Thesis (D. Min.)--Erskine Theological Seminary, 2003. / Abstract. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 131-137).

Thesis (D. Min.)--Erskine Theological Seminary, 2003. / Abstract. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 131-137).

Hydropony is a promising cultivation technique to increase phytomass production and essential oil in mints. Thus, this study was carried out with Mentha arvensis L. fo. piperascens Holmes, Mentha x gracilis Sole and Mentha x piperita var. citrata (Ehrh.) Briq. aiming to evaluate the following: productivity, the content and the chemical composition of essential oil testing four potassium concentrations (276, 414, 552 and 690 mg L-1 of K) in the nutritive solution for each species; determine the content and the accumulation of nutrients on the three species and test the performance of the nutritive solution calculated for mint cultivation under the hydroponic NFT system. The maximum value of K concentrations in the hydroponic solutions negatively affects the growth and the accumulation of phytomass in the plants, but increases the essential oil content per plant. The suggested K concentrations for a good growth of the species are between 276 and 414 mg L-1. Each Mentha species has its oil rich in distinct metabolites and thus, according to the major desired component, the solution has to be chosen with the most adequate K content. The contents of essential oil and menthol in M. arvensis fo. piperascens increasing K concentration in the nutritive solution. The K dosis of 552 mg L-1 allows a higher oil yield in g plant-1, while the best chemical composition and and content of menthol is allowed by the K dosis of 690 mg L-1. Essential oil yield per plant and the linalool quantity in M. x gracilis are reduced with the maximum K dosis. The suggested K concentration for the obtention of better yield in M. x gracilis can not be higher than 276 mg L-1 in the nutritive solution. The total content and yield of essential oil per plant in M. x piperita var. citrata increase with the maximum K dosis, but in this dosis there is a decrease in the quantity of linalool and linalyl acetate. To increase essential oil yield per plant in M. x piperita var. citrata, associated to the accumulation of linalool and linalyl acetate, K concentrations between 414 and 552 mg L-1 are recommended. Regarding the mineral composition of the three Mentha species studied, it was observed that nitrogen, calcium and potassium are the macronutrients concentrated and extracted in higher quantities in all plant parts; following the same pattern, the micronutrients are iron, manganese and zinc. The greater macronutrients accumulations occur in the leaves, than in the stems and in minor quantities in the roots. For the cultivation of these three species under the hydroponic NFT system, the nutritive solution with 276 mg L-1 of K is quite efficient and assures a good phytomass production, preventing the plants to show any visual deficiency or toxicity signs. Therefore, the cultivation of mints under hydropony, associated to K variation, can be of utility for the obtention of excellent raw material , in small areas of cultivation, and become an important subsidy for new studies in Lamiaceae species, with economical and pharmacological potential. / A hidroponia é uma técnica de cultivo promissora para incrementar a produção de fitomassa e óleo essencial em mentas. Em função disso, este estudo foi desenvolvido com Mentha arvensis L. fo. piperascens Holmes, Mentha x gracilis Sole e Mentha x piperita var. citrata (Ehrh.) Briq., cujos objetivos foram: avaliar a produtividade, o teor e a composição química do óleo essencial, testando quatro concentrações de potássio (276, 414, 552 e 690 mg L-1 de K) na solução nutritiva para cada espécie; determinar o teor e a acumulação de nutrientes nas três espécies e testar o desempenho de solução nutritiva calculada para o cultivo de menta, no sistema hidropônico NFT. O valor máximo da concentração de K nas soluções hidropônicas afeta negativamente o crescimento e a acumulação de fitomassa nas plantas, porém proporciona aumento no teor de óleo essencial por planta. As concentrações de K sugeridas para o bom crescimento das espécies encontram-se na faixa entre 276 e 414 mg L-1. Cada espécie de Mentha tem seu óleo rico em metabólitos distintos, assim de acordo com o componente majoritário desejado deve ser escolhida a solução com a variação de K mais adequada à obtenção do mesmo. Os teores de óleo essencial e de mentol, em M. arvensis fo. piperascens aumentam com o acréscimo de K na solução nutritiva. A dose de K de 552 mg L-1 proporciona maior rendimento de óleo em g planta-1, porém a melhor composição química e conteúdo de mentol são proporcionados pela dose de 690 mg L-1 de K. O rendimento do óleo essencial por planta e a quantidade de linalol, em M. x gracilis, são reduzidos com a dose máxima de K. A concentração de K sugerida para obtenção de maior rendimento de M. x gracilis não deve ultrapassar 276 mg L-1 na solução nutritiva. O teor e o rendimento total de óleo essencial por planta, em M. x piperita var. citrata, aumentam na dose máxima de K, porém nessa dose há diminuição na quantidade de linalol e acetato de linalila. Para obtenção de maior rendimento de óleo essencial por planta de M. x piperita var. citrata, associado ao acúmulo de linalol e acetato de linalila, recomendam-se concentrações de K entre 414 e 552 mg L-1. Com relação à composição mineral das três espécies de Mentha estudadas, verifica-se que nitrogênio, cálcio e potássio são os macronutrientes concentrados e extraídos em maior quantidade em todas as partes das plantas; da mesma forma, os micronutrientes são ferro, manganês e zinco. O maior acúmulo de macronutrientes ocorre nas folhas, depois nas hastes e por último nas raízes. Para o cultivo dessas três espécies, no sistema hidropônico NFT, a solução nutritiva elaborada com 276 mg L-1 de K é bastante eficiente e garante boa produção de fitomassa, sem que as plantas apresentem sinais visuais de deficiência ou toxicidade de nutrientes. Portanto, o cultivo hidropônico de mentas, associado à variação de K, poderá ser útil à obtenção de excelente matéria-prima, em pequenas áreas de cultivo, e servir de subsídio para novos estudos em espécies de Lamiaceae, com potencial econômico e farmacológico.

Submitted by Gustavo Moraes Ramos Valladão null (gmrvalladao@gmail.com) on 2018-03-08T17:23:53Z No. of bitstreams: 1 TESE DEFINITIVA-GUSTAVO VALLADÃO.pdf: 4240952 bytes, checksum: 9938fb80849c01699601d5904843f7e5 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Alexandra Maria Donadon Lusser Segali null (alexmar@fcav.unesp.br) on 2018-03-09T18:35:37Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 valladao_gmr_dr_jabo.pdf: 4240952 bytes, checksum: 9938fb80849c01699601d5904843f7e5 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2018-03-09T18:35:37Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 valladao_gmr_dr_jabo.pdf: 4240952 bytes, checksum: 9938fb80849c01699601d5904843f7e5 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2018-02-26 / Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq) / Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP) / Os óleos essenciais (OEs) de plantas são compostos estudados como aditivo alimentar na produção animal há alguns anos, sendo descritos por diversos autores como promotores de crescimento, imunoestimulantes e antimicrobianos. No entanto, os efeitos de sua adição na dieta de organismos aquáticos ainda são pouco conhecidos. No presente estudo, diferentes estratégias de suplementação com diferentes OEs foram testadas. No primeiro estudo, os OEs de Mentha piperita e Melaleuca alternifolia foram incorporados à dieta para tilapia-do-Nilo Oreochromis niloticus por um longo período (2 meses), e os seus efeitos sobre a saúde (parâmetros hematológicos, bioquímicos e imunológicos) e sobre o intestino (morfologia e morfometria) foram avaliados. Em um segundo momento, M. piperita, M. alternifolia, Citrus aurantium, Cymbopogon nardus, Ocimum basilicum e Thymus vulgaris foram testados in vitro contra isolados intestinais (Aeromonas hydrophila, Staphylococcus aureus e Edwardsiella tarda) da tilápia-do-Nilo para seleção daquele com maior capacidade de modular a microbiota dos peixes. O OE de Thymus vulgaris foi aquele que apresentou a maior atividade contra as bactérias testadas. Em um estudo final, o OE de Thymus vulgaris foi incorporado à dieta e fornecido por 15 dias à tilápia-do-Nilo e o efeito sobre a saúde, intestino, e também sobre a população de bactérias do gênero Bacillus no intestino foi avaliado. O primeiro experimento demonstrou que a M. piperita e a M. alternifolia foram capazes de imunoestimular componentes da resposta humoral dos peixes (ativando o sistema complemento) e a M. alternifolia ainda foi capaz de alterar a morfologia intestinal (ocasionando aumento de suas vilosidades). O OE de T. vulgaris apresentou maior atividade antibacteriana quando comparado aos outros cinco OEs testados in vitro, e quando adicionado à dieta foi capaz de imunoestimular componentes da resposta celular dos peixes (incrementando o número de leucócitos e linfócitos). Além disso, apesar de sua forte atividade antibacteriana, não foi capaz de alterar a população de bactérias benéficas do gênero Bacillus presentes no intestino. Em ambos experimentos in vivo as dietas suplementadas com OE não revelaram efeitos tóxicos aos peixes nas condições testadas. Baseado na revisão de literatura e nos resultados obtidos, conclui-se que, as suplementações com OEs foram seguras, apresentaram efeito imunoestimulante em diferentes componentes da resposta imune, puderam alterar em alguns casos a morfologia intestinal e parecem ter pouco impacto sobre a microbiota dos peixes. / Essential oils (EOs) of plants are compounds studied as food additive in animal production a few years ago. They have already been described by several authors, as growth promoter, immunostimulant and antimicrobial. However, the effects of its addition on the diet of aquatic organisms are still poorly understood. In the present study, different supplementation strategies with different EOs were tested. In the first study, the EOs of Mentha piperita and Melaleuca alternifolia were supplied for a long period (2 months) in the diet of Nile tilapia Oreochromis niloticus, and aspects of health (hematological, biochemical and immunological parameters) and intestine (morphology and morphometry) were evaluated. In a second moment, M. piperita, M. alternifolia, Citrus aurantium, Cymbopogon nardus, Ocimum basilicum and Thymus vulgaris were tested in vitro against the intestinal isolates (Aeromonas hydrophila, Staphylococcus aureus and Edwardsiella tarda) from Nile tilapia to select the one with the greatest capacity to modulate the microbiota of fish. Thymus vulgaris EO was the one that presented the highest activity against the bacteria tested. In a final study, the Thymus vulgaris EO was provided for 15 days in the diet of Nile tilapia where its effects on the health, intestine and on the population of bacteria of the genus Bacillus were evaluated. In the first experiment, it was shown that M. piperita and M. alternifolia were able to immunostimulate components of fish humoral response (activating the complement system) and M. alternifolia was still able to alter intestinal morphology (increasing their villi). The T. vulgaris EO presented higher antibacterial activity when compared to five other EOs, and when added to the diet it was able to immunostimulate components of the cellular response of fish (increasing the number of leukocytes and lymphocytes). In addition, despite its strong antibacterial activity, it was not able to alter the population of beneficial bacteria of the genus Bacillus present in the intestine. In both in vivo experiments, diets supplemented with EO showed no toxic effects on fish under the conditions tested. In conclusion, supplementation with EOs was safe, showed an immunostimulating effect on different components of the immune response, may in some cases alter the intestinal morphology and appear to have little impact on the fish microbiota. / FAPESP: 2014/14039-9 / CNPq: 140487/2014-0

Orientador: Carmen Silvia Fernandes Boaro / Banca: Márcia Ortiz Mayo Marques / Banca: João Domingos Rodrigues / Resumo: A Mentha piperita L., planta aromática da família Lamiaceae, é uma espécie de grande interesse econômico na obtenção de óleos essenciais. Seu óleo é amplamente empregado como aditivo de alimentos, em produtos de higiene bucal e em preparações farmacêuticas. Este estudo objetivou avaliar a influência da variação do nível de cálcio em solução nutritiva, associada à aplicação de ethephon, no desenvolvimento e na produção do óleo essencial de menta. O experimento foi conduzido em casa de vegetação do Departamento de Botânica do Instituto de Biociências, Universidade Estadual Paulista, UNESP, Botucatu, SP. Para tanto, as plantas foram cultivadas em solução nutritiva no 2 de Hoagland & Arnon, contendo 160 mg L-1 de cálcio e na mesma solução com sua redução para 50%, 80 mg L-1 e 90%, 16 mg L-1 e submetidas à pulverização foliar com 100, 200 e 400 mg L-1 de ethephon, onde permaneceram até as datas de colheitas, realizadas aos 46, 76, 106 e 136 dias após o transplante das mudas para a solução nutritiva. O delineamento foi inteiramente casualizado com doze tratamentos, constituídos por três níveis de cálcio e quatro doses de ethephon, quatro repetições e quatro colheitas. A aplicação do ethephon, via foliar, foi realizada em quatro épocas, com intervalos de 30 dias, tendo início aos 31 dias após transplante das mudas para a solução nutritiva. Em cada colheita foram determinados, o comprimento de parte aérea, a área foliar, a matéria seca de lâminas foliares, de caules mais pecíolos, de raízes e total das plantas. Para a análise de crescimento foram determinados os índices fisiológicos, taxa de crescimento absoluto (TCA), taxa de crescimento relativo (TCR), taxa assimilatória líquida (TAL), razão de área foliar (RAF) e área foliar específica (AFE). / Abstract: Mentha piperita L., an aromatic plant from Lamiaceae family, is a species with great economic interest for producing essential oils. Its oil is extensively employed as food additive, in products of mouth hygiene and in pharmaceutical formulas. This research aimed to evaluate the influence of the calcium level variation in nutritive solution, associated to ethephon application, on the development and in the essential oil yield of mint. The experiment was conducted in the greenhouse at the Bio Science Institute/ Botany Department, UNESP, Botucatu-SP. Thus, all plants were grown in a no 2 Hoagland & Arnon nutritive solution, varying the calcium level in three different proportions: the first group contained the standart level of calcium, of 160 mg L-1 found in this nutritive solution. The second group was grown with Ca2+ reduction in 50%, therefore, 80 mg L-1. The third group was grown with Ca2+ reduction in 90%, therefore, 16 mg L-1. The three groups were submitted to leaf pulverization with 100, 200 and 400 mg L-1 of ethephon. Thus, the plants remained with this treatment until the dates of harvests, which were performed at 46, 76, 106 and 136 days after the transplantation to nutritive solution. The design was completely randomized with twelve treatments constituted of three and four levels of calcium and ethephon, respectively, four replicates and four harvests. The application of ethephon on the leaves first started at the 31st day after the transplantation (DAT) to nutritive solution, and was performed at four epochs, with intervals of 30 days. Shoot length, leaf area, and dry matter of leaf blades, stems plus petioles, roots and total of the plants were determined in each harvest. For growth analysis, it was measured the physiological indexes absolute growth rate (AGR), relative growth rate (RGR), net assimilation rate (NAR), leaf area ratio (LAR) and specific leaf area (SLA). / Mestre

Diploma thesis is focused on study of compounds of terpenic nature in mint plants. Terpenic compounds are volatile hydrocarbons formed by several isoprenoid units with low molecular weight which cause the typical smell of plants. Presence of these compounds cause that plants seem to be fungicidal, bactericidal and insecticidal. Due to these properties, they can be used as botanical pesticides which are not toxic and no resistant organisms occur. Each plant contains relatively low concentrations of these compounds and therefore elicitors must be used for the increasing of terpenes amount. Elicitors activate defensive mechanisms in the plant leading to higher defense abilities and production of secondary metabolites. The identification and quantification of analytes was determined by gas chromatography in connection with mass spectrometry.

Steigende Zahlen internationaler Studierender erfordern ein studienbegleitendes Angebot an interkulturellen Qualifizierungsmaßnahmen. In den MINT-Studiengängen, die zugleich die höchste Anzahl der Internationals aufweisen, erschwert das vorherrschende Objektivitätspostulat oft die Akzeptanz derartiger Maßnahmen. Im Rahmen des ESF-Projekts zur akademischen Integration internationaler Studierender an der TU Chemnitz wurde ein Programm entwickelt, das auf dem Leitkonzept der akademischen Kulturen gründet, fachspezifisch ausgerichtet ist und praxisnahe Unterstützung im zunehmend interkulturell geprägten Studienalltag bietet.

Für die Sicherung des Studienerfolges bieten E-Assessments großes Potential. Die Erstellung elektronischer Übungsaufgaben muss sich jedoch insb. im MINT-Bereich besonderen Herausforderungen stellen. Derzeit arbeiten die HS Zittau/Görlitz und die TU Dresden im Vorhabenpaket „E-Assess-MINT“ an Handlungsempfehlungen für die Erstellung und Durchführung kompetenzorientierter Onlineübungen im MINT-Bereich. Ziel ist es, die Studierenden im Rahmen ihrer selbstorganisierten Lernprozesse durch ein individuelles Feedback zu unterstützen. Der Beitrag stellt Umsetzungskonzepte und erste Evaluationsergebnisse beider Standorte vor.

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In Deutschland und den USA engagiert sich die unternehmerische Philanthropie zunehmend in der Allgemeinbildung, während der letzten Dekade vor allem in den „MINT“ und den „STEM“ Fächern. Hierzu gibt es bisher kaum systematische Studien. Diese vergleichende Arbeit untersucht, warum und wie sich Unternehmen in diesen Bereichen engagieren, und wie sich ihre Rolle in der Bildung verändert. Die Studie beruht auf einer historischen Analyse der Rolle von Unternehmen in der Bildung seit 1945 und auf Interviews mit Experten aus dem MINT- und STEM-Bereich. Die wichtigsten Befunde der Studie sind: (1) Zuvor überwiegend in der dualen Bildung aktiv, begannen deutsche Unternehmen in den frühen 2000er Jahren u.a. als Reaktion auf den PISA-Schock, sich philanthropisch in der allgemeinen Schulbildung zu engagieren. (2) Unternehmerische Philanthropie führten die MINT und STEM Bildungsbewegung an. Aufgrund ihrer etablierten, gut vernetzten und vielfach finanzkräftigeren Stiftungen gelang es US-amerikanischen Unternehmen besser als deutschen, das Thema ins öffentliche Bewusstsein zu rücken, Ressourcen zu erschließen und Änderungen in der Bildungspolitik zu erwirken. (3) Unternehmen und deren Stiftungen wurden in erster Linie durch Entwicklungen auf dem Arbeitsmarkt, langfristige ökonomische Überlegungen und die Notwendigkeit zur Innovation motiviert, sich zu engagieren; aufgrund unterschiedlicher demographischer Aspekte und Entwicklungen in der Bildung fanden sich Unterschiede zwischen den beiden Ländern. (4) In Deutschland und den USA agiert die unternehmerische Philanthropie zunehmend strategisch, d.h. sie handelt ergebnisorientiert und achtet auf Skalierbarkeit ihrer Aktivitäten. Dies hat das Engagement von Unternehmen in der Bildungspolitik verstärkt und die Anforderung der Wirtschaft in den Fokus gerückt. Manche US-amerikanische Unternehmen haben begonnen, Berufsbildungswege zu schaffen, was bisher nicht die Regel war. / Corporate philanthropy is active in K-12 education in Germany and the U.S. but there is minimal research about it. Over the last decade corporate philanthropic actors in both countries have become active in STEM* education (in Germany, MINT). This comparative study is about why and how they decided to invest in these initiatives and how that is tied to their traditional roles in education. It leans on the history of company involvement in education since 1945 and on interviews with experts active in the STEM and MINT education scenes. The main findings are: (1) As a result of the PISA shock and other factors, German companies that traditionally engaged only in vocational education have become active in general K-12 education. (2) Corporate philanthropy led the STEM and MINT education movements. However, U.S. companies and their foundations, with decades of philanthropic experiences and networks in education, were more successful in raising awareness, organizing resources, and achieving policy changes at the federal level. (3) Companies and their foundations were driven to invest in STEM and MINT education largely by workforce, long-term innovation, and economic concerns but there were key differences because of the differing demographic and education trends in the two countries. (4) In the U.S. and Germany, corporate philanthropy is attempting to be more strategic. This has resulted in a focus on outcome-based measurements and scalability but has also led to more investments in nonprofit and policy organizations instead of schools or their booster clubs. It has also resulted in corporate philanthropy better aligning with company competencies and needs, which made STEM and MINT ideal. In the case of the U.S., this has also resulted in some companies creating vocational programs, an area of education most companies avoided in the past. *STEM= Science, Technology, Engineering, and Math MINT= Mathematik, Informatik, Naturwissenschaften und Technik