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121	Diagnostický průzkum a hodnocení mostní konstrukce / Diagnostics and assessment of the bridge structure Fadrný, Michal January 2022 (has links) This diploma thesis targets on diagnostics and assessment of bridge structure Most Kaštanová přes Svitavu, reg. number 380-001. Concrete material characteristics have been assessed in laboratory, after visual inspection, diagnostical testing and sample core drilling were made. Findings from laboratory tests are summarized in the conclusion of the thesis. It focuses on an evaluation of current bridge condition and presents various options that will help polong lifetime of the bridge.
122	Stavební průzkum a diagnostika železobetonové konstrukce / Survey and Diagnostics of Reinforced Concrete Structure Richterová, Dominika January 2022 (has links) The main theme of this diploma thesis is a building survey and diagnostics of a reinforced concrete construction. In the first, theoretical part the focus lies on a description of each method for testing constructions and their evaluation. The second, practical part focuses mainly on finding of material characteristics and reinforcement of particular parts of the construction. On basis of obtained information, the final part of this paper focuses on static assessment of chosen parts of the construction.
123	Bolstering Pine Lumber Value Through Statistical Analysis And Nondestructive Testing Owens, Frank Charles, IV 11 August 2017 (has links) In or around 2010, a nationwide reevaluation of the allowable properties for southern pine dimension lumber was initiated. This led to a 2013 reduction in the design values of visually graded southern pine dimension lumber and a resulting decrease in its commercial and utility value. This change compelled researchers and industry professionals to ponder what could be done to shore up the value of solid-sawn southern pine products going forward and potentially increase design values if appropriate. In pursuit of this question, this dissertation looks closely at three areas: 1) the possibility this reduction in mechanical performance is not merely limited to southern pine structural lumber but can also be observed in other solid-sawn softwood products and species, 2) flaws that might exist in commonly utilized statistical models for estimating allowable properties in lumber, and 3) the feasibility of using existing technologies to begin to compensate for the economic and/or utility losses attributed to the recent reduction in design values. This work is comprised of an introduction, a conclusion, and three independent content chapters utilizing a variety of statistical techniques to investigate whether strength and stiffness reduction might also be occurring in southern pine (and Douglasir) utility crossarms, evaluate the propriety of using a Weibull distribution model for estimating allowable properties in dimension lumber, and gauge the suitability of nondestructive testing methods for potentially identifying high-value premium grades in solid-sawn softwood products. bivariate Gaussian-Weibull distribution mixed bivariate normal distribution skew normal distribution 3-parameter beta distribution 2-parameter Weibull distribution mixed normal distribution normal distribution grading nondestructive Douglasir southern pine modulus of rupture modulus of elasticity bending stiffness mill run strength lumber Crossarms pseudo-truncated Weibull distribution lumber property distribution
124	[pt] AVALIAÇÃO METROLÓGICA DA MEDIÇÃO DO MÓDULO DE ELASTICIDADE DE MATERIAIS POLIMÉRICOS PELA MICROSCOPIA DE FORÇA ATÔMICA, NO MODO PEAK FORCE TAPPING / [en] METROLOGICAL EVALUATION OF THE MEASUREMENT OF THE MODULUS OF ELASTICITY OF POLYMERIC MATERIALS BY ATOMIC FORCE MICROSCOPY, IN THE PEAK FORCE TAPPING MODE JUAN DAVID CAICEDO VASQUEZ 01 September 2020 (has links) [pt] Ao longo das últimas décadas, mais intensamente, a microscopia de força atômica (AFM) tem sido utilizada em atividades de pesquisa e desenvolvimento, notadamente para a caracterização de materiais. Não obstante os avanços e sofisticações da técnica, a determinação do módulo de elasticidade de materiais poliméricos continua sendo um desafio dada a complexidade de caracterização de materiais complexos, comumente gerando expressivo espalhamento nos resultados de medição. Esta pesquisa de mestrado apresenta mapeamentos da morfologia e medições do módulo de elasticidade de celulose comercial (fibras de bambu e de eucalipto) e lignocelulósico, referenciados a materiais poliméricos sintéticos já caracterizados (considerados como padrão). A microscopia de força atômica (AFM), no modo peak force tapping, alternativamente fundamentada no modelo Derajaguin-Muller-Toporo, DMT (que é o modelo incorporado no software da Bruker, fabricante do equipamento AFM) e no modelo JohnsonKendall-Robert, JKR (proposto neste trabalho, fazendo-se uso de um algoritmo Matlab), foi utilizada como técnica de medição do módulo de elasticidade dos materiais investigados. A partir dos ensaios realizados, foi possível avaliar o método de medição com base em critérios metrológicos e determinar o modelo de cálculo mais apropriado para a caracterização dos materiais investigados. Para os materiais padrão utilizados como referência, e cujos valores do módulo de elasticidade são informados pelos respectivos fornecedores (E igual 2,7 mais ou menos 0,1 GPa, para o poliestireno e E igual 1,8 GPa, para a poliamida), o modelo JKR mostrou-se mais adequado para fundamentar o cálculo do módulo de elasticidade. Enquanto o modelo JKR reproduziu o valor do fabricante com 6,3 porcento, para o caso do poliestireno (E igual 2,540754 mais ou menos 0,056 GPa) e com 12,5 porcento, para o caso da poliamida (E igual 1,680050 mais ou menos 0,041 GPa), o modelo DMT produziu resultados com desvios superiores a 50 porcento do valor de referência considerado como padrão. Fundamentado nesses mesmos modelos DMT e JKR, o trabalho avaliou o módulo de elasticidade de outros materiais, mais especificamente: (i) filme de celulose extraída do eucalipto; (ii) filme de celulose microfobrilada comercial; (iii) filme de celulose microfibrilada, depositada no laboratório pela técnica de ultrassom e (iv) amostras de bambu (Dendrocalamus Giganteus), extraídas da seção externa e interna do colmo d o bambu. Os resultados são discutidos em conformidade ao rigor metrológico dos componentes estocásticos e determinísticos da incerteza associada às medições realizadas, confirmando que a microscopia de força atômica (AFM), no modo peak force tapping se apresenta como técnica promissora para ser utilizada como ferramenta metrológica para a caracterização de materiais poliméricos na escala nanométrica. / [en] Over the past few decades, more intensely, atomic force microscopy (AFM) has been used in research and development activities, notably for the characterization of materials. Despite the advances and sophistications of the technique, the determination of the modulus of elasticity of polymeric materials remains a challenge given the complexity of characterizing complex materials, commonly generating significant spread in the measurement results. This research presents mappings of the morphology and measurements of the elasticity modulus of commercial cellulose (bamboo and eucalyptus fibers) and lignocellulosic, referenced to already characterized synthetic polymeric materials (considered as standard). Atomic force microscopy (AFM), in the peak force tapping mode, alternatively based on the Derajaguin-Muller-Toporo model, DMT (which is the model incorporated by Bruker in its AFM software) and the Johnson-KendallRobert model, JKR (proposed in this work, using a Matlab algorithm), was used as a technique for measuring the elasticity module of the investigated materials. From the tests performed, it was possible to evaluate the measurement method based on metrological criteria and determine the most appropriate calculation model for the characterization of the investigated materials. For the standard materials used as a reference, whose elasticity modulus values are reported by the respective suppliers (E equal 2.7 more or less 0.1 GPa, for polystyrene and E equal 1.8 GPa, for polyamide), the JKR model proved to be most suitable to support the calculation of the modulus of elasticity. While the JKR model reproduced the manufacturer s value with 6.3 percent, for the case of polystyrene (E equal 2.540754 more or less 0.056 GPa) and with 12.5 percent, for the case of polyamide (E equal 1.680050 more or less 0.041 GPa), the DMT model produced results with deviations greater than 50 percent from the reference value taken as standard reference values. Based on these DMT and JKR models, the work evaluated the elasticity module of other materials, more specifically: (i) cellulose film extracted from eucalyptus; (ii) commercial microfiltered cellulose film; (iii) microfibrillated cellulose film, deposited in the laboratory by and ultrasound technique and (iv) samples of bamboo (Dendrocalamus Giganteus), extracted from the external and internal section of the bamboo stem. The results are discussed in accordance with the metrological rigor of the stochastic and deterministic components of the uncertainty associated with the measurements performed, confirming that the atomic force microscopy (AFM), in the peak force tapping mode, presents itself as a promising technique to be used as a metrological tool for the characterization of polymeric materials at the nanoscale. [pt] METROLOGIA [pt] MODELO JKR [pt] MODELO DMT [pt] MICROSCOPIA POR FORCA ATOMICA [pt] MATERIAIS POLIMERICOS [pt] CELULOSE [pt] BAMBU [en] METROLOGY [en] JKR MODEL [en] DMT MODEL [en] ATOMIC FORCE MICROSCOPY [en] POLYMERIC MATERIALS [en] PULP [en] BAMBOO
125	Undersökning av mekaniska egenskaper hos sandwichelement av core-materialet Greenwood och ytskikt av papp : Styvhet, bärförmåga samt elementens beteenden vid belastning för olika tjocklekar på ytskikten / Examination of mechanical properties of sandwich panels made of the core-material Greenwood and surface layers of paperboard : Stiffness, ultimate capacity and structural behavior for different surface layer thicknesses Nilsson, Maxim January 2023 (has links) Byggbranschens utsläpp av växthusgaser utgör en stor andel av Sveriges totala utsläpp. För att minska de byggrelaterade utsläppen är det på många fronter som byggbranschen behöver förändras och effektiviseras. De senaste åren har en succesiv ökning av byggandet i trä skett vilket är gynnsamt då trä alternativet är mer klimatvänligt än stål och betong. De tuffa klimatmålen vi nu står framför innebär dock att mer behöver göras än att endast öka andelen träbyggnader. Pappersmassaindustrin är lätt att bortse ifrån, då den hittills inte varit relevant för byggbranschen och för att återanvändning är relativt framträdande inom den branschen. Ifrån sågverken som sönderdelar trästockar till virke fraktas flis som blir över till pappersbruk. Av flisen görs sedan bland annat diverse pappförpackningar som går att återvinna. Problemet är att dessa förpackningar endast går att återvinna ett visst antal gånger innan fibrerna blir obrukbara och istället används som biobränsle. Om byggmaterial skulle gå att producera baserat på dessa fibrer, skulle detta innebära en mer långlivad användning av dem. Ett byggmaterial som uppfunnits, gjort på fibrer från pappersmassabruk är core-materialet ”Greenwood”. Eftersom materialet är nytt och egenskaperna till stor del är okända krävs det att diverse studier görs som undersöker materialets olika egenskaper som är relevanta för en eventuell tillämpning inom byggbranschen. Denna studie avser att undersöka skjuvstyvhet, böjstyvhet och bärförmåga hos sandwichelement uppbyggda av core-materialet Greenwood och ytskikt av papp. Detta genom att först dynamiskt och statiskt testa de ingående materialens egenskaper, följt av böjprovning av nio sandwichbalkar med varierande tjocklek på ytskikten. Samtliga balkar testades även dynamiskt. Core-materialet Greenwood som ingick i sandwichelementen var endast den begränsande faktorn en gång av tio böjprov. När core-materialets skjuvstyvhet togs fram både dynamiskt och statiskt och när den omvandlades till en skjuvmodul visade det sig att Greenwood har en mer än dubbelt så stor styvhet som EPS-cellplast vid liknande densitet. Detta är intressant då denna cellplast ofta agerar som ett core-material i sandwichelement ute i byggbranschen. Testerna visar även på att balkarna har en relativt liten spridning vilket innebär att resultaten har god tillförlitlighet. Slutligen, kan det konstateras att dessa sandwichelement uppvisar sega egenskaper med en viss kvarvarande lastkapacitet även efter brott. Samtliga nämnda egenskaper ovan talar för en viss potential för tillämpning av dessa sandwichelement inom byggbranschen. Fortsatta studier av fukt- och krypegenskaper vid långtidsbelastning rekommenderas, vilket är viktigt för användning inom byggandet. De omfattande resultaten från föreliggande studie utgör dock ett bra underlag för fortsatta undersökningar och värdering av möjliga tillämpningar. / The construction industry`s greenhouse emissions, makes up for a large portion of Sweden’s total emissions. In order to reduce construction related emissions, a fair amount of fronts within the construction industry needs to be changed and streamlined. In the last couple of years, there has been a successive increase in the number of structures that are built from wood amongst other things, which is beneficial because the wood alternative is more climate friendly than steel and concrete. The current tough climate goals entails that more has to be done than just increasing the amount of wood constructions. The pulp industry is easy to write off because so far, it has not been relevant to the construction industry and because recycling is relatively prominent within that industry. From the sawmills that dismember wooden logs to lumber, leftover wood chips are transported to paper mills. Among other things, different cardboard packages that can be recycled are then made from those wood chips. The problem with these packages is that they can only be recycled a certain number of times before the fibers become unusable and instead, are used as biofuel. If building materials were to be able to be produced with these fibers, that would be a more long-lived use of them. A building material, recently invented, made of fiber from paper mills is the core-material “Greenwood”. Because the material is new and its properties for the most part are unknown, this requires that various studies are conducted that examines the different properties the material possesses that are relevant for a contingent enforcement within the construction industry. This study intends to examine the shear rigidity, flexural rigidity and maximum capacity for sandwich panels made from the core-material Greenwood and faces of paperboard. This was achieved by first dynamically and statically test the properties of the two different materials, followed by flexure testing nine sandwich beams with varying face thicknesses. Every beam was also tested dynamically. The core-material Greenwood which was a part of the sandwich panels, was only the limiting factor 1 time out of 10 flexure tests. When the shear rigidity of the core-material was calculated both statically and dynamically and when it was converted to a shear modulus it was shown that Greenwood has a rigidity of more than double that of EPS cellular plastic at similar density. This is interesting because this type of cellular plastic often acts as a core-material in sandwich structures found in the construction industry. The tests also show that the beams have a relatively small spread which means that the results have good reliability. Finally, it can be concluded that these sandwich panels exhibit ductile properties with a certain lasting load capacity even after ultimate load has been reached. Every property mentioned above indicates that there is a certain potential for applicability of these sandwich panels within the construction industry. Continued studies of moisture properties and creep properties during long-term loading is recommended, which is important for a possible use within construction. The extensive results from this study constitutes a good basis for continued research and assessment of possible applications. Greenwood core-material sandwich panel paper paperboard Young`s modulus modulus of elasticity shear modulus shear rigidity flexural rigidity load capacity ultimate load sandwich beam flexural test dynamic testing static testing maximum moment failiure load bearing sandwich structure kärnmaterial sandwichelement papp kartong E-modul skjuvstyvhet skjuvmodul böjstyvhet moment lastkapacitet maxlast papper sandwichbalk sandwich struktur provtryckning böjprov dynamisk provning statisk testning maxmoment brottmoment balklära Building Technologies Husbyggnad
126	Vliv provzdušnění a ošetřování na vývoj modulu pružnosti betonu / Influence of Air Entrainment and Curing on Development of Elastic Modulus of Concrete Bartulíková, Radka January 2013 (has links) Master's thesis deals with influence of various factors on the concrete compressive strength and modulus of elasticity. This work concentrates mainly on the influence of early curing and air entrainment of concrete. One part of this work is the evaluation of laboratory measurement, which was carried out on cubes of standard and norm prisms. The development of elastic moduli was monitored in time to 730 days of age with respect to air entrainment and curing conditions. The second part of the experiment deals with a comparison of theoretical creep curves depending on the value of the modulus of elasticity based on different standards. Again, the air entrainment effect and influence of initial conditions are reflected.
127	Gesteinsmechanische Versuche und petrophysikalische Untersuchungen – Laborergebnisse und numerische Simulationen Baumgarten, Lars 26 May 2016 (has links) (PDF) Dreiaxiale Druckprüfungen können als Einstufenversuche, als Mehrstufenversuche oder als Versuche mit kontinuierlichen Bruchzuständen ausgeführt werden. Bei der Anwendung der Mehrstufentechnik ergeben sich insbesondere Fragestellungen hinsichtlich der richtigen Wahl des Umschaltpunktes und des optimalen Verlaufs des Spannungspfades zwischen den einzelnen Versuchsstufen. Fraglich beim Versuch mit kontinuierlichen Bruchzuständen bleibt, ob im Versuchsverlauf tatsächlich Spannungszustände erfasst werden, welche die Höchstfestigkeit des untersuchten Materials repräsentieren. Die Dissertation greift diese Fragestellungen auf, ermöglicht den Einstieg in die beschriebene Thematik und schafft die Voraussetzungen, die zur Lösung der aufgeführten Problemstellungen notwendig sind. Auf der Grundlage einer umfangreichen Datenbasis gesteinsmechanischer und petrophysikalischer Kennwerte wurde ein numerisches Modell entwickelt, welches das Spannungs-Verformungs-, Festigkeits- und Bruchverhalten eines Sandsteins im direkten Zug- und im einaxialen Druckversuch sowie in dreiaxialen Druckprüfungen zufriedenstellend wiedergibt. Das Festigkeitsverhalten des entwickelten Modells wurde in Mehrstufentests mit unterschiedlichen Spannungspfaden analysiert und mit den entsprechenden Laborbefunden verglichen. Gesteinsprobe Prüfkörper Postaer Sandstein Laborprüfungen Petrophysikalische Untersuchungen Einaxialer Druckversuch Dreiaxialer Kompressionsversuch Einstufentest Mehrstufentechnik Spannungspfad Kontinuierliche Bruchzustände Continuous-Failure-State-Triaxial-Test Zugfestigkeitsprüfungen Scherversuch Spaltzugversuch Biegezugversuch Belastungsrichtung Ultraschalllaufzeitmessung Dehnwellen-Resonanzverfahren Kathodolumineszenz-Mikroskopie Gesteinkenngrößen Gesteinsmechanische Parameter Rohdichte Reindichte Porosität Dünnschliffanalyse Sphärizität Korngrößenverteilung Festigkeitskennwerte Höchstfestigkeit Spitzenfestigkeit Restfestigkeit Anisotropie Arbeitskurven Spannungs-Dehnungs-Verhalten Nachbruch Bruchbilder Verformungskennwerte Statischer Elastizitätsmodul Dynamischer Elastizitätsmodul Verformungsmodul Querdehnungszahl Impuls-Laufzeit Wellen-Ausbreitungsgeschwindigkeit Numerische Modellierung Simulationsrechnung PFC-3D Kugelmodell Clump Partikelarrangement Parameterkalibrierung Parallel Bond Mikrobruch Rissausbreitung elastische Wellen rock sample test specimen sandstone uniaxial compression test triaxial compression test unconfined compression test multiple failure state test continuous failure state test tensile splitting strength shear test bending test pulse velocity ultrasonic elastic constants Young’s modulus of elasticity modulus of deformation Poisson’s ratio post failure stress-strain behaviour real density apparent density grain-size distribution porosity flexural strength peak strength residual strength anisotropy fracture pattern micro-crack pulse-propagation velocity clump sphere model parallel bond crack propagation numerical modelling simulation elastic wave PFC-3D parameter calibration particle arrangement ddc:624 Posta Sandstein Gesteinsprobe Mechanische Eigenschaft Petrophysik Elastizität Werkstein Druckversuch Zugversuch Kennzahl Experiment Numerisches Modell
128	Gesteinsmechanische Versuche und petrophysikalische Untersuchungen – Laborergebnisse und numerische Simulationen Baumgarten, Lars 25 November 2015 (has links) Dreiaxiale Druckprüfungen können als Einstufenversuche, als Mehrstufenversuche oder als Versuche mit kontinuierlichen Bruchzuständen ausgeführt werden. Bei der Anwendung der Mehrstufentechnik ergeben sich insbesondere Fragestellungen hinsichtlich der richtigen Wahl des Umschaltpunktes und des optimalen Verlaufs des Spannungspfades zwischen den einzelnen Versuchsstufen. Fraglich beim Versuch mit kontinuierlichen Bruchzuständen bleibt, ob im Versuchsverlauf tatsächlich Spannungszustände erfasst werden, welche die Höchstfestigkeit des untersuchten Materials repräsentieren. Die Dissertation greift diese Fragestellungen auf, ermöglicht den Einstieg in die beschriebene Thematik und schafft die Voraussetzungen, die zur Lösung der aufgeführten Problemstellungen notwendig sind. Auf der Grundlage einer umfangreichen Datenbasis gesteinsmechanischer und petrophysikalischer Kennwerte wurde ein numerisches Modell entwickelt, welches das Spannungs-Verformungs-, Festigkeits- und Bruchverhalten eines Sandsteins im direkten Zug- und im einaxialen Druckversuch sowie in dreiaxialen Druckprüfungen zufriedenstellend wiedergibt. Das Festigkeitsverhalten des entwickelten Modells wurde in Mehrstufentests mit unterschiedlichen Spannungspfaden analysiert und mit den entsprechenden Laborbefunden verglichen. info:eu-repo/classification/ddc/624 ddc:624

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