Cellular senescence is a permanent cell cycle arrest that is induced as a response to cellular stress. Replicative senescence is a well-described mechanism that limits the replicative capacity of cells and must be overcome by cancer cells. Oncogene-induced senescence (OIS) is a form of premature senescence and a potent tumor suppressor mechanism. OIS is induced in normal cells as a result of deregulated oncogene or tumor suppressor gene expression. An exciting area of research is the identification of novel targets that induce senescence in cancer cells as a therapeutic approach. In this study, a novel mechanism is described where the inhibition of Hsp90 in small cell lung cancer (SCLC) cells induced premature senescence rather than cell death. The senescence induced following Hsp90 inhibition was p21-dependent and the loss of p21 allowed SCLC cells to bypass the induction of senescence. Additionally, we identified a novel mechanism where the depletion of PKCι induced senescence in glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) cells. PKCι depletion-induced senescence did not activate the DNA-damage response pathway and was p21-dependent. Further perturbations of mitosis, using an aurora kinase inhibitor, increased the number of senescent cells when combined with PKCι depletion. This suggests that PKCι depletion-induced senescence involves defects in mitotic progression. Senescent glioblastoma cells at a basal level of senescence in culture, induced by p21 overexpression, and induced after PKCι depletion had aberrant centrosomes. Mitotic slippage is an early exit from mitosis without cell division that occurs when the spindle assembly checkpoint (SAC) is not satisfied. Senescent glioblastoma cells had multiple markers of mitotic slippage. Therefore, PKCι depletion-induced senescence involves mitotic slippage and results in aberrant centrosomes. A U87MG cell line with a doxycycline-inducible shRNA targeting PKCι was developed to deplete PKCι in established xenografts. PKCι was depleted in established glioblastoma xenografts in mice and resulted in decreased cell proliferation, delayed tumor growth and improved survival. This study has demonstrated that both Hsp90 and PKCι are novel targets to induce senescence in cancer cells as a potential therapeutic approach.

Un couple canadien sur six aurait des problèmes de fertilité. Jusqu’à 70% des embryons humains générés en clinique de fertilité possèdent des cellules avec un nombre erroné de chromosomes appelées cellules aneuploïdes. L’aneuploïdie est le résultat d’une mauvaise ségrégation des chromosomes durant la division cellulaire et réduit les chances de grossesse à terme. Il fut démontré que les embryons ont un temps de division différent et que ce temps peut être un indicateur de sa santé. Cependant, comment cette division affecte l’embryon au niveau cellulaire reste à démontrer. Chez les cellules somatiques, le temps de divisions cellulaires (phase-M) est directement lié à l'intégrité chromosomique. Plus précisément, une phase-M prolongée peut provoquer une séparation prématurée des chromatides sœurs appelée "fatigue des cohésions" (CF). Indépendamment, divers mécanismes réduisent les erreurs de ségrégation des chromosomes. L’un d’entre eux, le point de contrôle de l'horloge mitotique (mitotic-timer) fut décrit chez les cellules somatiques comme actif après une prolongation de la phase-M provoquant ainsi un arrêt G1/S des cellules filles. L’existence du mitotic-timer et la présence de CF chez l'embryon de mammifère reste inconnues. Des travaux suggèrent que certains points de contrôle sont défaillants chez les embryons. Ici, nous faisons l’hypothèse que les embryons préimplantatoires n'ont pas de mitotic-timer et examinons leurs capacités de division après une exposition à des agents perturbateurs de la mitose. La durée de la phase-M fut manipulée chez des embryons de souris au stade deux-cellules avec un inhibiteur du complexe de promotion de l’anaphase. L'imagerie de cellules fixées et vivantes fut réalisée sur un microscope confocal et à fluorescence inversée. Contrairement aux cellules somatiques, les embryons préimplantatoires ne parviennent pas à activer le mitotic-timer après une phase-M prolongée de 6 heures au stade 2-cellules, et ils se développent jusqu'au stade blastocyste. Cette même extension conduit à la CF, qui induit des défauts de ségrégation chromosomique. En revanche, une extension extrême (14 heures) de la phase-M provoque un arrêt du cycle cellulaire à l'interphase suivante. Également, une accumulation de dommages à l'ADN est observée avec l'individualisation des chromosomes en phase-M. Pour résumer, une prolongation extrême de la phase-M provoque un arrêt du cycle cellulaire. Une phase-M de 6 heures suffit à provoquer des erreurs de ségrégation, mais n’active pas le mitotic-timer et conduit ainsi à une instabilité chromosomique. Par conséquent, comme les embryons sont sensibles à la CF, nous nous sommes demandé si les œufs en métaphase II, où le fuseau persiste pendant plusieurs heures, pourraient également être sujets à la CF. Pour tester cela, nous avons examiné des ovocytes de souris jeunes (2-3 mois) et âgées (16 mois), ainsi que des ovocytes humains. De manière frappante, la fréquence des chromosomes mal alignés n'était pas associée à la durée de l'arrêt en métaphase II, quel que soit l'espèce ou l'âge. En conclusion, contrairement aux embryons, les ovocytes en métaphase-II semblent protégés de la CF pour garantir l'intégrité du génome pendant l'arrêt prolongé qui précède la fécondation. Nous pensons que l’intégration de la durée de la phase-M pourrait améliorer la sélection des embryons viable en clinique. / One in six Canadian couples struggle with infertility. Nearly 70% of human embryos generated in fertility clinics contain aneuploid cells, possessing the wrong number of chromosomes due to errors during embryonic cell division in chromosome segregation. Aneuploidy reduces the risk of full-term pregnancy and is the cause of various genetic disorders. It has been reported that the timing of cell divisions in the early embryo is variable and may be an indicator of embryo health, but we have a limited understanding of how mitotic timing in the embryo impacts the embryo on a cellular level. In somatic cells the timing of cell divisions has recently been shown to relate directly to chromosome integrity. Specifically, extended M-phase can cause premature separation of sister chromatids, known as "cohesion fatigue" (CF). In addition, several checkpoints operate to reduce chromosome segregation errors. The mitotic timer (MitClock) has been described in somatic cells where an extended duration of M-phase can cause a subsequent G1/S arrest. But whether MitClock can operate in the mammalian embryo, and whether the embryo is susceptible to CF, are unknown. Other work suggests that well characterised genetic integrity-protecting pathways may be lacking in embryos. We therefore hypothesized that early mammalian embryos lack a mitotic clock checkpoint and we aimed to examine their ability to divide following exposure to mitotic disrupting agents. To address these questions, M-phase duration was manipulated in two-cell stage mice embryos with an anaphase promoting complex inhibitor. Fixed-cell and live imaging were performed on confocal and inverted fluorescence microscopes. In contrast to somatic cells, preimplantation embryos fail to activate MitClock after 6-hours in a prolonged M-phase at the 2-cell stage, and embryos develop to blastocysts. Importantly however, this same extension leads to CF, which induces chromosome segregation defects. In contrast, an extreme (14 hour) M-phase extension causes cell cycle arrest in the subsequent interphase, which we show involves the accumulation of DNA damage and is potentiated by chromosome individualisation in M-phase. To summarise, while extreme elongation of M-phase can cause cell cycle arrest, even a 6-hour M-phase is enough to elicit CF and chromosome segregation errors. The 6-hour M-phase fails to activate a mitotic clock checkpoint and thus leads to chromosomal instability. As we have shown that embryos are susceptible to CF, we wondered whether Metaphase-II eggs, where the spindle persists for several hours, might also be prone to CF. To test this, we examined oocytes from young (2-3 months) and old (16 months) mice, as well as human oocytes matured from GV stage from patients undergoing fertility treatment. Strikingly, the frequency of misaligned chromosomes was not associated with the length of Metaphase-II arrest regardless of species, or age. We conclude that, contrary to what we found to be the case for mitotic M-phases in the early embryo, the chromosomes on Metaphase-II spindles are protected from cohesion fatigue to protect genome integrity during the prolonged Metaphase-II arrest that precedes fertilization. Altogether, we speculate that integration of M-phase lengths into embryo selection algorithms may in future improve the ability to select the most viable embryo in the clinic.

Pour maintenir l'architecture du tissue, les cellules épithéliales se divisent de manière planaire, perpendiculaire à leur axe principal de polarité. Du fait que le centrosome retrouve sa localisation apicale à l'interphase l'orientation du fuseau mitotique est réinitialisée à chaque cycle cellulaire. Nous utilisons de l'imagerie live en trois dimensions de centrosome marqués en GFP pour investiguer la dynamique de l'orientation du fuseau mitotique des cellules neuroépithéliales de l'embryon de poulet. Le fuseau mitotique présente des mouvements stéréotypiques pendant la métaphase, avec dans un premier temps une phase active de d'orientation planaire suivie par une phase de maintenance planaire jusqu'à l'anaphase. Nous décrivons la localisation des protéines NuMA et LGN formant un anneau au niveau du cortex latéral cellulaire au moment de l'orientation du fuseau. Enfin, nous montrons que le complexe protéique formé par LGN, NuMA et par la sous unité Gai localisé au cortex est nécessaire pour les mouvements du fuseau et pour réguler la dynamique de l'orientation du fuseau. La localisation restreinte de LGN et NuMA en anneau cortical est instructive pour l'alignement planaire du fuseau mitotique et est également requise pour sa maintenance planaire. / To maintain tissue architecture, epithelial cells divide in a planar fashion, perpendicular to their main polarity axis. As the centrosome resumes an apical localization in interphase, planar spindle orientation is reset at each cell cycle. We used three-dimensional live imaging of GFP-labeled centrosomes to investigate the dynamics of spindle orientation in chick neuroepithelial cells. The mitotic spindle displays stereotypic movements during metaphase, with an active phase of planar orientation and a subsequent phase of planar maintenance before anaphase. We describe the localization of the NuMA and LGN proteins in a belt at the lateral cell cortex during spindle orientation. Finally, we show that the complex formed of LGN, NuMA, and of cortically located Gái subunits is necessary for spindle movements and regulates the dynamics of spindle orientation. The restricted localization of LGN and NuMA in the lateral belt is instructive for the planar alignment of the mitotic spindle, and required for its planar maintenance.

La mitose est une étape essentielle du cycle cellulaire à l’issue de laquelle le génome répliqué de la cellule mère est ségrégé de façon équitable entre les deux cellules filles. Pour cela, la cellule assemble une structure hautement dynamique et composée de microtubules, appelée le fuseau mitotique. En plus d’assurer la bonne ségrégation des chromosomes, le fuseau mitotique détermine l’axe de division, un phénomène particulièrement important pour la division asymétrique où des déterminants d’identité cellulaire doivent être distribués de façon inéquitable entre les deux cellules filles. L’assemblage et la dynamique de ce fuseau sont finement régulés par de nombreuses protéines qui sont associées aux microtubules. Au cour de ma thèse, nous avons identifié 855 protéines constituant l’interactome des microtubules de l’embryon de Drosophile par spectrométrie de masse puis criblé par ARNi 96 gènes peu caractérisés pour un rôle en mitose dans le système nerveux central larvaire. Par cette approche, nous avons identifié 18 candidats sur la base de leur interaction aux microtubules et de leur phénotype mitotique, dont Ensconsine/MAP7. Nous avons montré qu’Ensconsine est capable de s’associer aux microtubules du fuseau et favorise leur polymérisation. De plus, les neuroblastes des larves mutantes présentent des fuseaux raccourcis et une durée de mitose prolongée. Ce délai en mitose est dû à une activation prolongée du point de contrôle du fuseau mitotique qui est essentiel pour une ségrégation correcte des chromosomes en l’absence d’Ensconsine. D’autres part, en association avec la Kinésine-1, son partenaire fonctionnel en interphase, nous avons montré qu’Ensconsine est également impliquée dans la séparation des centrosomes au cours de l’interphase. Ceci entraine une distribution aléatoire des centrosomes pères et fils dans cellules filles. Grâce à cette étude, nous avons révélé deux nouvelles fonctions pour Ensconsine : elle favorise la polymérisation des microtubules et participe donc à l’assemblage du fuseau mitotique et est impliquée, avec la Kinésine-1 dans la dynamique des centrosomes. / Mitosis is a key step of the cell cycle that allows the mother cell to segregate its replicated genome equally into the two daughter cells. To do so, the cell assembles a highly dynamic structure composed of microtubules called the mitotic spindle. Additionally to its role in the faithful segregation of chromosomes, the mitotic spindle defines the axis of cell division. This phenomenon is particularly important for the asymmetric cell division in which cell fate determinants have to be unequally distributed between the two daughter cells. Spindle assembly and dynamics are subtly regulated by numerous microtubules-associated proteins. During my PhD, we identified using mass spectrometry, 855 proteins establishing the Drosophila embryo microtubule interactome. An RNAi screen was performed in the larval central nervous system for 96 poorly described genes, in order to identify new mitotic regulators. Based on microtubule interaction and mitotic phenotype, among 18 candidates we focused on Ensconsin/MAP7. We have shown that Ensconsin is associated with spindle microtubules and promotes their polymerization. Neuroblasts from mutant larvae display shorter spindles and a longer mitosis duration. This mitotic delay is a consequence of an extended activation of the spindle assembly checkpoint, which is essential for the proper chromosome segregation in the absence of Ensconsin. This study also showed that, in association with its interphase partner Kinesin-1, Ensconsin is involved in centrosome separation during interphase. As a result, mother and daughter centrosomes are randomly distributed between the daughter cells. In conclusion, we highlighted two news functions of Ensconsin : first, this protein promotes microtubule polymerization and is involved in spindle assembly ; second, Ensconsin and its partner Kinesin-1 regulate centrosome dynamics.

La mutation à l’origine de la maladie de Huntington (MH) correspond à une expansion anormale de glutamines sur la protéine huntingtine (HTT). La MH est caractérisée par des symptômes moteurs et cognitifs mais également des troubles psychiatriques tels que l’anxiété et la dépression.Au cours de ma thèse, j’ai montré que la HTT module le statut anxio-dépressif de la souris via ses phosphorylations aux sérines 1181/1201. En effet, l’ablation des phosphorylations sur la HTT endogène améliore significativement le phénotype anxio-dépressif de la souris. Chez la souris, cette modulation dépend d’une augmentation de la maturation et de la survie des nouveaux neurones dans l’hippocampe. En effet, l’irradiation focale de l’hippocampe, dans un contexte où les phosphorylations sont absentes, supprime la neurogenèse et la réduction du statut anxio-dépressif observée en l’absence de phosphorylations. Au niveau moléculaire, la HTT non phosphorylée accroît l’association des moteurs moléculaires et des vésicules de BDNF sur les microtubules, ce qui augmente les dynamiques et la libération du BDNF. Ceci active la voie de signalisation MAPK/CREB dans l’hippocampe, cette voie pouvant ainsi stimuler la neurogenèse.J’ai ensuite étudié le rôle de ces phosphorylations dans un contexte MH et j’ai démontré l’effet anxiolytique/antidépresseur de l’absence de ces phosphorylations.J’ai également montré le rôle de ces phosphorylations de la HTT au cours du développement du cortex embryonnaire.Les résultats obtenus au cours de ma thèse suggèrent que les mécanismes fondamentaux de neurogenèse sont régulés par la HTT et ses phosphorylations. De plus, ils identifient une nouvelle voie de modulation de l’anxiété/dépression faisant intervenir la HTT. / Huntington disease (HD) is a fatal neurodegenerative disorder associated with early psychiatric symptoms including anxiety and depression.During my thesis, I have demonstrated that huntingtin, the protein mutated in HD, modulates anxiety/depression-related behaviors through its phosphorylations at serines 1181 and 1201. Indeed, genetic phospho-ablation at serines 1181 and 1201 in mouse reduces basal levels of anxiety/depression-like behaviors in mouse. Suppression of neurogenesis by focal hippocampal irradiation abolishes this reduction of basal levels of anxiety/depression on some behavioral test demonstrating that neurogenesis is involved in this process. Ablation of HTT phosphorylations may stimulate neurogenesis through BDNF transport, release and signaling.I have also shown that ablation of phosphorylations on HTT is sufficient to ameliorate the anxiety/depression-like behavior of a mouse model of HD, which develops a behavior indicative of depression–like state.I have finally explored the role of HTT phosphorylation at serines 1181 and 1201 during brain development. During early steps of cortical neurogenesis, I have shown that ablation of HTT phosphorylations affects the mitosis of cortical progenitors, the fate of newly generated cells and the migration of new neurons.The results obtained during my thesis support the notion that HTT regulates key molecular mechanisms during neurogenesis both in adult and embryo. It also supports the notion that huntingtin participates to anxiety and depression-like behavior with potential consequences for the etiology of mood disorders and anxiety/depression in HD.

Com o objetivo de se caracterizar o processo de recombinação somática em Trichoderma pseudokoningii foram feitos cruzamentos via anastomose de hifas entre duas linhagens contrastantes para quatro marcadores de auxotrofia, coloração dos conídios e marcadores de RAPD. Foram feitos quatro cruzamentos, sendo analisados um total de 1052 colônias obtidas a partir de suspensões de conídios provenientes das colônias heterocarióticas. Sessenta e oito colônias recombinantes foram analisadas quanto às marcas de auxotrofia em quatro gerações de crescimento, sendo observado que 58 mantiveram o fenótipo recombinante, enquanto que as colônias restantes reverteram para um dos parentais. A maioria das colônias recombinantes se mostrou instável. Entretanto, após 4 gerações de crescimento estas colônias se tornaram estáveis para as marcas de auxotrofia avaliadas. As colônias recombinantes instáveis apresentaram bordas de crescimento irregular, esporulação esparsa e a freqüente formação de setores. Estas colônias recombinantes foram analisadas quanto aos marcadores RAPD, tendo mostrado grande similaridade, em relação ao perfil de bandas apresentado, com a maioria dos primers analisados. Somente com um primer foi possível visualizar a presença de uma banda polimórfica entre os recombinantes e a presença de bandas nos parentais não existentes em alguns recombinantes. Cinco colônias recombinantes foram analisadas quanto ao perfil de bandas cromossomais (PFGE), tendo sido observado que 2 colônias apresentaram padrões cromossomais igual a um dos parentais e 3 colônias apresentaram padrões recombinantes. Nos estudos citológicos verificou-se a formação de conídios uninucleados na conidiogênese, e a presença de conídios verdes maduros multinucleados, devido a prováveis divisões nucleares durante o processo de maturação dos conídios. Observou-se durante a formação dos heterocários a ocorrência de anastomoses e a passagem de núcleos, tendo sido observado a presença de núcleos com várias conformações, sugerindo um movimento ativo dos mesmos. Os resultados acima sugerem a ocorrência de mecanismos de recombinação no heterocário (recombinação somática), diferentes daqueles descritos para o ciclo parassexual ou parameiose, sendo proposto a ocorrência da degradação, no heterocário, dos núcleos de um dos parentais envolvidos nos cruzamentos (parental não prevalente) e a incorporação de segmentos destes em núcleos íntegros do parental prevalente. Se estes eventos realmente estiverem ocorrendo, sugere-se que estes sejam devido a possíveis reações limitadas de incompatibilidade vegetativa, ocasionando processos de lise e morte celular em algumas regiões do micélio heterocariótico. / To understand the somatic recombination process in Trichoderma pseudokoningii, auxotrophic complementary mutant strains were used to produce 4 heterokaryons. These strains were contrasting for four auxotrophic markers, conidia colors and for some RAPD markers. It was analyzed a total of 1052 colonies obtained from conidial suspensions of the heterokaryotic colonies. Stability of auxotrophic markers was evaluated in 68 recombinant colonies after four growing generations. In this analysis, 58 colonies kept the recombinant phenotype, while 10 reverted to one parental strain. Most of the recombinant colonies were initially unstable, but after at least 4 growing generations these recombinants became stable for auxotrophic markers. The unstable recombinant colonies showed irregular growing borders, sparse sporulation and frequent sector formation. The recombinant colonies were analyzed by RAPD technique. These colonies showed high similarity for the most of used primers. However, one primer showed a polymorphic band and some recombinants missing bands observed in parental strains. Chromosomal band profile of 5 recombinants and two parental strains were analyzed by Pulsed Field Gel Electrophoresis technique (PFGE). Two recombinants showed parental profiles and 3 showed recombinant profiles, respectively. In cytological studies of the conidiogenesis was observed the formation of only uninucleated conidia. However, presence of multinucleated mature green conidia was evident, probably due to nuclear divisions in course of maturing process of the conidia. During the process of heterokaryotic mycelium formation was possible to observe the occurrence of anastomosis that showed nuclear transfer. The presence of nuclei in several conformations was observed at the different regions of the heterokaryon, suggesting an active movement. The results presented in this study suggest the occurrence of recombination mechanisms in the heterokayon (somatic recombination), different from those described in classic parasexual cycle or parameiosis. Thus, it was proposed that may occur during this recombinant process the degradation of nuclei from one parental (non-prevalent parental) in the heterokaryon, and that the resulting chromosomal fragments may be incorporated into whole nuclei of the another parental (prevalent parental). If this natural transformation is occurring during this recombination process could be suggested that this event is due to a limited incompatible vegetative reactions, generating cellular lyses and death in some regions of the heterokaryotic mycelium.

O principal objetivo deste trabalho é o de estabelecer uma estratégia confiável relacionada a genotoxicidade, proteção genômica e recombinação mitótica em Aspergillus nidulans. A genotoxicidade foi induzida por vapor de benzeno e, para testar a proteção genômica, a soja foi usada devido às suas propriedades anticarcinogênicas muito conhecidas. O principal resultado obtido foi que a soja transgênica mostrou maiores propriedades antigenotóxicas do que a soja tradicional. Isto foi duplamente confirmado, tanto através de estratégias de genética clássica, como molecular. Além disso, cada experimento foi repetido três vezes. Principais conclusões foram as seguintes: a) estabelecimento de um protocolo adequado para atender às complexidades dos eventos epigenéticos e, b) a aplicação desse tal protocolo e experimentos afins para testar outros agentes ambientais suspeitos de apresentarem propriedades antigenotóxicas, ou que precisem de sua identificação como tal. Evidentemente, levando-se em conta a grande preocupação relacionada aos alimentos transgênicos e aos muitos produtos de biotecnologia, que entram no mercado, o elenco de prováveis candidatos aos tipos de testes apresentados, será muito grande. Como os resultados obtidos sugerem íntima relação entre metilação de DNA eucariótico, a recombinação mitótica e outros eventos danosos às células, os eventos envolvidos serão epigeneticamente discutidos. / Main aim is to provide a reliable approach to deal with the aspects related to induced genotoxicity, genomic protection and eukaryotic mitotic recombination in Aspergillus nidulans. Genotoxicity was benzene fumes induced, and to test genomic protection soybean has been used on account of its putative anticarcinogenic properties. Main outcome is that transgenic soybean bears higher antigenotoxic properties than traditional soybean. This has been twofold confirmed through basic genetic approaches and molecular approaches, as well. In addition, each experimental approach has been three times repeated. Additional important outcomes are: a- establishment of a reliable protocol to deal with the complexities of the epigenetic events, and b- likely use of present protocol and experimental set-up to test other environmental agents of which antigenotoxic properties are either suspected, or need precise identification. Evidently, on account of present wide concern the transgenic foodstuffs, and many other biotechnological products, as well, are obvious candidates for similar approaches. Obtained results suggest close relationships among eukaryotic DNA methylation, mitotic recombination, and other cells damaging events reputedly leading to carcinogenesis.

Soy contains many bioactive molecules known to elicit anti-cancer effects. One such peptide, Lunasin, has been shown to selectively act on newly transformed cells while having no cytotoxic effect on non-tumorigenic or established cancer cell lines. In this study we attempt to understand the developmental effects of Lunasin overexpression in vivo and create reagents that will help us understand Lunasin’s anti tumorigenic effects in an intact organism. cDNA encoding lunasin and EGFP-lunasin were cloned into pUAST and microinjected into Drosophila embryos. Tissue-specific overexpression of EGFP-Lun in the resulting transgenic lines was accomplished by crossing transgenics to various GAL4 driver lines. Progeny were assessed for phenotypic alterations and no phenotypic abnormalities were observed in tissues expressing EGFP-Lunasin, supporting current studies that show Lunasin does not affect normal cells. Previous studies have localized Lunasin to the nuclear compartment. To test if this was the case for EGFP-Lun, subcellular localization of EGFP-Lun was determined via fluorescence microscopy. Salivary glands from EGFP-Lun expressing individuals were dissected, fixed, and mounted in Vectashield® with the nuclear stain, DAPI. Our results demonstrate that EGFP-Lun, like native Lunasin, is localized to the nucleus. Eight transgenic lines were mapped to specific chromosomes and EGFP-Lun transgenic line GEJ1-L2 was balanced in preparation for use in tumor suppression studies. In summary, we have created and characterized transgenic flies capable of overexpressing Lunasin under the control of the GAL4/UAS system. Localization of EGFP-Lunasin to the nucleus and data on the phenotypic consequence of its overexpression in flies is presented. Finally, reagents created as part of this thesis will aid experiments aimed at understanding the effects of Lunasin on benign and invasive tumors.

No description available.

<p>Although it has been known for many years that B-cyclin/CDK complexes regulate the assembly of the mitotic spindle and entry into mitosis, the full complement of relevant CDK targets has not been identified. It has previously been shown in a variety of model systems that B-type cyclin/CDK complexes, kinesin-5 motors, and the SCF<super>Cdc4</super> ubiquitin ligase are required for the separation of spindle poles and assembly of a bipolar spindle. It has been suggested that in the budding yeast,<italic> Saccharomyces cerevisiae</italic>, B-type cyclin/CDK (Clb/Cdc28) complexes promote spindle pole separation by inhibiting the degradation of the kinesins-5 Kip1 and Cin8 by the anaphase-promoting complex (APC<super>Cdh1</super>). I have determined, however, that the Kip1 and Cin8 proteins are actually present at wild-type levels in yeast in the absence of Clb/Cdc28 kinase activity. Here, I show that Kip1 and Cin8 are in vitro targets of Clb2/Cdc28, and that the mutation of conserved CDK phosphorylation sites on Kip1 inhibits spindle pole separation without affecting the protein's <italic>in vivo</italic> localization or abundance. Mass spectrometry analysis confirms that two CDK sites in the tail domain of Kip1 are phosphorylated in vivo. In addition, I have determined that Sic1, a Clb/Cdc28-specific inhibitor, is the SCF<super>Cdc4</super> target that inhibits spindle pole separation in cells lacking functional Cdc4. Based on these findings, I propose that Clb/Cdc28 drives spindle pole separation by direct phosphorylation of kinesin-5 motors. </p><p>In addition to the positive regulation of kinesin-5 function in spindle assembly, I have also found evidence that suggests CDK phosphorylation of kinesin-5 motors at different sites negatively regulates kinesin-5 activity to prevent premature spindle pole separation. I have also begun to characterize a novel putative role for the kinesins-5 in mitochondrial genome inheritance in <italic>S. cerevisiae</italic> that may also be regulated by CDK phosphorylation. </p><p>In the course of my dissertation research, I encountered problems with several established molecular biology tools used by yeast researchers that I have tried to address. I have constructed a set of 42 plasmid shuttle vectors based on the widely used pRS series for use in <italic>S. cerevisiae</italic> that can be propagated in the bacterium Escherichia coli. This set of pRSII plasmids includes new shuttle vectors that can be used with histidine and adenine auxotrophic laboratory yeast strains carrying mutations in the genes <italic>HIS2</italic> and <italic>ADE1</italic>, respectively. My new pRSII plasmids also include updated versions of commonly used pRS plasmids from which common restriction sites that occur within their yeast-selectable biosynthetic marker genes have been removed in order to increase the availability of unique restriction sites within their polylinker regions. Hence, my pRSII plasmids are a complete set of integrating, centromere and 2&#61549; episomal plasmids with the biosynthetic marker genes <italic>ADE2</italic>, <italic>HIS3</italic>, <italic>TRP1</italic>, <italic>LEU2</italic>, <italic>URA3</italic>, <italic>HIS2</italic> and <italic>ADE1</italic> and a standardized selection of at least 16 unique restriction sites in their polylinkers. Additionally, I have expanded the range of drug selection options that can be used for PCR-mediated homologous replacement using pRS plasmid templates by replacing the G418-resistance kanMX4 cassette of pRS400 with MX4 cassettes encoding resistance to phleomycin, hygromycin B, nourseothricin and bialaphos. Finally, in the process of generating the new plasmids, I have determined several errors in existing publicly available sequences for several commonly used yeast plasmids. Using updated plasmid sequences, I constructed pRS plasmid backbones with a unique restriction site for inserting new markers in order to facilitate future expansion of the pRS/pRSII series.</p> / Dissertation