Opioid Receptors (ORs) are involved in the pathophysiology of several neuropsychiatric conditions yet remain an untapped therapeutic resource. Although only mu-, delta-, and kappa-OR types have been cloned, additional subtypes result from complexes generated by direct receptor-receptor interactions. Mu- and delta-ORs form a heteromeric receptor complex with unique pharmacological and signalling properties distinct from those of mu- and delta-OR homomers. In these studies, we sought to characterize the ligand binding pocket and agonist-induced internalization profile of the mu-delta heteromer, to investigate mu-delta heteromer-specific signalling in brain, and to interrogate the contribution of this receptor complex to opioid-mediated behavioural effects. In competition radioligand binding studies, delta-agonists displaced high affinity mu-agonist binding from the mu-delta heteromer but not the muOR homomer, suggestive of delta-agonists occupying or allosterically modulating the muOR ligand binding pocket within the heteromer. Delta-agonists induced internalization of the mu-delta heteromer in a dose-dependent, pertussis toxin resistant, and muOR- and deltaOR-dependent manner from the cell surface via the clathrin and dynamin endocytic machinery. Agonist-induced internalization of the mu-delta heteromer persisted following chronic morphine treatment conditions which desensitized the muOR homomer. Using Galpha-specific GTPgammaS binding assays, we demonstrated that mu-delta heteromer signalling previously characterized in cell lines was present in the striatum and hippocampus, and did not desensitize following prolonged morphine treatment conditions which desensitized muOR homomer-mediated signalling. Since delta-agonists which also target the mu-delta heteromer possess antidepressant-like and anxiolytic-like properties, we investigated the role of this receptor complex in mood regulation. We devised a strategy to selectively analyze the effects of the mu-delta heteromer by dissociating it using a specific interfering peptide aimed at a sequence implicated in mu-delta heteromerization. The interfering peptide abolished the unique pharmacological and trafficking properties of delta-agonists at the mu-delta heteromer and dissociated this receptor complex in vitro. Intra-accumbens administration of the interfering peptide disrupted the mu-delta interaction in vivo and allowed for isolation of the mu-delta heteromer contribution to the mood-regulatory effects of a delta-agonist with activity at the heteromer. Activation of the mu-delta heteromer in the nucleus accumbens produced antidepressant-like and anxiolytic-like actions in animal models of depression and anxiety.

In this work, we focus on automatically classifying music by mood. For this purpose, we propose computational models using information extracted from the audio signal. The foundations of such algorithms are based on techniques from signal processing, machine learning and information retrieval. First, by studying the tagging behavior of a music social network, we find a model to represent mood. Then, we propose a method for automatic music mood classification. We analyze the contributions of audio descriptors and how their values are related to the observed mood. We also propose a multimodal version using lyrics, contributing to the field of text retrieval. Moreover, after showing the relation between mood and genre, we present a new approach using automatic music genre classification. We demonstrate that genre-based mood classifiers give higher accuracies than standard audio models. Finally, we propose a rule extraction technique to explicit our models. / En esta tesis, nos centramos en la clasificación automática de música a partir de la detección de la emoción que comunica. Primero, estudiamos cómo los miembros de una red social utilizan etiquetas y palabras clave para describir la música y las emociones que evoca, y encontramos un modelo para representar los estados de ánimo. Luego, proponemos un método de clasificación automática de emociones. Analizamos las contribuciones de descriptores de audio y cómo sus valores están relacionados con los estados de ánimo. Proponemos también una versión multimodal de nuestro algoritmo, usando las letras de canciones. Finalmente, después de estudiar la relación entre el estado de ánimo y el género musical, presentamos un método usando la clasificación automática por género. A modo de recapitulación conceptual y algorítmica, proponemos una técnica de extracción de reglas para entender como los algoritmos de aprendizaje automático predicen la emoción evocada por la música

Thesis (PhD)--Macquarie University, Division of Linguistics & Psychology, Department of Linguistics, 2006. / Bibliography: p. 742-762. / Systemic functional linguistics as a framework for description -- An overview of the grammar of Thai -- Textual clause grammar: the system of THEME -- Interpersonal clause grammar: the system of MOOD -- Experiential grammar at clause rank: the system of TRANSITIVITY -- Thai narrative register: context, semantics and lexicogrammatical profiles -- Conclusions. / This research is a text-based study of the grammar of standard Thai, based on systemic functional linguistics. It is the first attempt to explore Thai in systemic functional terms, that is with the account of the grammar of Thai being interpreted as resource for making meaning that is part of language as a higher-order semiotic system. This account utilizes a corpus-based methodology and explores extensive evidence from natural narrative texts, specifically fourteen Thai folk tales. This systemic functional interpretation of Thai is also supported by an investigation of other text types (See Chapter 2). The research has both intermediate and long term implications. The description itself will be a resource for the Thai community and it will also contribute to the growing area of linguistic typology based on systemic descriptions. The long term implication of the research is that the description will be used as a model for text-based research into minority languages in Thailand. -- There are two introductory chapters to the study. The first chapter discusses some general issues concerned with systemic functional theory and data used in the development of the description of the grammar of Thai. The second chapter is a preview chapter which provides an overview of the grammar of Thai in terms of three strands of meaning: textual, interpersonal, and the experiential mode of ideational meanings. The systemic functional interpretation is based on an exploration of a number of texts with a wide generic spread (e.g. news reports, topographic texts, encyclopedia, and television interview). -- Chapter 3 to Chapter 7 constitute the main body of the thesis. Chapter 3 deals with the textual metafunction: it explores the THEME system as the enabling resource for the clause grammar for presenting interpersonal and experiential meanings as a flow of information in context. Chapter 4 is concerned with the interpersonal metafunction. It is focused on exploring the MOOD system, that is, the resource of clause grammar for enacting social roles and relationships in an exchange. Chapter 5 is concerned with the experiential mode of the ideational metafunction: it investigates the TRANSITIVITY system, which is the resource of the clause grammar for construing our experience of the world around and inside us. As this thesis is based mainly on narrative discourse, Chapter 6 profiles Thai narratives in terms of context, semantics, and lexicogrammar. Firstly, at the context stratum, the chapter describes the generic structure potential of Thai folk tales. Secondly, the chapter describes the realization of this generic structure by semantic properties. Finally, the chapter is concerned with quantitatively exploring the narratives on the basis of clause-rank systems, at the stratum of lexicogrammar, across the metafunctional spectrum midway up the cline of instantiation. In the final chapter, the study concludes by summarizing the preceding chapters, pointing out research implications and limitations, and suggesting some areas for further studies. / Mode of access: World Wide Web. / xxxv, 762 ill. +

Thesis (M.S.)--Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, 2005. / Typescript (photocopy).

Thesis (Ph. D.)--Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, 2005. / Typescript (photocopy).

Submitted by MELISSA RODRIGUES DE ALMEIDA null (melissa.r.almeida@gmail.com) on 2018-04-02T15:04:41Z No. of bitstreams: 1 A formação social dos transtornos do humor - Melissa Rodrigues de Almeida VERSÃO FINAL.pdf: 3103492 bytes, checksum: c10d02848c8dd0d6a91600675e710589 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Luciana Pizzani null (luciana@btu.unesp.br) on 2018-04-03T12:40:39Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 almeida_mr_dr_bot.pdf: 3103492 bytes, checksum: c10d02848c8dd0d6a91600675e710589 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2018-04-03T12:40:39Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 almeida_mr_dr_bot.pdf: 3103492 bytes, checksum: c10d02848c8dd0d6a91600675e710589 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2018-03-02 / O objetivo deste trabalho foi analisar os processos compreendidos na formação social dos transtornos do humor, com base no acúmulo teórico-prático de dois campos do conhecimento, a Saúde Coletiva e a Psicologia Histórico-Cultural, ambos fundamentados no materialismo histórico-dialético. De acordo com a Organização Mundial de Saúde, os transtornos do humor, com destaque para a depressão, estão entre as principais causas de incapacitação no mundo hoje. Não à toa a saúde mental vem ganhando cada vez mais destaque tanto nos estudos científicos como na demanda por políticas públicas que atendam às necessidades das pessoas em sofrimento psíquico. Entretanto, a produção de conhecimento e de práticas está hegemonizada por concepções biológicas, pautadas na lógica produtivista do capital. Esta pesquisa se soma aos esforços de análise do sofrimento psíquico expressos como depressão e bipolaridade em suas determinações mais profundas, tendo em vista que o processo saúde-doença consiste de uma expressão particular do processo geral da vida social. Para isso, foi realizada uma investigação teórica conjugada com pesquisa de campo, com observação participante, grupos focais e entrevistas com quinze pessoas diagnosticadas com depressão e bipolaridade, vinculadas a um serviço da rede pública de saúde. Com isso, buscou-se entender, por meio da dialética singular-particular-universal, a determinação social na constituição da depressão e da bipolaridade nas histórias de vida. A análise teve como ponto de partida a caracterização psiquiátrica da depressão e da bipolaridade, seguida de uma argumentação em favor da adoção do termo sofrimento psíquico. Fundada nos aportes da teoria da determinação social do processo saúde-doença, seguiu-se avaliando como os transtornos do humor sobressaíram no perfil epidemiológico como resultado dos modos de vida na atual fase de acumulação capitalista. Para entender as alterações na dinâmica da personalidade envolvidas na depressão e na bipolaridade, retomou-se as contribuições da Psicologia Histórico-Cultural sobre o desenvolvimento humano, a formação da personalidade e suas respectivas alterações patológicas. Por fim, com a articulação das trajetórias singulares de vida em um nível maior de generalização, sustentamos a tese segundo a qual a gênese da depressão e da bipolaridade está radicada nos processos críticos da vida social, como expressão das crescentes exigências psíquicas e resistência às constrições pelo capital, e se desenrola na forma de alterações na personalidade centradas na esfera afetivo-volitiva da atividade. / The aim of this paper was to analyze the processes comprised in the social formation of mood disorders, based on the theoretical and practical accumulation of two fields of knowledge, Collective Health and Historic-Cultural Psychology, both grounded in historical-dialectical materialism. According to the World Health Organization, mood disorders, especially depression, are today among the leading causes of disability worldwide. Not for nothing, mental health has been gaining increasing prominence both in scientific studies and in the claim for public policies suited for people in psychic suffering. However, biological conceptions, based on the productivist logic of capital, are hegemonic in the production of knowledge and practices. This research joins the efforts of analyzing psychic suffering expressed as depression and bipolar disorder in its deeper determinations, given that the health-illness process consists of a particular expression of the general process of social life. For this purpose, a theoretical investigation was conducted in conjunction with a field research, with participant observation, focus groups and interviews with fifteen people diagnosed with depression and bipolar disorder who benefited from a service from the public health system. Thus, we sought to understand, through the singular-particular-universal dialectic, the social determination in the constitution of depression and bipolar disorder in life stories. The analysis had its starting point in the psychiatric characterization of depression and bipolar disorder, followed by an argumentation in favor of adopting the term psychic suffering. Based on the contributions of the theory of social determination of the health-illness process, we continued by evaluating how mood disorders stood out in the epidemiological profile as a result of the lifestyles of the current phase of capitalist accumulation. To understand the changes in personality dynamics that are involved in depression and bipolar disorder, we retrieved the contributions of Historic-Cultural Psychology about human development, personality formation and its respective pathological alterations. Lastly, by articulating the singular trajectories of life in a greater level of generalization, we supported the thesis that the genesis of depression and bipolar disorder is rooted within critical processes of social life, as an expression of increasing psychic demands and resistance to the restrains of capital, unfolding in the form of personality changes centered on the affective-volitional sphere of activity.

Le but de cette thèse était la recherche de biomarqueurs des troubles de l'humeur (dépression unipolaire et troubles bipolaires). Compte tenu de l'étiologie de ces troubles (hypométabolisme du cortex préfrontal dorso-latéral et déficit de la neurotransmission GABA/glutamatergique), nous avons choisi d'étudier deux biomarqueurs : la performance saccadique et l'excitabilité corticale. Nos résultats montrent que les performances saccadiques (antisaccades) permettent (i) de discriminer les patients présentant des troubles de l'humeur de sujets sains, (ii) d'objectiver l'amélioration thymique des patients suite à un traitement, et (iii) d'évaluer l'effet neuromodulateur à court-terme d'une séance de stimulation magnétique transcrânienne répétée. Concernant les mesures d'excitabilité corticale, aucune différence liée à l'amélioration thymique des patients, ni de différences entre patients et contrôles ne ressortent significativement. Nous avons suggéré que le non-contrôle du « State-Dependency » (i.e., de l'« état neurocognitif » des sujets pendant les stimulations) puisse être l'une des causes de l'absence de résultats, et validé cette hypothèse en manipulant les registres cognitifs et émotionnels des sujets.Le second aspect de notre travail de thèse avait trait à l'étude de l'efficacité de la stimulation magnétique transcrânienne répétée (rTMS) comme alternative thérapeutique non médicamenteuse des troubles de l'humeur. Si la littérature s'accorde sur une efficacité significative mais modérée de la rTMS comme traitement, nos données n'ont pas mis en évidence de supériorité du traitement actif par rapport au traitement placebo dans le cas de la neurostimulation iTBS. Une des raisons de ce manque d'efficacité du traitement actif pourrait être liée à des questions d'ordre méthodologique, comme le choix des paramètres de stimulation. Plus généralement, cette absence de résultats incite à questionner le postulat théorique basant l'étude de la réactivité du CPFDL ou sa neuromodulation sur les propriétés du cortex moteur. Notre expérience, étudiant la réactivité de différentes zones corticales par couplage TMS-EEG, va dans ce sens en montrant que la réactivité du cortex moteur diffère de celle des autres cortex. Le couplage TMS-EEG devrait permettre de mieux comprendre l'impact de la neuromodulation rTMS sur la cible corticale visée, et donc d'adapter les paramètres de stimulations aux aires cérébrales stimulées, permettant à terme de traiter plus efficacement les troubles de l'humeur. / The aim of this doctoral thesis was to develop biomarkers for mood disorders (unipolar major depression and bipolar disorders). Considering mood disorders' etiology (Dorso lateral prefrontal cortex hypometabolism and GABA/glutamate neurotransmission deficits), we decided to study two biomarkers: saccadic performance and cortical excitability. Our results showed that saccadic performance (notably Antisaccades) allows (i) discriminating bipolar patients from healthy subjects, (ii) ascertaining patients' mood improvement, and (iii) evaluating the short-term neuromodulation induced by repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation.Regarding cortical excitability measurements, our results did not reveal any differences neither between patients and healthy subjects, nor between Responders and non Responders to a treatment (Ketamine injection or rTMS). We suggested that the null results could be explained by the lack of control of State-Dependency. This assumption was tested and validated through the manipulation of the subjects' cognitive and emotional states.A second aim of this doctoral thesis was to study the efficacy of rTMS, a non pharmacological therapeutic alternative, as a treatment for mood disorders. Meta-analyses showed that anti depressant effect of rTMS seems to be significant but still moderate. In our experiment, mood improvement did not differ between active and sham rTMS. Basic methodological reasons such as stimulation parameters could explain this lack of efficacy. Overall, one could wonder about the validity of the theoretical postulate of rTMS, drawn upon motor cortex reactivity. This postulate inferred that both cortical reactivity of motor cortex and DLPFC are similar. Using TMS-EEG coupling, we studied the reactivity of these cortices, to TMS pulses, which revealed that motor cortex and DLPFC reactivities should not be assimilated. This result calls into question the relevance of the rTMS theoretical postulate. Coupling TMS and EEG should allow a better understanding of the impact of rTMS neuromodulatory effect over the targeted area, and thus to a better adaption of the stimulation parameters, which could lead to an improvement of rTMS efficacy as a treatment for mood disorders.

OBJETIVO: Confirmar, em uma amostra de jovens provenientes da população geral, achados recentes em relação à fisiopatologia do transtorno bipolar. Foi escopo desta investigação avaliar diferenças em uma neurotrofina, dois marcadores de dano oxidativo, duas citocinas pró-inflamatórias e uma antiinflamatória entre grupos de participantes com transtorno bipolar, depressão maior e também pessoas sem quaisquer episódios de humor. Nominalmente, foram elas o fator neurotrófico derivado do cérebro (brain-derived neurotrophic factor, BDNF), conteúdo de substâncias reativas ao ácido tiobarbitúrico (thiobarbituric acid reactive substances, TBARS), o conteúdo de proteína carbonil (protein carbonyl content, PCC), o fator de necrose tumoral-alfa (tumor necrosis factor-alpha, TNF-α), a interleucina-6 (IL-6) e a interleucina-10 (IL-10). MÉTODO: Indivíduos provenientes da população geral, que haviam participado de um estudo transversal (n=1560), com um rastreamento positivo para o transtorno bipolar foram recrutados, bem como dois grupos de controles. O primeiro tinha apenas episódios depressivos e o segundo não tinha história de episódios de humor. Isso levou a uma amostra de 231 participantes que passou por confirmação diagnóstica com a Entrevista Clínica Estruturada para o DSM-IV. Todas as análises incluíram avaliação de associações bivariadas. Um modelo a priori que incluía sexo, classe social, estado atual de humor, uso de substâncias e grupo diagnóstico como preditores foi utilizado. RESULTADOS: A amostra final foi composta por 55 participantes com transtorno bipolar, 82 com depressão maior e 95 controles. Uma minoria (9,6%) utilizava medicações psiquiátricas quando da entrevista. O transtorno bipolar foi associado a níveis circulantes elevados de PCC e TNF-α quando comparado com o grupo controle. A depressão maior também foi associada a níveis elevados de PCC quando comparada com o grupo sem episódios de humor. O uso de medicações psiquiátricas se associou com níveis mais baixos de TNF-α. As correlações entre os marcadores não foram tão fortes quanto em amostras clínicas anteriores. CONCLUSÕES: Os resultados encontrados apontam para duas conclusões mais amplas. Primeiramente, o transtorno bipolar se associa com um estado pró-oxidante e pró-inflamatório desde fases iniciais. Em segundo lugar, essas alterações parecem mais sutis que as observadas em amostras clínicas compostas por pessoas com doença crônica, o que reforçaria a idéia da ocorrência de algum tipo de progressão da doença. O principal cuidado com esses resultados é que provêm de amostras transversais, não longitudinais. Isso faz com que causalidade não possa ser inferida, e permanece a possibilidade que outros fatores além da doença bipolar sejam responsáveis pela toxicidade sistêmica observada. / OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study was to confirm, in a sample of young adults from the general population, recent findings regarding the pathophysiology of bipolar disorder. The focus of this investigation was finding group differences in one neurotrophin, two markers of oxidative damage, two pro-inflammatory cytokines and one anti-inflammatory cytokine in participants with bipolar disorder, major depression and people without any mood episodes. Markers assessed here were brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS), protein carbonyl content (PCC), tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α), interleukin-6 (IL-6) and interleukin-10 (IL-10). METHOD: Individuals from the general population, previously included in a cross-sectional study (n=1560), with a positive screen for bipolar disorder were recruited, as well as two groups of controls. One had only depressive episodes and the other had no history of mood episodes. This yielded a sample of 231 participants that further underwent diagnostic confirmation with the Structured Clinical Interview for DSM-IV (SCID). All analyses included a check for bivariate associations as well as an a priori multivariate model with sex, social class, current mood state, use of substances and SCID diagnoses as predictors. RESULTS: The final sample included 55 participants with bipolar disorder, 82 with major depression and 95 healthy controls. Only a minority was using any psychiatric medications (9.6%). Bipolar disorder was associated with higher PCC and TNF-α levels when compared to the control group. Major depression was also associated with higher PCC levels when compared to the control condition. Use of psychiatric medication was associated with lower TNF-α levels. Correlations between the same markers were not as strong as in clinical samples. CONCLUSIONS Two broad conclusions are called for from these results. The first is that early-stage bipolar disorder is already associated with a pro-oxidant, pro-inflammatory state. The second is that these changes appear more subtle than those observed in typical late-stage, chronic patients, supporting the notion that a form of illness progression takes place. The main caveat is that this data is cross-sectional, not longitudinal. This precludes causal inferences as factors other than the bipolar illness can conceivably induce systemic toxicity.

As preferências interindividuais de fase circadiana também são denominadas de cronotipo, considerado como um traço pessoal e caracterizado pelas diferenças dos ritmos circadianos. Nos últimos anos o interesse no estudo desta tipologia tem aumentado, sendo de particular relevância para compreender a organização temporal do processo de regulação do organismo. O questionário de Cronotipo de Munique (MCTQ) é um novo método de avaliação do cronotipo que avalia o período médio do sono durante os dias livres e de trabalho. As características individuais cronobiológicas, relacionadas às preferências para alocar as atividades durante o dia, também foram relacionadas aos distúrbios de humor. O presente trabalho foi realizado pelo núcleo de pesquisa de Cronobiologia do Hospital de Clínicas em colaboração coma a Universidade de Munique na Alemanha, tendo por objetivo avaliar em uma amostra populacional do Vale do Taquari a variabilidade interindividual dos cronotipos e sua relação com os níveis de sintomas depressivos. Foi observada uma dependência entre as variáveis de idade e gênero tanto para a distribuição do MCTQ, quanto para a distribuição dos escores da BECK. A distribuição do BECK mostrou uma correlação não linear com o MSF (Pearson = 0,094; p < 0,0001), demonstrando que os sintomas depressivos predominaram na maior parte entre os indivíduos que apresentam um avanço na fase do sono, mas também os tipos matutinos apresentaram uma tendência de maior pontuação na escala BECK. Houve uma diferença no ponto médio do sono entre dias de trabalho e os dias livres, nos diferentes cronotipos. Essa característica foi denominada no presente estudo como jet lag social e mostrou uma correlação positiva tanto com MSF (Spearman r2 = 0,381, p < 0,0001), quanto com BECK (Spearman r2 = 0,297, p < 0,0001). Quanto maior o jet lag social, mais intenso foram os sintomas depressivos, os indivíduos que apresentaram jet lag social entre 0 e 2 horas (N = 3.674) relataram sintomas significativamente menores de depressão do que aqueles que apresentaram 2 a 4 horas (N = 320), ou mais de 4 horas (N = 57, ANOVA: F = 79,36, p < 0,0001). A correlação entre o nível de sintomas depressivos e o jet lag social não ocorreu somente nos grupos vespertinos, mas também entre os tipos intermediários e matutinos (Spearman r2 = 0,233, p < 0,0001; r2 = 0,275, p = 0,0001 e r2 = 0,311, p < 0,0001, respectivamente). Estes resultados sugerem que a relação do cronotipo com o risco de sintomas depressivos pode ser entendida pela exposição destes indivíduos a situações de periodicidade ambiental diferentes da ritmicidade interna do organismo, o que corresponde a um desalinhamento dos ritmos circadianos internos com os externos. / The individual circadian phase preferences, also called chronotype, are an attribute of human beings, which is characterized by differences in circadian rhythms. The interest in the study of individual typology differences has increased in the last years. It is also relevant for understanding the temporal organization of the body’s regulatory process. The Munich Chronotype Questionnaire (MCTQ) is a new method developed to assess chronotype based on individual midsleep phase. Individual chronobiology characteristics to allocate activities during the day were also related to mood disorders. This work was carried out by the research group of Chronobiology at Clinicas Hospital in collaboration with the University of Munich in Germany. The objective of this study was to evaluate the interindividual variability of chronotypes and its correlation to the levels of depressive symptoms in a sample of rural population in Vale Taquari. As a result, we observed a dependence between the variables of age and gender distribution of both MCTQ and Beck scores. The distribution of Beck showed a nonlinear correlation with MSF (Pearson = 0.094, p <0.0001), demonstrating that depressive symptoms were prevalent mostly among people who have a sleep phase advance, but also the morning types showed a trend of higher scores on the Beck scale (ANOVA: F = 23:14, p <0.0001). The difference in the midpoint of sleep between workdays and free days was dependent on chronotypes. In this study that was called social jet lag and showed a positive correlation with both MSF (Spearman r2 = 0.381, p <0.0001) and BECK (Spearman r2 = 0.297, p <0.0001). The level of social jet lag was correlated to depressive symptoms. Individuals who had a social jet lag from 0 to 2 hours (N = 3,674) reported significantly less symptoms of depression than those which reported to 2 to 4 hours (N = 320), or more than 4 hours (N = 57, ANOVA: F = 79.36, p <0.0001). The correlation between the level of depressive symptoms and social jet lag did not occur only in the late type, but also between the morning and intermediate types (Spearman r2 = 0.233, p <0.0001, r2 = 0.275, p = 0.0001 and r2 = 0.311, p <0.0001, respectively). These results suggest that the relationship between chronotypes with the risk of depressive symptoms can be understood through the exposure of these individuals to environmental differences in the body's internal rhythm frequency. Additionally it can be suggesting that these changes also correspond to a misalignment of circadian rhythms with internal and external rhythm.

Submitted by Edileide Reis (leyde-landy@hotmail.com) on 2013-05-16T14:21:06Z No. of bitstreams: 2 Vivian Meira de Oliveira P2.pdf: 1624666 bytes, checksum: 009f1314b41891cb406d8a07eda90106 (MD5) Vivian Meira de Oliveira P1.pdf: 1678936 bytes, checksum: 397fa95efd08be41099b5ffad92b6de7 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Rodrigo Meirelles(rodrigomei@ufba.br) on 2013-05-26T10:45:43Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 2 Vivian Meira de Oliveira P2.pdf: 1624666 bytes, checksum: 009f1314b41891cb406d8a07eda90106 (MD5) Vivian Meira de Oliveira P1.pdf: 1678936 bytes, checksum: 397fa95efd08be41099b5ffad92b6de7 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2013-05-26T10:45:43Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 Vivian Meira de Oliveira P2.pdf: 1624666 bytes, checksum: 009f1314b41891cb406d8a07eda90106 (MD5) Vivian Meira de Oliveira P1.pdf: 1678936 bytes, checksum: 397fa95efd08be41099b5ffad92b6de7 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2006 / Este trabalho apresenta um estudo sobre a variação no uso do modo subjuntivo nas orações relativas e completivas no falar de quatro comunidades rurais afro-brasileiras do interior do Estado da Bahia. Com o suporte teórico-metodológico da sociolingüística variacionista e o recurso ao pacote de programas VARBRUL para o processamento quantitativo dos dados lingüísticos, buscou analisar o encaixamento desse processo variável na estrutura lingüística e social das comunidades de fala estudadas. Não obstante a reduzida faixa de variação encontrada, alguns condicionamentos lingüísticos e sociais foram identificados. Do ponto de vista lingüístico, as formas do modo subjuntivo ocorrem com maior freqüência em duas situações: (i) uma de base morfológica, em que o uso das formas de subjuntivo se dá tanto com verbos quanto com o tempo em que a oposição subjuntivo versus indicativo é mais saliente; (ii) outra de base semântica, em que o contexto de irrealidade tende a favorecer o uso do modo subjuntivo. A investigação aponta um reduzido uso do subjuntivo na gramática das comunidades rurais afro-brasileiras quando comparado com o que se observa na norma culta, o que confirma a idéia de uma redução na morfologia flexional dessa variedade afro-brasileira do PB em função do contato entre línguas. Além disso, diferentemente do que se registra em pesquisas no português urbano, tendo como base os resultados obtidos nessas comunidades, pode constatar que o subjuntivo vem ganhando ambiente antes ocupado apenas pelas formas do indicativo, o que demonstra a aquisição das formas do subjuntivo pelos falantes dessas comunidades, confirmando a realidade bipolarizada do português do Brasil e, assim, a co-ocorrência de pelo menos duas gramáticas no PB: uma referente ao português urbano culto e outra referente ao português rural, no qual se inclui o afro-brasileiro. / Salvador