Notre recherche porte sur une analyse comparative des interprétations de la Sonate en si mineur de Liszt. Nous avons analysé vingt-cinq enregistrements de pianistes regroupés en cinq écoles :hongroise, française, russe, américaine et allemande. Nous avons comparé les déviations des interprètes par rapport à la partition et les divergences entre les différentes interprétations, en sélectionnant sept paramètres qui nous ont permis de caractériser chaque interprétation. Une double analyse a été effectuée : « à l'oreille » et à l'aide d'un logiciel informatique. Notre recherche a démontré l'importance de plusieurs facteurs d'influence complémentaires : l'enseignement reçu, l'époque où l'on vit et l'on crée, le tempérament et l'individualité artistique. Au terme de notre recherche, nous avons démontré l'existence de spécificités qui se manifestent au sein de chacune des écoles pianistiques nationales, et également de particularités caractérisant le mode de jeu des différentes générations. / Our research focuses a comparative analysis of the performances of Liszt's Sonata in b minor. We analysed twenty-five recordings by pianists grouped into five piano schools : Hungarian, French, Russian, American and German. We compared the deviations of the performers from the score and the differences between the individual performances, based on a selection of seven parameters that allowed us to characterise each of them. A double analysis was made: "by ear" and with the aid of acomputer. Our research has shown the importance of several complementary factors of influence : education, the period during which the pianists lived and created, the artists' temperaments and their artistic individualities. At the end of our research, we demonstrated the existence of specific features within each of the national piano schools, and also of some features that characterise the performing style of each generation.

Unregulated North Swedish rivers show large seasonal variations in their physical characteristics. During winter the whole littoral zone freezes solid, and in spring the water flow increases rapidly and the same areas become flooded. The two mayflies Parameletus chelifer and P. minor are common in the North Swedish river Vindelälven. They probably pass through a dormant egg stage in its mid-stream section. The first tiny nymphs appeared in January to March, but they did not become abundant until the ice broke up in May. At this time they migrated rapidly to the flooded upper littoral, some continuing into the tributaries. During  the migration phase, both species used chemoreception to orient themselves towards the flooded areas. The shoreward migration allowed the nymphs to avoid high current velocity, and to utilize unexploited food resources. The two species differed with respect to utilization of the upper littoral. Most Parameletus chelifer nymphs colo­nized a seasonal stream, while the P. minor nymphs were equally abundant at the river margin as in a seasonal stream. Both temperature and food quality differed between the river margin and the seasonal stream. Compared to P. minor specimens, those of Parameletus chelifer showed a somewhat higher optimum tempe­rature, and they gained advantage of the higher food quality observed in the seasonal stream. Parameletus chelifer specimens colonizing a seasonal stream had higher growth rate, higher fecundity, and probably also advanced emergence as well as larger adult size compared with those remaining at the river margin. In addition mortality from fish predation may be lowered by utilizing shallow seasonal streams. Specimens of P. minor had higher growth rate, larger adult size and advanced emergence in the seasonal stream compared with those at the river margin. Nevertheless, fecundity was equal in both habitats and the mortality caused by predation seemed almost similar in both habitats. In most years Parameletus chelifer specimens utilizing the seasonal stream thus obtain a higher fitness than those utilizing the river margin. In P. minor this diffe­rence was not so pronounced. However, due to mortality risks caused by an early desiccation of the seasonal stream, the long-term reproductive output of the two species probably varies irregularly in the two habitats. / digitalisering@umu

Les pili de type IV (PT4), certainement les organelles les plus répandues des bactéries à Gram-négatif, sont des machineries à multiples fonctions qui jouent un rôle crucial dans la pathogenèse de nombreux pathogènes humains, notamment notre modèle Neisseria meningitidis. L’assemblage des PT4 nécessite une machinerie complexe incluant au moins vingt protéines localisées dans la membrane interne, le périplasme et la membrane externe. Certaines de ces protéines ne sont pas nécessaires pour la biosynthèse des PT4, mais supportent les fonctions qui leur sont associées. Ces protéines, appelées pilines mineures, sont au nombre de trois. Par l’analyse phénotypique des mutants dans les gènes codant pour les pilines mineures, le rôle de chacune a pu être déterminée. Ainsi la piline mineure ComP est nécessaire pour la compétence pour la transformation d’ADN, PilV est requise pour la déformation de la membrane plasmique de la cellule hôte et PilX est essentielle pour l’adhésion des bactéries sur les cellules épithéliales et endothéliales, la formation d’agrégats bactériens et la déformation de la membrane plasmique de la cellule hôte. De nombreuses similarités avec la piline majoritaire laissent penser que les pilines mineures s’insèrent dans la fibre des PT4 pour exercer leurs fonctions, bien que ceci n’a jamais été démontré. Si on connait bien les fonctions des pilines mineures, leur mode d’action n’est toujours pas compris. L’objectif global de ce travail de thèse a été de comprendre comment une fibre protéique peut assurer une diversité de fonctions aussi importante. Pour y parvenir, l’étude du mode d’action des pilines mineures a été entreprise. Contrairement à ce qui prévalait dans le modèle dominant, les pilines mineures PilV et PilX exercent leur fonction à partir de l’espace périplasmique pour moduler la quantité de pili exprimés en surface. En effet, les mutants pilV et pilX présentent respectivement des défauts de piliation de l’ordre de 39% et de 63% par rapport à la souche sauvage. Ces défauts expliquent cependant les phénotypes des mutants. En effet, l’ensemble des fonctions dépendantes des PT4 nécessite une forte quantité de PT4, soit au moins 40% pour l’agrégation et l’adhésion et 70% pour le déclenchement de la réponse cellulaire. Ces résultats révèlent que les pilines mineures sont impliquées dans la biogenèse des PT4 plutôt que dans le support biochimique direct de leurs propriétés. Le défaut de piliation de ces mutants est restauré par l’absence de rétraction, indiquant que les pilines mineures PilV et PilX jouent un rôle dans la stabilité des PT4. Nous avons également montré que la piline mineure ComP est nécessaire pour la piliation et qu’elle présente une fonction redondante avec la piline mineure PilV. Afin de comprendre comment les pilines mineures PilV et PilX exercent leur rôle sur la quantité de pili exprimés en surface, nous avons réalisé une étude structure/fonction de ces deux protéines. Nous avons observé une absence de piliation, en bloquant les pilines PilV et PilX dans la membrane interne, indiquant une interaction directe avec la machinerie des PT4 probablement via la piline majeure PilE. Nous avons également montré qu’il existe une interaction entre les pilines mineures et PilE au niveau de la membrane interne et en amont de l’assemblage des pili. Ces résultats, obtenus par une technique de pontage disulfure, ont cependant besoin d’être confirmés par des contrôles supplémentaires. Par une stratégie de mutagenèse, nous avons enfin mis en évidence que la région D de PilV et les boucles α/β et β2/β3 de PilX sont nécessaires à leur fonctionnement. Ces travaux ont permis de montrer que la quantité de pili exprimés par la bactérie est un facteur déterminant pour définir les propriétés des PT4. Les pilines mineures agissent au niveau du périplasme pour promouvoir la biosynthèse des pili, ce qui met en avant le rôle direct de la piline majeure PilE dans les fonctions associées aux PT4. / Type IV Pili (TFP) are widespread filamentous organelles extending from the surface of many Gram-negative bacteria that mediate multiple functions and play a key role in the pathogenesis of several important human pathogens, including our model, Neisseria meningitidis. The assembly of TFP requires a complex machinery composed by at least twenty proteins that are localized in the inner membrane, the outer membrane and the periplasm. Three of these proteins, called minor pilins, are not required for the biosynthesis of the TFP, but support their functions. Based on the phenotypes associated with the mutants, their role on TFP functions has been determined. The minor pilin Comp is required for natural competence for DNA transformation, PilV is required for the deformation of the host cell plasma membrane and PilX is essential for the adhesion of bacteria to epithelial and endothelial cells, the bacterial aggregation and the deformation of the host cell plasma membrane. Many similarities with the major pilin PilE suggests that minor pilin are inserted into the fiber of TFP to exert their functions, although it has never been demonstrated. How these proteins carry out their functions mechanistically is not elucidated. The general objective of this thesis was to understand how a single fiber can provide such a variety of functions. To achieve this, the study of the mode of action of minor pilins was undertaken. Contrarily to what has been previously proposed, the PilV and PilX minor pilins seem to exert their functions from the periplasmic space to modulate the amount of surface exposed pili. Indeed, pilV and pilX strains show piliation defects of 39 % and 63 % respectively compared to the wild type. Besides, we have shown that TFP functions require a large amount of TFP, at least 40 % for the aggregation and adhesion and 70% to induce the reorganization of the plasma membrane. Thus these modest decreases in the amount of pili explain the phenotypes of these mutants. These results indicate that the minor pilins are involved in the biogenesis of TFP rather than in the direct support of their biochemical properties. Moreover, the piliation defect of these mutants is restored in the absence of retraction, indicating that the PilV and PilX minor pilins play a role in the stability of TFP. To understand how PilV and PilX minor pilins modulate surface exposed pili level, we performed a structure/ function analysis of these two proteins. Blocking the PilV and PilX minor pilins in the inner membrane abolishes piliation, indicating a direct interaction with the machinery of TFP, probably via the major pilin PilE. We have also shown that an interaction between the minor pilins and the major pilin occurs in the inner membrane and upstream of the pilus assembly. However, these results, obtained by biochemical techniques, need to be confirmed by additional controls. By a mutagenesis strategy, we finally demonstrated that the D region of PilV and the α/β and β2/β3 loops of PilX are necessary for their functions. This study has shown that a relatively modest decrease in the amount of pili displayed on the bacterial surface leads to a strong effect on the functions carried by TFP. Minor pilins act in the periplasm to promote the biosynthesis of pili, which highlights the direct role of the major pilin in the TFP-dependent functions.

Social variables are a predominant force to community development in rural areas. However, research on how social aspects affect the energy situation as a community expands is to date limited. This study aims explore this void and investigate the following question: “What could be a feasible pathway to reach a sustainable and resilient future state in Micaya, based on the impact of key variables within three different sectors: education, health and production?” In this study, theories and models of rural electrification and scenario analysis are transposed and applied to community operated rural electrification in order to frame development. The investigation is restricted to focus on three social sectors, healthcare, education and production. Current literature confirmed that social aspects are missing in rural electrification programs.  Through interview and discussion with an established expert group important social variables have been identified in the study community. These variables lay the foundation for the scenario building used to define a desirable future in the case study community. It was found that the variables within the production sector are most influential to future developments in the study community.  The study revealed that energy access, especially access to electricity, is an essential condition for the development of rural communities. However, it does not guarantee an increase in productivity or effectiveness in social institutions in the absence of other development programs. The study also concludes that well-planned, carefully implemented rural electrification programs provide enormous benefits to rural people. Once an area has reached a certain level of development, further improvement of societal institutions depends on the availability of a secure and stable energy supply.

Dans un objectif de valorisation des huiles d’olive tunisiennes, les huiles de huit variétés autochtones : Chemchali, Chemlali Sfax, Chemlali Zarzis, Chétoui, Oueslati, Sayali, Zalmati et Zarrazi ont été étudiées et caractérisées par des techniques spectroscopique et chromatographique en tenant compte de leurs composés mineurs (acides gras mineurs, squalène, phénols totaux et α-, β- et γ-tocophérols). Une banque de données à été créé à partir des analyses de la composition en acides gras et des spectres proche infrarouge de 516 échantillons d’huiles d’olive vierges. Quatre outils d’authentification de l’origine variétale, basés sur l’utilisation des approches statistiques et chimiométriques associées aux données chromatographiques et spectrales, ont été élaborés. / In order to valorize the Tunisian olive oil production, eight autochthonous oil varieties (Chemchali, Chemlali Sfax, Chemlali Zarzis, Chétoui, Oueslati, Sayali, Zalmati and Zarrazi) were characterized by chromatographic and vibrational spectroscopy approaches. Fatty acid, squalene and near infrared spectra were analyzed in 516 samples which were used to create the data bank. Four origin varietal authentication tools were established using statistic and chemometric fatty acid treatment, NIR Spectra and olive oil minor fraction (minor fatty acids, squalene, totals phenols and α, β and γ-tocopherols).

De l'ornement architectural à l'ornement liturgique, de l'ornement langagier à l'encadrement du tableau, de l'ornement musical au tatouage, les formes variés de l'ornement témoignent d'un champ d'application illimité qui couvre tous les domaines de l'art. Si chez Kant l'ornement offre un exemple typique de beauté libre, la philosophie et la théorie de l'art lui attribuent souvent un contenu moral ou symbolique l'associant tantôt à la convenance tantôt à la dégénérescence. En tant que forme primitive d'expression artistique il est rattaché aux arts premiers et à la production artisanale, aux antipodes de la véritable création artistique tout autant que du dessin industriel ou architectural. Sa dimension cosmique, d'autre part, fait que des artistes et des historiens le mettent au centre de leur conception de l'art, le considérant comme la manifestation principale du « vouloir artistique » ou une expression privilégiée de l'impulsion artistique vers l'abstraction. Si la spécificité de l'ornement consiste en son caractère accessoire qui lui assigne un statut ontologique particulier entre l'ergon et le parergon le rendant synonyme de « style », sa transversalité met en question les hiérarchies issues de la théorie de la mimesis et brouille les limites entre art et décoration, majeur et mineur, d'autant plus que les notions dérivées de l'« ornemental » ou du « décoratif » dépassent le domaine des arts appliqués et s'emploient pour designer la forme ou la fonction d’œuvres d'art. À ce titre l'étude des différents aspects de l'ornement et des réponses théoriques qu'il a suscitées, renouvelle la réflexion sur le statut de l'art et sa relation avec la vie. / From architectural decoration to liturgical ornament, from rhetorical ornament to painting frames, from musical ornament to tattoo, the various forms of ornament testify to an unlimited scope that covers all artistic and cultural fields. Despite its being considered, from a kantian point of view, as an example of free beauty, philosophy and theory of art often attribute a moral or symbolic content to ornament, associating it to either convenience or degeneracy. As a primitive form of artistic expression, ornament is related to tribal art and to craft rather than true artistic creation or modern design. Its cosmic dimension, however, leads some artists and historians regard it as the basis for their conception of art, as the chief manifestation of the “will to art”, or as a primary expression of the artistic impulse that leads to abstraction. Since its specific character consists in that of an accessory, ornament receives an intermediate ontological status between the ergon and the parergon. Its transversality challenges the hierarchy of art forms and genres which is based on the theories of mimesis, and blurs the boundaries between art and decoration, high and low, since the derived terms of "ornamental" or "decorative" apply not only to decorative arts but also to the style and the function of art works. The study of the different aspects of ornament and of the theoretical responses it raised, contributes to regarding our understanding of the status of art and its relation to life.

Un nombre croissant d’études académiques et de rapports d’organismes internationaux relèvent une dépendance accrue des nouvelles technologies de l’énergie vis-à-vis d’une catégorie de ressources souvent prénommés métaux rares. Parallèlement, il se forme depuis plusieurs années des inquiétudes sur la disponibilité économique de ces métaux pour opérer la transition énergétique nécessaire à la lutte contre le réchauffement climatique. Cette thèse a donc pour objectif de souligner l’ensemble des contraintes et des risques qu’implique l’usage fréquent et généralisé de ces métaux dans les nouvelles technologies de l’énergie. Une première partie de la thèse est consacrée aux indicateurs et aux théories reliées à la disponibilité économique de long terme d’une ressource non renouvelable tout en faisant apparaitre un ensemble de traits communs partagés par les métaux rares. La seconde partie de cette thèse démontre les risques attachés à une absence d’élasticité prix de l’offre de métaux rares du fait d’une contrainte de sous-produit. Elle offre également une analyse approfondie des causes et des conséquences relatives à l’absence de marché à terme pour la quasi-totalité de ces métaux rares. Enfin, son dernier chapitre propose d’explorer la liaison très forte existant entre le secteur de l’énergie et le secteur des métaux. Il y est démontré que cette connexion s’accentue et qu’elle implique la possibilité d’un cercle vicieux entre des énergies toujours moins concentrées (avec un contenu en métaux grandissant) et des métaux qui consomment toujours plus d’énergie sous l’effet de leur épuisement. / A growing number of academic studies and international organizations reports have noticed an increasing dependency of new energy technologies on a specific class of natural resources often called minor metals. For several years, worries about economic availability of these metals in order to realize the energy transition have appeared. This thesis aims at underline the broader risks and constraints involved by general use of these metals in new energy technologies. A first part of this thesis is devoted to theories and indicators related to the depletion of non renewable resources. This part also shows that minor metals share many characteristics and that they can form a group of metal consistent. In a second part, this thesis addresses the issues linked to the absence of price elasticity for the supply of minor metals due to the byproduct constraint. Another chapter offers an analysis of causes and consequences connected to the absence of futures markets for almost all minor metals. Finally, a last chapter highlights the strong link existing between the energy sector and the metals sectors. This connection is increasing and can create a vicious circle between energies which are less and less concentrated and metals which consume more and more energy due to their depletion.

The magister thesis is connected with bachelor's thesis, which was concentrated on Piano Sonata in E minor, op. 2 by Slovak composer Alexander Moyzes (1906-1984) and was concerned on it mainly with collected sources. In this thesis we decided to point out its composing work and possible inspiring sources and therefore the focus of this diploma thesis is its introduction into historical context of piano music of the 19th and 20th centuries. Through composite-technical and stylistic analyses of selected piano sonatas and other works, we want to contribute to the closer characterization of Moyzes composer's personality and to complement the literature that Moyzes Sonate has devoted to in minimal terms from composing work and inspiring sources. Selected pieces include: Brahms Sonata f mol, Op. 5 and Variation and Fugue on a Theme by Handel, op. 24 from the point of view of means of piano stylization, Sonata Eroica, op. 24 for piano by Vít zslav Novák because of their mutual interest in working with modality and mutual close relationships (Moyzes's teacher). In addition to these goals, we will also focus on the other piano works of Moyzes by creating a new chronological inventory based on preserved sources. Key words: Alexander Moyzes, Piano Sonata in E minor op. 2, Johannes Brahms, Vít zslav Novák,...

Many elderly patients visiting the emergency department for minor injuries are not assessed for functional status and experience functional decline 6 months post injury. Identifying such high-risk patients can allow for interventions to prevent or minimize adverse health outcomes including loss of independence. For the purpose of a planned clinical decision rule to identify elderly patients at high risk of functional decline a survey of physicians was conducted. A random sample of 534 Canadian geriatricians, emergency and family physicians was selected with half randomly selected to receive an incentive. A response rate of 57.0% was obtained with 90% of physicians considering a drop in function of at least 2 points on the 28-point OARS ADL scale as clinically significant. A sensitivity of 90% would meet or exceed 90% of physicians' requirements for a clinical decision rule to identify injured seniors at high risk of functional decline 6 months post injury.

Carnivorous plants perform as both producers and consumers. Botanical carnivory has evolved in sunny, moist, nutrient-poor environments, and the primary nutrient supplied by prey is proposed to be nitrogen. There is a trade-off between carnivorous and photosynthetic structures which corresponds to degree of carnivory expression and available nutrients. This study was conducted on the hooded pitcher plant, Sarracenia minor, which is a facultative wetland plant and Florida-threatened species. Sarracenia minor is considered a specialist myrmecophage and ants characterize the majority of attracted and captured prey. Ants not only provide nutritional benefit, but also protection against herbivory. A natural population of S. minor in northeast Florida was selected to test response to prey and fertilizer nitrogen in a press-experimental design. Introduced fire ants (Solenopsis invicta) and ammonium nitrate (NH4NO3) were used as prey and fertilizer nitrogen sources, respectively. Treatments included: 1) ant addition; 2) fertilizer addition; 3) ant addition/fertilizer addition; 4) no ants/no fertilizer; 5) control. Treatments were administered biweekly and morphological characteristics and herbivory were measured monthly from April-November 2012. Results indicated no significant treatment effects on plant performance and morphological characteristics, except for a significantly greater number of flowers displayed by the nutrient-deprived group (p < .005). Herbivory by Exyra semicrocea also showed a marginally significant negative effect on the tallest pitchers per ramet. Since nitrogen is primarily stored by pitchers and allocated to new growth in the following growing season, the predictive power of this study may be limited. However, increased flowering rate in the nutrient-deprived group suggests that plants were induced to flower from nutrient stress. Also, a burn at the beginning of the study likely influenced nutrient availability and plant response to experimental treatments. In conclusion, stress may have occurred from both fire and nutrients, and S. minor showed resistance and poor response to nitrogen addition.