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1	Legal mechanisms for the European Union to participate in the decision-making of multilateral fora in the field of maritime affairs Hong, Wei-Sheng January 2014 (has links) The European Union (EU) increasingly participates in various arrangements at the international level in order to further the objectives of the Union. Yet, such participation poses challenges in terms of ensuring that the EU has an effective voice, whilst also ensuring certainty and clarity for other participants. This thesis focuses on the EU’s participation in the decision-making processes of multilateral fora in the field of maritime affairs in order to examine how these challenges can be met. The thesis explores the legal mechanisms in both EU law and international law that accommodate the ability of the EU to participate in international arrangements. It will consider whether these mechanisms ensure clarity and certainty to the key actors involved and whether consistency exists between the internal and external mechanisms. Through collecting, examining, and analysing historical and contemporary materials relating to the shaping and operating of the internal and external legal mechanisms, this thesis aims to explain and analyse how the legal mechanisms are established and how they can be adapted to meet the challenges facing the EU, its Member States, third States, and international institutions in a clearer and more consistent manner. The research diagnoses several key factors that have contributed to the possible ambiguity, uncertainty, and inconsistency of these mechanisms, including the evolving nature of shared competence and a heavy reliance on the Court of Justice in ascertaining and safeguarding the contours of the EU legal order and its interface with the international legal order. It then examines how the internal legal mechanisms have been projected externally, by using selected case studies of the participation of the EU in the International Maritime Organisation, the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea, the Food and Agriculture Organisation of the United Nations, and Regional Fisheries Management Organisations. This thesis illustrates that although various mechanisms have been adopted internally and externally to tackle the challenges facing the EU’s participation, several sets of asymmetries can be found across different legal mechanisms. The thesis evaluates the strengths and weaknesses of these mechanisms and it further suggests that adopting the mixed-participation mode for the EU and its Member States to participate in the multilateral fora may be preferable, or indeed necessary, even in areas where the EU enjoys an exclusive competence. 343.09
2	Mixed agreements in the legal system of the European Union / Mišrūs susitarimai Europos Sąjungos teisės sistemoje Limantas, Manfredas 30 June 2014 (has links) The dissertation addresses mixed EU-Member States agreements with third parties. The first part of the dissertation unveils the legal basis of mixed agreements and their relation to the principle of conferred powers. The practices of their negotiation, conclusion and implementation, as well as the boundaries of the CJEU jurisdiction to interpret and apply them are addressed in the second and third part of the dissertation. The fourth part is devoted to the examination of particularities of international responsibility for breach of mixed agreements from the point of view of EU law. In the last two parts, the relevance of the duty of loyal cooperation to mixed agreements and future perspectives of these agreements in the context of the Lisbon Treaty are thoroughly assessed. It is concluded that the legal basis of mixed agreements is the principle of conferred powers. This principle affects all of their practice areas, but to a varying degree. The achievement of balance between this principle and the interests of integrity of mixed agreements is facilitated by the principle of loyal cooperation. The Lisbon Treaty establishes conditions for changes in the practice of mixed agreements and offers legal opportunities for their partial replacement with horizontal EU agreements combining elements of the CFSP and other EU policies. / Disertacijoje nagrinėjamas mišrių ES ir valstybių narių susitarimų su trečiosiomis šalimis institutas. Pirmajame disertacijos skyriuje atskleidžiami šio instituto teisiniai pagrindai ir jo santykis su ES kompetencijos suteikimo principu. Antrajame ir trečiajame skyriuose nagrinėjama mišrių susitarimų derybų, sudarymo ir dalyvavimo juose praktika, o taip pat ES Teisingumo Teismo jurisdikcijos juos aiškinti ir taikyti ribos. Ketvirtajame skyriuje ES teisės požiūriu nagrinėjami tarptautinės atsakomybės už mišrių susitarimų pažeidimą ypatumai. Penktajame skyriuje analizuojama ES lojalaus bendradarbiavimo principo ir iš jo kylančios bendradarbiavimo pareigos reikšmė mišrių susitarimų institutui. Paskutiniame šeštajame skyriuje dėmesys skiriamas šio instituto ateities perspektyvoms Lisabonos sutarties kontekste. Konstatuojama, jog mišrių susitarimų teisinis pagrindas yra ES kompetencijos suteikimo principas. Šis principas pasireiškia visose mišrių susitarimų praktikos srityse, tačiau nevienodai. Balansą tarp šio principo ir mišrių susitarimų integralumo interesų padeda užtikrinti lojalaus bendradarbiavimo pareiga, taikoma mišrios kompetencijos srityse. Galiausiai nustatoma, jog Lisabonos sutartis sukuria sąlygas pokyčiams mišrių susitarimų praktikoje, o taip pat teisines galimybes dalį mišrių susitarimų keisti horizontalaus pobūdžio ES susitarimais, apjungiančiais Bendrosios užsienio ir saugumo politikos ir kitų ES politikos sričių elementus. Law Mixed agreements Mixed treaties External relations of the European Union Lisbon treaty Mišrūs susitarimai Mišriosios sutartys Europos Sąjungos tarptautinės sutartys Europos Sąjungos išoriniai santykiai Lisabonos sutartis
3	Mišrūs susitarimai Europos Sąjungos teisės sistemoje / Mixed agreements in the legal system of the European Union Limantas, Manfredas 30 June 2014 (has links) Disertacijoje nagrinėjamas mišrių ES ir valstybių narių susitarimų su trečiosiomis šalimis institutas. Pirmajame disertacijos skyriuje atskleidžiami šio instituto teisiniai pagrindai ir jo santykis su ES kompetencijos suteikimo principu. Antrajame ir trečiajame skyriuose nagrinėjama mišrių susitarimų derybų, sudarymo ir dalyvavimo juose praktika, o taip pat ES Teisingumo Teismo jurisdikcijos juos aiškinti ir taikyti ribos. Ketvirtajame skyriuje ES teisės požiūriu nagrinėjami tarptautinės atsakomybės už mišrių susitarimų pažeidimą ypatumai. Penktajame skyriuje analizuojama ES lojalaus bendradarbiavimo principo ir iš jo kylančios bendradarbiavimo pareigos reikšmė mišrių susitarimų institutui. Paskutiniame šeštajame skyriuje dėmesys skiriamas šio instituto ateities perspektyvoms Lisabonos sutarties kontekste. Konstatuojama, jog mišrių susitarimų teisinis pagrindas yra ES kompetencijos suteikimo principas. Šis principas pasireiškia visose mišrių susitarimų praktikos srityse, tačiau nevienodai. Balansą tarp šio principo ir mišrių susitarimų integralumo interesų padeda užtikrinti lojalaus bendradarbiavimo pareiga, taikoma mišrios kompetencijos srityse. Galiausiai nustatoma, jog Lisabonos sutartis sukuria sąlygas pokyčiams mišrių susitarimų praktikoje, o taip pat teisines galimybes dalį mišrių susitarimų keisti horizontalaus pobūdžio ES susitarimais, apjungiančiais Bendrosios užsienio ir saugumo politikos ir kitų ES politikos sričių elementus. / The dissertation addresses mixed EU-Member States agreements with third parties. The first part of the dissertation unveils the legal basis of mixed agreements and their relation to the principle of conferred powers. The practices of their negotiation, conclusion and implementation, as well as the boundaries of the CJEU jurisdiction to interpret and apply them are addressed in the second and third part of the dissertation. The fourth part is devoted to the examination of particularities of international responsibility for breach of mixed agreements from the point of view of EU law. In the last two parts, the relevance of the duty of loyal cooperation to mixed agreements and future perspectives of these agreements in the context of the Lisbon Treaty are thoroughly assessed. It is concluded that the legal basis of mixed agreements is the principle of conferred powers. This principle affects all of their practice areas, but to a varying degree. The achievement of balance between this principle and the interests of integrity of mixed agreements is facilitated by the principle of loyal cooperation. The Lisbon Treaty establishes conditions for changes in the practice of mixed agreements and offers legal opportunities for their partial replacement with horizontal EU agreements combining elements of the CFSP and other EU policies. Law Mišrūs susitarimai Mišriosios sutartys Europos Sąjungos tarptautinės sutartys Europos Sąjungos išoriniai santykiai Lisabonos sutartis Mixed agreements Mixed treaties External relations of the European Union Lisbon treaty
4	L'Union européenne et le changement climatique : aspects juridiques / The European Union and Climate Change : Legal Aspects Russo, Eleonora 06 October 2015 (has links) Le changement climatique a acquis, durant ces cinquante dernières années, une dimension politique et juridique. En 2009, le Traité de Lisbonne a intégré la lutte contre le changement climatique parmi les objectifs prioritaires de la politique environnementale internationale de l’Union européenne, en reconnaissant la volonté de l’Europe de jouer un rôle de leader mondial dans ce domaine. Cette thèse porte sur la lutte contre le changement climatique en droit de l’Union européenne. Dans la première Partie, nous analyserons tout d’abord l’ambition européenne dans le cadre des négociations internationales, lieu d’émergence de la gouvernance climatique. Puis, nous examinerons le système des compétences de l’UE pour évaluer si ce dernier permet de répondre efficacement aux défis que le changement climatique pose. La seconde Partie porte sur la mise en oeuvre de la politique climatique européenne, en présentant les principaux instruments – notamment le paquet énergie-climat – et en montrant les mécanismes à la disposition de l’Union européenne pour mettre en cohérence cette politique transversale et pour influencer l’action climatique globale par ses mesures internes. Cette analyse aide à la compréhension des apports européens, passés et présents, à la construction d’une gouvernance climatique mondiale efficace. Les caractéristiques spécifiques du changement climatique en font en outre un point d’observation privilégié pour l’étude de certaines dynamiques propres à la construction européenne. / Over the last fifty years, climate change has acquired a political and a legal dimension. In 2009, the Lisbon Treaty included combating climate change among the objectives of the European Union’s international environmental policy, demonstrating the will of the EU to play a leading global role in this domain. This thesis studies the development of the fight against climate change in EU law. In Part I we analyse European ambitions within the framework of international negotiations, where climate governance originally emerged. Then, we examine the European system of competence in order to better understand whether or not it actually serves as the most effective approach to tackling climate change issues. Part II concerns the implementation of the EU climate change policy. Here, we present its main instruments, i.e. the climate and energy package, and examine the mechanisms that the EU uses to give coherence to this cross-cutting policy and influence global climate action by way of internal measures taken. Our analysis furthers the understanding of European contributions, both past and present, to the construction of effective international climate governance. Moreover, the subject of climate change, a major global challenge with an array of specific characteristics, provides us with a privileged point of view to examine several dynamics of the construction of European integration. Changement climatique Droit de l'UE Compétences internes Compétences externes Accords mixtes Paquet énergie-climat Politique de l'exemplarité Mise en oeuvre Politique transversale Politique climatique européenne Climate change EU law Internal competences External competences Mixed agreements Climate and energy package European climate policy Strategy Implementation Cross-cutting policy
5	L’Union européenne et l’ordre international de l’aviation civile : la contribution de l'Union européenne aux évolutions contemporaines du droit aérien international / The European Union and International Civil Aviation : the contribution of the European Union to modern developments in International Aviation Law Correia, Vincent 10 December 2012 (has links) La redéfinition des conditions d’exercice de la souveraineté aérienne des États membres, par un transfert progressif de compétences au profit de l’Union européenne, ne peut être analysée uniquement en termes de dépossession et de réduction de leur puissance individuelle. Les compétences aériennes confiées à l’Union permettent l’affirmation de l’ensemble européen sur la scène internationale. Ce processus, mouvant et encore inachevé, se traduit par une prise en compte accrue de la spécificité européenne en matière d’aviation civile. Malgré des réticences certaines émanant aussi bien des États membres que des États tiers, l’Union s’érige progressivement au rang d’acteur de poids, capable d’influencer le contenu normatif du droit aérien contemporain, de la même manière que le font les puissances aériennes traditionnelles et notamment les États-Unis. Ces nouvelles tendances, révélatrices de la souplesse et de la plasticité de la convention de Chicago, permettent de dresser des perspectives quant aux possibles évolutions futures de l’ordre international de l’aviation civile. / The way in which the Member States have redefined the conditions regarding how they exercise their air sovereignty, by progressively transferring power to the European Union, cannot be viewed solely as them removing and reducing their individual powers. The powers conferred to the European Union in aviation matters are resulting in an affirmation of the international role of Europe as a whole. This on-going, and as yet incomplete process, may be seen in a greater recognition of the specific European aspect regarding Civil Aviation. In spite of the hesitance of Member States and non-member States, the European Union has progressively taken its place among the key players, able to influence developments in modern aviation law, in the same way as other established aviation authorities and especially the United States. These new trends reveal the flexibility and elasticity of the Chicago Convention and the potential future developments in International Civil Aviation. Accords « Ciel ouvert » Accords mixtes Ciel unique Convergence règlementaire Compétences externes Droit aérien Droit public Droit de l’Union européenne Liberté d’établissement Principe de coopération loyale Principe de souveraineté aérienne Reconnaissance par les tiers Régionalisme aérien Relations de voisinage Relations transatlantiques Sécurité aérienne Territoire de l’Union européenne « open skies » agreements Mixed agreements European aviation safety agency Single European sky Nationality clauses Regulatory convergence External competence Aviation law Public law Law of the European Union Liberalization of air carriage Freedom of establishment Internal market of civil aviation Duty of co-operation Principle of air sovereignty International recognition Regionalism in civil aviation Neighbourhood relations Transatlantic relations Aviation safety The territory of the European Union 340

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