the historical norm of a soldier.  The respondents, however, highlight a gap between how the authorities communicate the distribution between men and women versus reality. Although the picture does not correspond to reality, they understand the purpose for which the authorities have chosen to show women to the extent they do. The study shows that government communication with such realistic images of military service as possible is the one that the target group interpret in the most efficient way and which is best appreciated. Our study also shows that the respondents do not automatically believe that the authorities' communication loosens the stereotypical image of a soldier simply because they show women instead of men. Instead, there are other factors (such as attributes or charisma) that contribute to the presentation being perceived as stereotyped.

During the 19th century, defence was a major issue in Victoria as indeed it was in other British colonies and the United Kingdom. To help defend themselves, self governing colonies throughout the Empire enlisted local citizens to serve as part time soldiers on a voluntary basis. The Victorian government in 1859 - 60 took a calculated risk in adopting a Volunteer Force to underpin the whole colonial defence scheme, particularly as the military effectiveness of the citizen soldiers was questionable due to the lack of any real discipline within the Force and the part time nature of the military service. Whilst the savings which resulted (from using Volunteers rather than expensive Imperial troops) were spent on building forts and purchasing ordnance to protect Port Phillip Bay, there were other advantages to be gained from the government decision. It harnessed the considerable groundswell of public patriotism and pride in the Empire to ensure the development of a colonial society with strong links to Britain. The Government also linked Volunteering, stability and patriotism together as part of a less obvious agenda for the goldfields. In a period of lingering unrest only a few short years after Eureka, the Volunteers provided a clear indication of government power and yet another sign (along with the judicial system, education, language) of the importance and expanse of British society. Should there be any civil unrest on the goldfields, the local Corps were ideally suited to the role of civil control. On a number of occasions, the Volunteer Corps were called out to maintain law and order. The thesis studies a major group of over 5,100 men on the goldfields over two decades, particularly with regard to their motives for joining the Volunteers and their demographics such as ages, occupations, addresses, activities and the networks between members. By addressing the Corps demographics it is possible to understand the role played by the Volunteers in the development of goldfields society.

<p>Genom våra val och beteendemönster påverkar vi människor varandra, både lokalt och globalt. Medvetenheten ökar och vi ser idag en växande oro för effekten av detta.</p><p>Världssamfundet har enats om att sträva efter en hållbar utveckling. Åren 2005-2014 har av Förenta Nationerna (FN) blivit utsedda till år där man ska verka för en hållbar utveckling genom utbildning.</p><p>Sverige har fört in hållbar utveckling i miljöbalken och landets miljöpolitik skall sträva efter densamma. Försvarsmakten har ett ansvar för den ekologiskt hållbara utvecklingen inom sin sektor, försvarssektorn. Som myndighet når de ut till många genom just utbildning då cirka 8500 värnpliktiga utbildas per år, därtill tillkommer de anställda.</p><p>Uppsatsen undersöker hur försvarsmakten uttalat arbetar för en hållbar utveckling och hur utbildningssituationen, i fråga om hållbar utveckling, ser ut. Därefter har ett utbildningsförslag för en utbildning för hållbar utveckling utformats.</p><p>Studien har genomförts genom litteraturstudier, intervjuer samt deltagande på ett forsknings- och utvecklingsseminarium.</p><p>Försvarsmakten har tidigare inte arbetat så mycket uttalat för en hållbar utveckling. Gällande utbildning där hållbar utveckling tas upp, sker detta bara för anställda på det förbandet som undersöktes. Följaktligen når detta inte alla verksamma inom myndigheten. En utbildning för hållbar utveckling skulle kunna ske som en utbildningscykel, på cirka elva månader, där kunskap om begreppet och dess innebörd ges, men också hur deltagarnas val och beteenden påverkar deras omgivning.</p><p>Om en hållbar utveckling ska ske måste alla ta ansvar för den och där måste staten och myndigheterna ta täten och verka föredömligt. Arbetet bör ske med tydliga mål och riktlinjer så att alla strävar efter samma mål.</p> / <p>Through our choices and pattern of behaviour we affect each other, both locally and globally. The awareness of this is increasing and we se a growing concern about the effect of this.</p><p>The international community has agreed upon to strive for a sustainable development. Between the years 2005-2014 the UN has decided to work for a sustainable development through education.</p><p>Sweden has put in sustainable development in the Environmental code, and their environmental politics should strive for it. The armed forces have a responsibility for the ecological sustainable development in their sector, the sector of defence. As an authority they reach out to a lot of people through education since about 8500 conscripts is being educated each year, and there are also the employees.</p><p>This essay examines how the armed forces pronounced works for a sustainable development and how the educational status, with regards to sustainable development, looks. After that an educational proposal for sustainable development has been worked out.</p><p>The study has been brought about through literature studies, interviews and participation in a research and development seminar.</p><p>The armed forces has not earlier pronounced worked so much for a sustainable development. Regarding education, where sustainable development is being taught, there is only a few employees that gets it. Consequently this does not reach all active persons in the authority. An education for sustainable development could take place like an educational cycle, for about eleven months, where knowledge of the concept and its meaning is being taught, but also of how the participant’s choices and behaviour is affecting their surroundings.</p><p>If a sustainable development is about to happen, we all have to take responsibility for it and in that the state and the authorities have to act first and be exemplary. The work should have clear goals and guidelines so that everybody is striving for the same goal.</p>

本文主要探討組織內部成員公平認知與組織承諾之間的關係。本文以保安警察第一總隊警察替代役男為研究對象，第一部份在探討警察替代役男對現行服役機關的公平認知及組織承諾的認知分析；第二部分在瞭解警察替代役役男不同的背景對於公平認知與組織承諾的差異情形；第三部份為探討警察替代役役男公平認知與組織承諾的相關性；第四部分以公平認知的各構面為依變項，來預測組織承諾及其構面，最後根據研究結果，提出研究建議，以供警察替代役男管理上之參考。 本文以問卷調查的方式，是以保一總隊的全體替代役男為研究母體共1646人，抽樣方式採取多階段隨機抽樣法，把保一總隊替代役役男服勤駐地編制分為三大單位14個服勤處所，依據每個處所的人數佔總員額比例，來規劃每一處所所需要隨機抽樣的樣本數，之後在每個層級中，再以簡單隨機抽樣的方式，來取得所需樣本，本研究問卷發放對象為保一總隊警察替代役役男，總樣本數505人；有效回收問卷總共449份，無效回收問卷共56份，有效樣本回收率88.9％。本研究使用SPSS 10.0中文版進，運用描述性統計、單因子變異數分析（one-way ANOVA）與薛費法事後比較（Scheffe）、皮爾森積差相關係數、多元（複）迴歸分析統計方式進行量化資料分析。 本研究經統計分析後，重要的研究結果如下：警察替代役役男對於組織公平具有中上程度以上的認同感。警察替代役役男對於組織承諾具有中上程度以上的認同感。個人背景變項對於組織公平及組織承諾具有顯著性差異獲得部分支持。公平認知及其構面與組織承諾及其構面均具有相關性。公平認知及其構面對組織承諾有預測力。 / This research study mainly focuses on investigating the relationship between the impartiality cognition and the organization commitment of the intra-organization members. With the substitute police military service personnel of the Special Police First Headquarters as the study population, the first part is the investigation of the analysis on the substitute police military service personnel’s cognitions about the impartiality and organizational commitment of the current military service agency; the second part is the understanding of the discrepancies in the impartiality cognition and organizational commitment for the substitute police military service personnel with different backgrounds; the third part is the investigation of the correlation between the impartiality cognition and organizational commitment for the substitute police military service personnel; and the fourth part is the prediction of the organizational commitment and dimensions with each dimension of the impartiality cognition as the variable. In conclusion, research propositions will be presented based on the research results for providing the references to the management of the substitute police military service personnel. This research paper employs 1646 substitute police military service personnel of the Special Police First Headquarters as the main study population by applying the questionnaire survey method. The sampling method adopts the multiple-phase random sampling method to categorize the service locations of the substitute police military service personnel of the Special Police First Headquarters into three main units and fourteen service stations. Based on the ratio attributed by each station’s service personnel population in the overall service population, the sample size required for the random sampling of each station can be planned. Afterwards, the required samples can be acquired through the simple random sampling method at each level. The study questionnaires were distributed to the substitute police military service personnel of the Special Police First Headquarters as the target population. The total sample size was 505 individuals. The total number of valid returned questionnaires was 449 questionnaires, while there were 56 invalid returned questionnaires, with a valid return rate of 88.9％. This research study applied the Chinese version of SPSS 10.0 to conduct the applications of Descriptive Statistical Analysis, One-way ANOVA Analysis, Scheffe Post-Hoc Comparison, Pearson Product-moment Correlation, and Multiple Regression Statistical Analysis to proceed with the quantitative data analysis. Significant research results are as the followings upon the completion of the statistical analysis: Substitute police military service personnel exhibited a medium/high level of identification with the organizational impartiality and commitment. Significant discrepancies in the impartiality cognition and organizational commitment for the substitute police military service personnel with variations in individual backgrounds received partial substantiation. The impartiality cognition and dimensions and organizational commitment and dimensions are all correlated. The impartiality cognition and dimensions exhibited the predictive power toward the organizational commitment.

Using a wealth of secondary and primary sources; such as town records, diaries, tax valuations, and genealogical data, this project will attempt to shed light on the reaction of Dedham, Massachusetts, and its middle class, to military service during the American Revolution. Although extremely responsive during the opening months of the war, Dedham's middle class became reluctant to contribute its fathers and sons to the military cause when the war moved outside of their periphery, and for good reason, they needed them back home. This study determined that the lack of zeal on the part of the town's middle class was part and parcel of historical, economical, and political factors that combined to keep the fathers and sons of Dedham from serving in the war. Although declining to serve in the Continental Army, Dedham was able to continue its support for the war effort by hiring others to do the fighting for them. / Department of History

Genom våra val och beteendemönster påverkar vi människor varandra, både lokalt och globalt. Medvetenheten ökar och vi ser idag en växande oro för effekten av detta. Världssamfundet har enats om att sträva efter en hållbar utveckling. Åren 2005-2014 har av Förenta Nationerna (FN) blivit utsedda till år där man ska verka för en hållbar utveckling genom utbildning. Sverige har fört in hållbar utveckling i miljöbalken och landets miljöpolitik skall sträva efter densamma. Försvarsmakten har ett ansvar för den ekologiskt hållbara utvecklingen inom sin sektor, försvarssektorn. Som myndighet når de ut till många genom just utbildning då cirka 8500 värnpliktiga utbildas per år, därtill tillkommer de anställda. Uppsatsen undersöker hur försvarsmakten uttalat arbetar för en hållbar utveckling och hur utbildningssituationen, i fråga om hållbar utveckling, ser ut. Därefter har ett utbildningsförslag för en utbildning för hållbar utveckling utformats. Studien har genomförts genom litteraturstudier, intervjuer samt deltagande på ett forsknings- och utvecklingsseminarium. Försvarsmakten har tidigare inte arbetat så mycket uttalat för en hållbar utveckling. Gällande utbildning där hållbar utveckling tas upp, sker detta bara för anställda på det förbandet som undersöktes. Följaktligen når detta inte alla verksamma inom myndigheten. En utbildning för hållbar utveckling skulle kunna ske som en utbildningscykel, på cirka elva månader, där kunskap om begreppet och dess innebörd ges, men också hur deltagarnas val och beteenden påverkar deras omgivning. Om en hållbar utveckling ska ske måste alla ta ansvar för den och där måste staten och myndigheterna ta täten och verka föredömligt. Arbetet bör ske med tydliga mål och riktlinjer så att alla strävar efter samma mål. / Through our choices and pattern of behaviour we affect each other, both locally and globally. The awareness of this is increasing and we se a growing concern about the effect of this. The international community has agreed upon to strive for a sustainable development. Between the years 2005-2014 the UN has decided to work for a sustainable development through education. Sweden has put in sustainable development in the Environmental code, and their environmental politics should strive for it. The armed forces have a responsibility for the ecological sustainable development in their sector, the sector of defence. As an authority they reach out to a lot of people through education since about 8500 conscripts is being educated each year, and there are also the employees. This essay examines how the armed forces pronounced works for a sustainable development and how the educational status, with regards to sustainable development, looks. After that an educational proposal for sustainable development has been worked out. The study has been brought about through literature studies, interviews and participation in a research and development seminar. The armed forces has not earlier pronounced worked so much for a sustainable development. Regarding education, where sustainable development is being taught, there is only a few employees that gets it. Consequently this does not reach all active persons in the authority. An education for sustainable development could take place like an educational cycle, for about eleven months, where knowledge of the concept and its meaning is being taught, but also of how the participant’s choices and behaviour is affecting their surroundings. If a sustainable development is about to happen, we all have to take responsibility for it and in that the state and the authorities have to act first and be exemplary. The work should have clear goals and guidelines so that everybody is striving for the same goal.

Antecedentes: el Fenómeno de El Niño Costero azota la costa norte del Perú de forma cíclica y el año 2017 tuvo consecuencias catastróficas para la región. Un grupo de jóvenes soldados de servicio militar voluntario entre 18 y 24 años participaron en los rescates de la zona en Piura, dando muestras humanitarias más allá de su deber. Esto se denomina sentido de aportación. Objetivo: Explorar las manifestaciones del sentido de aportación en los voluntarios castrenses que participaron en labores de rescate del “FEN Costero” en Piura en marzo del 2017. Método: se desarrolló un estudio con enfoque cualitativo y diseño fenomenológico hermenéutico. Participaron 6 miembros del servicio que fueron parte del evento. La técnica de recolección de información fue entrevista a profundidad. Resultados: los hallazgos se organizaron en 4 dimensiones: 1) Sentido de utilidad subjetiva, 2) Sentido de propósito, 3) Sentido de vinculación al trabajo y 4) Aporte social. Conclusiones: el sentido de aportación se manifestó en todos los voluntarios con algunos matices, debe entenderse como una característica que se posee en potencia y que se moldea por la experiencia. / Background: The El Niño Costero Phenomenon hits the northern coast of Peru in a cyclically and the year 2017 had catastrophic consequences for the region. A group of young soldiers of voluntary military service between 18 and 24 years old participated in the rescues in Piura, giving humanitarian samples beyond their duty. This is called a sense of contribution. Objective: explore the manifestations of the sense of contribution in the military volunteers who participated in the rescue work of the "FEN Costero" in Piura in March 2017. Method: a study was developed with a qualitative approach and hermeneutical phenomenological design. There were 6 participants who were serving the event. The information gathering technique was an in-depth interview. Results: the findings were organized in 4 dimensions: 1) Sense of subjective utility, 2) Sense of purpose, 3) Sense of connection to work and 4) Social contribution. Conclusions: the sense of contribution was manifested in all the volunteers with some nuances, it should be understood as a characteristic that is potentially possessed and, at the same time, shaped by experience. / Tesis

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effectiveness of the Church programs in preparing young Latter-day Saint servicemen to accept and live the gospel of Jesus Christ as determined from the opinions of servicemen and bishops. The teaching programs, counseling, continual Church activity, Church publications, and the preservice and inservice Church orientations were evaluated for their effectiveness in teaching the five objectives: Testimony building; commandment living; continual activity, missionary work, and patriotism. One hundred eighteen servicemen, who had completed basic training and were attending technical training schools, along with seventy-seven bishops provided the information used in this study. The findings indicated that in the opinion of these servicemen and bishops effective training was being provided servicemen in building testimonies, living the commandments, and continuing to be active in the Church. However, missionary work and patriotism were ineffectively taught.