Since the 1990s water quality monitoring projects using aquatic insects or macroinvertebrates as bioindication in Mongolia has mostly occurred in rivers drainage to the Arctic Ocean. They have been conducted to identify different anthropogentic stressors and impacts upon these running water ecosystems. However, there are still knowledge gaps and uncertainties concerning the research of these macroinvertebrates, in particular, a life cycle study of representative species are one such section of information missing. The specific aim for the study was to determine their life cycles and secondary production of selected species in the Kharaa River Basin, Mongolia, where these animals are exposed to harsh environment conditions. The main challenges for the research project were selecting the most suitable methods for use in the field sampling campaigns as well as establishing biomonitoring criteria for the target species under the extreme harsh climatic conditions. The research also sorts to address the pre-existing taxonomical identification problems. Consequently, a multi-habitat quantitative sampling method, and emergence traps type ‘Model week’ were selected. Five specific traits were chosen as selection criteria from the literature, where the life cycles of numerous species were investigated under comparable conditions to this study. Based on those five distinct criteria, a total of 18 species from EPT group (Ephemeroptera, Plecoptera, and Trichoptera) were selected for deeper analysis. This thesis provided the first quantitative results on the life cycle, production, growth rate and emergence of aquatic insects from Mongolia, to allow comparisons with studies in other regions using the same methods. However, it still needs more quantitative research of population dynamics for a wider range of species including fecundity, accurate development rates, mortality losses (e.g., due to predation), and food availability across environmental gradients of hydraulic conditions and substrate types. In conclusion, last not least it is essential to obtain knowledge especially about life cycle strategies of macroinvertebrates to identify the indicator-properties of single species and to predict re-colonisation potential of disturbed habitats and to evaluate the efficiency of management measures.

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Orientador: Rejane Maira Góes / Texto em português e inglês / Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Biologia / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-24T19:26:40Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Negrin_AnaCarolina_M.pdf: 3573186 bytes, checksum: 84ff9397d827717b776f6497a21bc510 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2014 / Resumo: Desreguladores endócrinos (DE), como o di-n-butil ftalato (DBP), podem alterar o panorama dos hormônios esteroides ou sua ação, comprometendo o desenvolvimento testicular e a capacidade reprodutiva na vida adulta. Estudos toxicológicos mostram que ratos adultos, quando expostos a altas doses de ftalatos durante a fase de diferenciação sexual, exibem diversas anomalias reprodutivas, como agenesia do epidídimo e redução na produção diária de espermatozoides. Dados mostram que exposições a 2mg/kg/dia de DBP durante a gestação e a lactação são suficientes para prejudicar o desenvolvimento das células germinativas. Além disso, há relatos de que DE contrinuem para o aumento da adipogênese por causar alterações na sinalização celular de adipócitos. É conhecido que a obesidade masculina pode afetar a qualidade do sêmen e aumenta as taxas de infertilidade. Considerando que os ftalatos podem se acumular no tecido adiposo, ficamos interessados em avaliar os efeitos da exposição prolongada a baixas doses de DBP a as possíveis interferências do excesso de lipídeos na dieta para a função testicular e os parâmetros espermáticos de gerbilos adultos. Gerbilos fêmeas adultas, alimentadas com dieta balanceada (4% de lipídeos) ou hiperlipídica (20% de lipídeos) por oito semanas, foram acasaladas com machos normais. A prole masculina foi dividida em grupos controle (C), di-n-butil ftalato (Ph), dieta hiperlipídica (HF) e hieta hiperlipídica mais di-n-butil ftalato (HFPh). DBP (5 mg/kg/dia) foi administrado na água de beber às mães durante a gravidez e lactação e aos filhotes do desmame até a idade adulta (14 semanas). A resposta do testículo foi avaliada por meio de análises microscópicas e esterológicas, da sensibilidade de suas principais populações celulares a andrógenos e estrógenos, e da produção espermática. Também foram examinados os efeitos sobre a reserva espermática, o tempo de trânsito dos espermatozoides pelo epidídimo e a motilidade espermática. Isoladamente, baixas doses de DBP resultaram em obesidade e dislipidemia nos animais adultos. Nenhuma alteração foi observada na estrutura testicular, mas a síntese de estrógeno pelo testículo foi reduzida, resultando em tendência a diminuição na eficiência espermática. A redução no estrógeno intratesticular, após exposição ao DBP, foi acompanhada de um aumento de ~70% na expressão de ER? nos testículos, que pode ser uma resposta adaptativa aos baixos níveis deste hormônio. A ingestão crônica de dieta hiperlipídica não induziu os gerbilos adultos à obesidade, mas causou uma leve queda na eficiência espermática. Esta redução não está relacionada a alterações na estrutura testicular ou na sua capacidade esteroidogênica, mas podem estar ligadas ao comprometimento da sinalização testicular, já que foi verificada uma redução no conteúdo de AR. A exposição combinada à dieta hiperlipídica e a baixas doses de DBP atuaram sinérgica e negativamente na síntese de testosterona intratesticular, prejudicando a eficiência espermática e aumentando o tempo de trânsito dos espermatozoides pelo epidídimo. A motilidade espermática não sofreu alteração frente as exposições isoladas ou combinadas. Este estudo demonstrou que o ambiente nutricional pode interferir na resposta dos testículos frente aos ftalatos e proporciona novas informações para o entendimento das consequências da exposição aos DE para a redução na reverva espermática e fertlidade humana / Abstract: Endocrine disrupting chemicals (EDC), as di-n-butyl phthalate (DBP), can alter the scenary of steroid hormones or their action, impairing the testicular development and reproductive capacity in adulthood. Toxicological studies show that adult rats, when exposed to high doses of phthalates during sexual differentiation, exhibit several reproductive anomalies, such as agenesis of the epididymis and reduction in daily sperm production. Data show that exposures to 2mg/kg/day of DBP during gestation and lactation periods are enough to impair the development of the male germ cells. Furthermore, there are reports that EDC contribute to the increase of the adipogenesis by altering cell signaling of adipocytes and lipid metabolism. It is known that the male obesity can affect semen quality and increases infertility rates. Whereas that phthalates can accumulate in adipose tissue, we were interested in evaluating the effects of prolonged exposure to low doses of DBP and possible interferences of excess dietary fat for testicular function and spermatic parameters of adult gerbils. Adult female gerbils, fed high-fat (20% fat) or balanced diet (4% fat) for eight weeks, were mated with normal males. The male offspring was divided into control (C), di-n-butyl phthalate (Ph), high-fat diet (HF) and high-fat diet plus di-n-butyl phthalate (HFPh) groups. DBP (5 mg/kg/day) was administered in drinking water to pregnant and breastfeeding mothers and to offspring from weaning up to adulthood (14-week-old). Testis response was evaluated by means of microscopic and stereological analyses, sensitivity of its major cell populations to androgens and estrogens, steroidogenic capacity and spermatic efficiency. We also examined the effects on sperm reserves, sperm transit time through the epididymis and sperm motility. Alone, low doses of DBP resulted in obesity and dislipidemy at adulthood. No histological change was observed in testicular structure of these animals, but there was reduction in intratesticular estrogen synthtesis, resulting in a tendency to decrease in sperm production. The decrease in intratesticular estrogen after lifetime DBP exposure was accompanied by a ~70% increment in ER? content in the testis, that might be an adaptative response to low estrogen levels. Chronic intake of high-fat diet did not induce obesity in aldult gerbils, but led to a slight decrease in spermatic efficiency. This decrease was not associated with changes in testicular structure or steroidogenic capacity, because serum or intratesticular testosterone and estrogen concentrations were not altered, but it can be linked to an unbalanced in androgen receptor signaling, since it was observed a decrease in AR content. The combined exposure to high-fat diet and to low doses of DBP acted synergical and negatively on intratesticular testosterone synthesis, impairing the spermatic efficiency and increasing the sperm transit time. The sperm motility was not changed in isolated or combined exposures. This study demonstrated that fat nutritional environment may adversely affect the response of testes to phthalates, and provide new informations for understanding the consequences of exposures to ECD in decreasing human sperm counts and fertility / Mestrado / Biologia Celular / Mestra em Biologia Celular e Estrutural

Orientador: Rejane Maira Góes / Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Biologia / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-23T14:41:50Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Jesus_MarianaMarcielode_M.pdf: 3839823 bytes, checksum: 5cdcc794169929d299d222355a85e2d1 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2013 / Resumo: O resumo poderá ser visualizado no texto completo da tese digital / Abstract: The abstract is available with the full electronic document / Mestrado / Biologia Celular / Mestra em Biologia Celular e Estrutural

Er’rentai, or Mongolian dance and song duets, is a genre of folk opera in the Inner Mongolian Autonomous Region. Er’rentai performances can be categorized into two styles—the “western-style” and the “eastern-style.” The aim of this thesis is to explore the acculturation in Chinese-Mongolian er’rentai genre in the following ways. First, I address the historical background of the western-style er’rentai. Then, I draw on fieldwork with Huo Banzhu, a famous er’rentai musician, to introduce contemporary state of er’rentai's development. Finally, I employ musical analysis to demonstrate the borrowings of Mongolian music and culture in the formation and transmission of Chinese-Mongolian er’rentai.

The aim o this thesis is to determine whether there is a promising prospect of mutual economic relations between the Czech Republic and Mongolia, to analyze the Mongolian economy and to highlight potential possibilities and sectors that could represent a suitable opportunity for the Czech investors to do business in this region. The first part characterizes geographic, climatic, demographic, political and historical profile of Mongolia. The second part analyzes the Mongolian economy as a whole, its structure, foreign trade and foreign direct investments. In the third part is mapped position of Mongolia in Asia, Mongolian relations with neighboring states and foreign policy. The fourth part deals with the evaluation of economic relations between the Czech Republic and Mongolia, their history, present and prospects for the future.

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In a world where authoritarian states are taking a bigger place in the global arena, it’s important to learn from democracies and how a strong democracy can be upheld. The objective of this essay is to explain how Mongolia, a country with two giant authoritarian geographical neighbors in China and Russia still upholds a strong consolidated democracy. How did Mongolia develop from a history of communism to a free open country? This essay aims to explain Mongolia’s democratization after the collapse of the USSR in 1990 through the national internal factors of Larry Diamonds democratization theory; the development of authoritarian fragmentation and the development of civil society. The result illustrates that the development of authoritarian fragmentation led to competition between the elites, hard-liners vs soft-liners which in turn turned out in liberalization improvements. While the outcome of the development of civil society led to mobilization, protests and manifestations towards change and NGO’s got established which in turn lead to liberal reforms and economic improvement. The conclusion of the essay argues that the development of authoritarian fragmentation and civil society played a big role in Mongolia’s democratization in the 1990s.

Gegenstand der Dissertation sind die Ausgrabungen in der uigurischen Hauptstadt Karabalgasun/Mongolei der Jahre 2009-2011. Ein Schwerpunkt ist die Darstellung und Auswertung der Grabungsergebnisse unter besonderer Berücksichtigung der bauarchäologischen und stadtgeschichtlich relevanten Zeugnisse. Die Ausgrabungsergebnisse werden in den Kontext der frühen Siedlungs- und Stadtgeschichte Zentralasiens unter besonderer Berücksichtigung der Mongolei, Südsibiriens und Burjatiens eingebunden. Ein erklärtes Ziel der Dissertation ist, die besondere Bedeutung von spätnomadischen Stadtgründungen und Gründungsstädten im Zusammenhang spätnomadischer Herrschaftsbildungen zu erhellen und damit zu einem neuen Verständnis der Stadt im zentralasiatischen Nomadentum im Allgemeinen beizutragen.

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