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This chapter has two key themes: (1) a list of customer needs is interesting, but insufficient for many development decisions, (2) establishing a quantified, dollar value for each requirement is more helpful. To that end, we present an approach and method to establishing the quantitative monetary value for new product features and performance. This approach is targeted to product development managers and engineers engaged at the “front-end” of the product development process when the decisions about selection and trade-off of product functions and features are made. This approach examines the customer’s business operations and essentially establishing their business case for your product down to the feature and performance levels. This provides for much better trade-off decisions in new product development. This approach also helps to identify whitespace opportunities, those new product and/or service opportunities that are not being served by any current product. Moreover, because the methodology is fine grained, the whitespace opportunities are resolved into clear and actionable product development projects. / Center for Innovation in Product Development

The top endorsed athletes in the world are most likely the ones who have the biggest impact on their sport. These athletes are usually among the best in their sport or they might have something special that creates a strong relationship between the athlete and his or her fans. It is possible to say that this relationship combined with their skills on and off of the fields, courts, or arenas is what makes these athletes special. Big companies all over the world feel attracted to these athletes and, as a result, they spend millions of dollars every year in order to make these athletes the face of their companies. This research investigates the relationship between the monetary values of the top 50 most endorsed athletes in the world and their behaviors. Companies spend millions of dollars every year on endorsement deals, so it is important that they pick the right athlete to represent them. Furthermore, the athletes that are being endorsed need to know if there is a possibility of gaining or losing endorsements based upon their behaviors. The methodology in this research utilizes Analysis of Variance to investigate this relationship.

Skogsfastighetsmarknaden var tidigare reglerad så att priserna på fastigheterna inte alltid kunnats anse som marknadsvärden. När marknaden sedan avreglerades under början av 1990-talet steg fastighetspriserna kraftigt. Utvecklingen var intressant då den faktor som tidigare varit den starkast prispåverkande faktorn, virket och värdet av detta, inte alltid följde samma utveckling som fastighetspriserna vilket lett till ett gap.Detta gap har i forskningen kommit att kallats den icke-monetära nyttan, en del som inte genererade några pengar likt skogen. Tidigare forskning har fastställt att denna nytta kan bestå av äganderätt-, affektions-, natur- och rekreationsvärden samt att dessa nyttor varierar kraftigt mellan olika köpare, och hur de värderar dem. Hur en värderare då ska fastställa ett marknadsvärde när en sådan stor del av värdet utgörs av en kraftigt varierande faktor är väldigt intressant.Denna studie har därför utrett hur värderare tar hänsyn till dessa icke-monetära nyttor i sin bedömning av marknadsvärde på skogsfastigheter. Detta har gjorts genom en kvalitativ ansats där värderare fick delta i öppna intervjuer och resonera kring dessa nyttor.Resultatet visar att värderare låter i stor del ortsprisjämförelser utvisa vad sådana nyttor är värda i närområdet. De som inte kan utvisas i ovannämnda material, fick bestämmas på den öppna marknaden mellan köpare och säljare. Viss speciell hänsyn togs till fastighetens läge och jakt, men dessa värden fås ofta fram av jämförelsematerialet.Studien har visat att det är andra faktorer som de undersökta tror påverkat prisutvecklingen mer, nämligen förväntansvärde på fortsatt värdeutveckling samt viljan att investera i en historiskt sett säker investering. Att använda sig av begreppet "icke-monetär nytta" har visat sig vara svårt, och författarna föreslår att kalla dessa mjuka värden istället. Detta för att minska behovet av att kvantifiera dessa, och istället rikta energin på att förbättra databaserna för ortsprismaterial för att säkerställa att värderingen av skogsfastigheter är korrekt och adekvat. / The market for forest properties was previously regulated, which meant that the price of a property could not be considered as a market value. When the market was deregulated in the early 1990's, the market prices rose rapidly. This development was very interesting, as the previously most important factor affecting the prices, the timber value, did not always have the same development as the property prices, which led to a gap.This gap has been called non-monetary value in previous research, which unlike the timber does not contribute any revenue. Previous research has determined that this value may consist of owning-, sentimental-, natural and recreational values, and that these values varies significantly among different buyers, and how they individually value them. How can an appraiser determine a market value, when such a large part of the value consists of a highly variable factor is very interesting.This study has investigated how the appraiser takes into account these non-monetary values in their assessment of the market value on a forest property. This has been done through a qualitative approach in which appraisers were allowed to participate in interviews and discuss these values openly.The result shows that appraisers let a large part of these values be estimated by comparison of sales in the vicinity. Those who cannot be estimated in the above mentioned comparison, were let to be determined on the open market between buyers and sellers. Some consideration was given to the property's location and hunting rights, but the value of them were often included in the comparison material.The study has shown that there are other factors that the informants believe have affected the price development more, namely the expectation value of the continued increase in property prices and the willingness to invest in a historically safe investment. Making use out of the concept of "non-monetary values" has proven to be difficult, and the authors suggest that they should be called soft values instead. This is to reduce the need to quantify them, and instead focus energy on improving databases for sales comparisons to ensure that the valuation of forest properties is correct and adequate.

This study takes departure from the paradox between the emotionally priceless caring of one’s own child and the unwillingness to pay a high prize when outsourcing the care. The purpose of this study is to explore this paradox and how it is expressed and negotiated by; parents who pays for private childminding; and by the companies providing these services The empirical data consists of six qualitative interviews with mothers hiring babysitters for their children and 19 discussion threads from the internet forum Familjeliv. To contextualize this data four company profiles from the Swedish nanny-market were included together with the technical aspects of the Swedish tax deduction for household services. The data was analyzed in the light of marxist theory of work; concepts of spiritual and menial care-work; and emotional and monetary value. The result of this study indicates that when attaching monetary value of the childminding a close relation to the child – such as kinship – devaluates the care-work; however, when hiring a babysitter from a company parents wish them to build a close relationship with the child. This relationship then has a high emotional value, but when recognizing what the pricing of the care-work consists of, only the babysitters’ qualities and the menial parts of childminding, i.e. the chores, are mentioned. This study also shows that through hiring a babysitter the parents own time with their children gains a “higher quality”. I therefore argue that according to the parents the commercialization of childcare increases the emotional value of the parents’ care-work, but the monetary value of the payed care-work remains unchanged and low paid.

The research problem of this thesis was to hold large-scale sports event and its organization by nonprofessional workers that must be managed. To solve the main problem, we selected two main objectives. Determining monetary value of voluntary labour during organization of big sports event based on method VŠE was the first goal. This objective was fulfilled and determines the value at CZK 118.25. The second goal was to analyse the organization of sports event and it's securing. Using network analysis was able to find the critical path of preparation activities. Gantt diagram allowed carrying out a full analysis of resources, which could be the subject of further research.

Thesis (PhD)--Stellenbosch University, 2011. / ENGLISH ABSTRACT: The effectiveness of monetary policy depends importantly on the expectations of the private sector, as it is largely through this channel of the transmission mechanism that policy changes are transmitted to long-term interest rates. This has increased the emphasis on the role of central bank communication as a monetary policy tool. Successful communication is essential both to enhance the effectiveness of monetary policy and to build support for the institutional framework within which monetary policy is implemented. While the large and growing literature on central bank communication over the past decade has delivered strong support for the important role of central bank communication, there is less agreement about what the optimal communication strategy is. Furthermore, research has been limited mainly to studies of communication between central banks and the financial markets. In an evaluation of progress in the literature, Blinder et al. (2008) highlight the need to examine the interaction between central banks and the rest of the private sector (the general public) as well. The objective of this PhD dissertation is to evaluate the South African Reserve Bank’s (SARB’s) use of communication as a monetary policy tool. Special focus is given to communication with the inattentive general public, who set prices in the labour market and the market for goods and services. Different aspects of the SARB’s communication were studied, including the consistency of the South African Reserve Bank’s communication, the transmission of this communication via the media to the general public, and the process by which the general public gathers and processes the information on inflation. An evaluation of the SARB’s communications (its original messages) provided some evidence that the SARB has succeeded in communicating consistently over the inflation targeting period. This was followed by an assessment of the role of the media in transmitting the original communications to the general public. The results suggest that South African media reports generally show a lack of critical assessment of monetary policy decisions and that the inter-meeting communication by the SARB is ineffective at influencing these. An important challenge is for the SARB to consider how it can participate more actively in the economic discussion at this level and how it can build productive strategic relationships with the media. The final section of this dissertation explores the process by which the general public forms its inflation expectations, relying on epidemiological models to describe the spread of inflation information and to estimate the speed at which the general public, in aggregate, updates their inflation expectations. This estimate of the speed of adjustment will be valuable to future research that aims to build a Phillips curve in a new way for South Africa. A well-modelled Phillips curve will both improve the monitoring of the impact of monetary policy and inform future policy design and implementation. / AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Die doeltreffendheid van die monetêre beleid is beduidend afhanklik van die verwagtinge in die privaat sektor, aangesien beleid hoofsaaklik deur hierdie kanaal langtermyn rentekoerse beïnvloed. Hierdie bewustheid het die klem op die rol van sentrale bank kommunikasie as ‘n monetêre instrument versterk. Suksesvolle kommunikasie is noodsaaklik om beide die effektiwiteit van monetêre beleid te verseker sowel as om ondersteuning vir die institusionele raamwerk waarbinne die monetêre beleid geïmplimenteer word, te bou. Hoewel daar ‘n groot en groeiende literatuur is wat die belangrikheid van sentrale bank kommunikasie oor die afgelope dekade beklemtoon, is daar nie eenstemmigheid oor wat die optimale kommunikasie strategie behels nie. Daarbenewens is meeste studies beperk tot die kommunikasie tussen monetêre owerhede en die finansiële sektor. In ‘n evaluering van die literatuur het Blinder et al. (2008) die noodsaaklikheid beklemtoon om die wisselwerking tussen monetêre owerhede en die res van die privaat sektor (die publiek) te bestudeer. Die doel van hierdie proefskrif is om die Suid-Afrikaanse Reserwebank (SARB) se gebruik van hierdie kommunikasie instrument te evalueer. Spesiale aandag word geskenk aan kommunikasie met die onoplettende publiek wat pryse bepaal in die arbeidsmark en markte vir goedere en dienste. Verskillende aspekte van die SARB se kommunikasie strategie word bestudeer, insluitende die konsekwentheid van kommunikasie, die oordrag van hierdie kommunikasie via die media aan die publiek, asook die proses waarmee die publiek informasie rakende inflasie versamel en verwerk. ‘n Evaluering van die SARB se kommunikasie (die oorspronklike boodskappe) lewer bewys dat die SARB daarin geslaag het om konsekwent te kommunikeer tydens die inflasie teikeningsperiode. Dit word gevolg deur ‘n evaluering van die rol van die media om oorspronklike informasie suskesvol aan die publiek oor te dra. Die resultate dui daarop dat berigte in die Suid Afrikaanse media oor die algemeen aan kritiese evaluering van die monet.re beleidsbesluite ontbreek en die SARB se kommunikasie tussen monetêre beleidsvergaderings is ook oneffektief gevind. ‘n Belangrike uitdaging vir die SARB is dus om te bepaal hoe dit op hierdie vlak tot die ekonomiese debat kan toetree en hoe dit produktiewe strategiese verhoudings met die media kan bou. Die laaste afdeling van die proefskrif bestudeer die proses waarvolgens die publiek hul inflasieverwagtinge formuleer deur gebruik te maak van epidemiologiese modelle wat die verspreiding van inflasie verwagtinge, asook die spoed waarteen die publiek oor die algemeen hul inflasieverwagtinge opdateer, beskryf. Die snelheid waarmee die publiek hul verwagtinge opdateer behoort veral van waarde te wees vir toekomstige studies wat poog om ‘n Phillips kurwe met ‘n nuwe aanslag vir Suid Afrika te skort. ‘n Goed geformuleerde Phillips kurwe sal monitering van monetêre beleide se impak verbeter, en sal ook as ‘n goeie riglyn vir toekomstige beleidsontwerp en -implimentering dien.

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Embora haja um consenso sobre a importância do valor da marca, um modelo de estimação único e uniformemente aceito ainda não surgiu, nem na perspectiva baseada no cliente ou consumidor nem na perspectiva da firma ou financeira. Assim, os profissionais de marketing ainda são desafiados a estimar o valor da marca. Além disso, é importante para a construção de um modelo de estimativa de valor da marca detectar as percepções dos consumidores e também apresentar uma estimativa monetária do valor da marca, satisfazendo às exigências de financistas, contabilistas e acionistas empresariais. A maioria dos modelos de valor da marca baseado no consumidor existentes não oferece uma estimativa monetária do valor da marca e muitos modelos de valor da marca baseado na firma não observam as percepções dos consumidores. A maioria deles não avalia o desempenho das marcas em futuros períodos de tempo. Esta pesquisa desenvolveu um modelo que permite estimar o valor da marca observando as probabilidades de escolha (manutenção ou troca) de marca pelos consumidores, com a aplicação da Matriz de Troca Markov. A matriz de troca de marca foi estimada por um estudo transversal, utilizando um modelo de escolha logit, analisando todas as marcas competidoras no mercado. Esta pesquisa também investigou o valor monetário da marca, utilizando o mecanismo de fluxo de caixa descontado. O modelo permite o cálculo do valor da marca de um produto, em particular, bem como o cálculo do valor da marca da empresa. Além disso, o modelo possibilita o estabelecimento da relação entre o mindset do cliente e a avaliação do desempenho de marca no mercado, comparando a marca de seus concorrentes. A integração entre valor da marca baseado no consumidor e valor da marca baseado na firma permite estimar o retorno financeiro das ações de marketing, verificando a contribuição de cada um dos condutores (consciência de marca, qualidade percebida, lealdade à marca, valor percebido, personalidade da marca e associações organizacionais) ao valor marca. / Although there is a consensus about brand equity importance, a single, uniformly accepted estimation model has not yet emerged, neither from consumer-based brand equity or firm or financial-based brand equity perspectives. Hence, marketing professionals are still challenged to estimate the value of the brand. Furthermore, it is important to build a brand equity estimation model, which detects the consumers’ perceptions and also presents a monetary estimation of brand equity, satisfying shareholders’ requirements. Most of the existent consumer-based brand equity models do not offer a monetary estimation of brand equity and many firm-based brand equity models do not observe consumers’ perceptions. Most of them do not evaluate the brands’ performance in future periods of time. This research developed a model that permits estimation of brand equity observing the consumers’ brand choices probabilities (purchase maintenance and brand-switching), by applying the Markov Matrix. The brand-switching matrix was estimated by a cross-sectional survey, using a logit choice model, analyzing all competing brand. This research also investigated the monetary value of the brand, using the discounted cash flow mechanism. Our model allows the calculation of the value of the brand of a product, in particular, as well as the calculation of the company's brand. Our model enables the establishment of the link between customer mindset and evaluating the performance of brand in market, comparing the brand to its competitors. The integration between consumer-based brand equity and firm or financial-based brand equity allows the estimation of the financial return of marketing actions, checking the contribution of each of the drivers (brand awareness, perceived quality, brand loyalty, perceived value, brand personality and organizational associations) in brand equity.

Embora haja um consenso sobre a importância do valor da marca, um modelo de estimação único e uniformemente aceito ainda não surgiu, nem na perspectiva baseada no cliente ou consumidor nem na perspectiva da firma ou financeira. Assim, os profissionais de marketing ainda são desafiados a estimar o valor da marca. Além disso, é importante para a construção de um modelo de estimativa de valor da marca detectar as percepções dos consumidores e também apresentar uma estimativa monetária do valor da marca, satisfazendo às exigências de financistas, contabilistas e acionistas empresariais. A maioria dos modelos de valor da marca baseado no consumidor existentes não oferece uma estimativa monetária do valor da marca e muitos modelos de valor da marca baseado na firma não observam as percepções dos consumidores. A maioria deles não avalia o desempenho das marcas em futuros períodos de tempo. Esta pesquisa desenvolveu um modelo que permite estimar o valor da marca observando as probabilidades de escolha (manutenção ou troca) de marca pelos consumidores, com a aplicação da Matriz de Troca Markov. A matriz de troca de marca foi estimada por um estudo transversal, utilizando um modelo de escolha logit, analisando todas as marcas competidoras no mercado. Esta pesquisa também investigou o valor monetário da marca, utilizando o mecanismo de fluxo de caixa descontado. O modelo permite o cálculo do valor da marca de um produto, em particular, bem como o cálculo do valor da marca da empresa. Além disso, o modelo possibilita o estabelecimento da relação entre o mindset do cliente e a avaliação do desempenho de marca no mercado, comparando a marca de seus concorrentes. A integração entre valor da marca baseado no consumidor e valor da marca baseado na firma permite estimar o retorno financeiro das ações de marketing, verificando a contribuição de cada um dos condutores (consciência de marca, qualidade percebida, lealdade à marca, valor percebido, personalidade da marca e associações organizacionais) ao valor marca. / Although there is a consensus about brand equity importance, a single, uniformly accepted estimation model has not yet emerged, neither from consumer-based brand equity or firm or financial-based brand equity perspectives. Hence, marketing professionals are still challenged to estimate the value of the brand. Furthermore, it is important to build a brand equity estimation model, which detects the consumers’ perceptions and also presents a monetary estimation of brand equity, satisfying shareholders’ requirements. Most of the existent consumer-based brand equity models do not offer a monetary estimation of brand equity and many firm-based brand equity models do not observe consumers’ perceptions. Most of them do not evaluate the brands’ performance in future periods of time. This research developed a model that permits estimation of brand equity observing the consumers’ brand choices probabilities (purchase maintenance and brand-switching), by applying the Markov Matrix. The brand-switching matrix was estimated by a cross-sectional survey, using a logit choice model, analyzing all competing brand. This research also investigated the monetary value of the brand, using the discounted cash flow mechanism. Our model allows the calculation of the value of the brand of a product, in particular, as well as the calculation of the company's brand. Our model enables the establishment of the link between customer mindset and evaluating the performance of brand in market, comparing the brand to its competitors. The integration between consumer-based brand equity and firm or financial-based brand equity allows the estimation of the financial return of marketing actions, checking the contribution of each of the drivers (brand awareness, perceived quality, brand loyalty, perceived value, brand personality and organizational associations) in brand equity.