Thesis (M.S.)--University of Michigan, 1999. / Running title: Social support and depressed mood state. Includes bibliographical references.

The aim of this thesis was to investigate the effect of dance and exercise to music on mood in those with Parkinson's disease (PD). A series of five studies were conducted in order to explore whether there are physical and psychological benefits of dance and exercise to music for those with PD. This programme of research collected data in a variety of ways, over a number of weeks (study one - 10 weeks), through survey data (study two) and in peoples own homes (study three, four and five). These studies have focused on the effect of these activities on mood and as the programme of research developed, the role of socialisation became a key factor. These studies have concluded that mood is significantly improved following dance and movement to music, but that this may be moderated by social interaction. Mood effects observed during a social dance class initially appeared to be comparable to 30 minutes of exercise to music at home. This suggests that music and movement without the social aspect of a class could also evoke an improvement in mood. After further investigation, however, it appeared that mood may have been affected by the presence of the researcher as a social factor. Overall, this programme of research has suggested that dance and music to movement is a beneficial form of activity but that the social aspect of this is imperative to have an effect on mood.

abstract: Vitamin C is a micronutrient with many important physiological roles. It can function as a reducing agent, a free radical scavenger, and an enzyme cofactor. Much research has examined the potential of vitamin C supplements to enhance exercise capacity in trained athletes; however, little is known regarding the effects of vitamin C supplements on the promotion of leisure-time physical activity in the general population. This area deserves attention since 1/3 of Americans have below adequate vitamin C status, and since aversion to exercise, fatigue, and altered mood states are the earliest signs of poor vitamin C status. This study analyzed the effect of supplementing 500 mg twice daily of vitamin C on self-reported leisure-time activity levels and mood states in young men. Twenty-nine healthy, young men, aged 18-35 years, were stratified by age, BMI, smoking status, and plasma vitamin C concentrations and assigned to either a control (CON) or experimental group (VTC) for the 8-week randomized, double-blinded, parallel arm trial. Subjects were instructed to keep track of their leisure-time physical activity by filling out the validated Godin Leisure-Time Exercise Questionnaire weekly for the entire study. In addition, subjects took the self-administered Profile of Mood States (POMS) at baseline, week 4, and week 8 to observe mood states. Plasma vitamin C concentrations were analyzed at the initial screening, week 4, and week 8 of the study. Plasma vitamin C concentrations significantly differed by group at week 4 and week 8. Furthermore, vitamin C supplementation significantly increased self-reported mild, moderate, and strenuous activity levels during the 8-week trial. Overall, total physical activity scores increased nearly 50% in the VTC group as compared to 18% in the CON group (p=0.001). However, mood states were not significantly impacted by vitamin C supplementation during the trial. This study provides the first experimental evidence that supplementing 500 mg of vitamin C twice daily can be effective in increasing leisure-time physical activity in healthy young men. This study, however, was unable to link improvements in physical activity rates to improved mood states. Since sedentary behaviors have been implicated in the rise of obesity in the U.S., further research should be conducted to substantiate the finding that vitamin C supplementation increases physical activity. / Dissertation/Thesis / M.S. Nutrition 2012

I propose two new theories to explain the consumption of aversive experiences: valence conversion and the hedonic equation. The principle of valence conversion asserts that discrete emotions that share a similar set of cognitive appraisals and level of arousal, but are of opposite valence, can be quickly converted from one to the other contingent on internal cognitions, goals and cues from the environment. I propose that fear and excitement meet these conditions; thus, an aversive stimulus that is not too extreme as to prevent the activation of goals related to positive affect can also be interpreted as exciting. The hedonic equation postulates that across four time points (anticipatorily, in the moment, residually, and remembered), if the sum of excitement is greater than the sum of fear, an individual will choose to re-consume an aversive stimuli while controlling for other non-emotive motivations. These two theories together explain why some individuals willingly consume aversive experiences, even if at some points they are unpleasant. / 2019-07-28

abstract: The popularization of energy drink use as a supplement to exercise is steadily increasing, especially among young adult males. However, the effects of energy drinks on muscular performance in young adults have yet to be clearly elucidated. Eight male subjects (mean age: 23.3 ± 4.3 yrs, height: 181.0 ± 5.3 cm, fat percent 17.8 ± 5.2%, and weight 85.3 ± 12.6 kg) completed this randomized double-blinded cross over study. The purpose of this study was to determine differences in acute muscular strength and endurance and Profile of Mood States (POMS) scores between three treatments (RockStar, sugar-free RockStar, and sugar-free caffeine-free Placebo). It was hypothesized that there would be no significant differences in acute peak torque and endurance of the knee extensors and flexors or on fatigue and vigor subscores from the POMS questionnaire. Each man was tested randomly at least 1 week apart. Diet and time of day were held constant across trials. Peak torque of knee extensors and flexors at 60, 180, 240 degress/second and fatigue index and total work were calculated by performing 50 repetitions at 240 degrees/second. There were no significant differences in peak torque, fatigue index, or total work measures or in subjective measures of fatigue or vigor from the POMS between the treatments. This study indicates that RockStar energy drinks have no acute ergogenic effects in young men performing isokinetic strength or endurance testing. / Dissertation/Thesis / M.S. Exercise and Wellness 2012

Mood drives our daily life actions. Despite the common thought, it has been showed that a negative affect can have several benefits. This thesis purpose is to induce a negative mood through a videogame to improve the intentions of a more “environmental-friendly behavior”. The game is a simulation of a possible daily-life situation in which the player from its house has to reach its working place. What the player will soon understand during the game is that every action has a consequence that has an impact on the environment around him/her. To study the mood of the participants two questionnaires have been used before and after the videogame: one to catch the immediate and less thought feeling and one in which the participants have to describe their mood in more details. Gathered data have been approached both in a qualitative and quantitative way to catch every shade of participants’ mood. Results showed how the negative mood induced by the game improve the awareness and intentions of participants toward the environment problems.

No description available.

Made available in DSpace on 2015-07-22T20:49:50Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2011-01-26 / Associação Fundo de Incentivo à Psicofarmacologia (AFIP) / Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP) / Introdução: Hoje em dia existe uma tendência que aponta para uma correlação positiva entre a prática regular de exercícios físicos e estados de saúde física, sugerindo existir um efeito positivo na prevenção de algumas doenças. Ainda podemos observar outra linha de estudos que vem mostrando uma interação benéfica entre o exercício físico e seus efeitos psicológicos, como melhora na função cognitiva, no humor e influenciando positivamente a qualidade de vida de seus praticantes. Porém existe uma parcela de atletas que pode apresentar um comportamento de dependência por exercícios físicos, desencadeando sintomas de tolerância a esta atividade bem como crises de abstinência na falta desta prática. Objetivo: O objetivo do presente estudo foi investigar os efeitos do exercício físico agudo realizado até a exaustão voluntária máxima e na intensidade do limiar ventilatório 1 por 30 e 60 minutos nas respostas de humor e no bem estar de atletas dependentes de exercício físico além de observar se estas alterações no humor podem estar relacionadas com o tipo de exercício físico realizado. Método: O estudo foi submetido e aprovado pelo Comitê de Ética da Universidade Federal de São Paulo/Hospital São Paulo (#0408/09). Participaram deste estudo 19 voluntários, corredores, sendo todos hígidos, do gênero masculino e com idades entre 20 a 55 anos, selecionados inicialmente por uma avaliação feita através da Escala de Dependência de Exercício e separados por Dependentes e Não Dependentes de exercício físico. Ao serem inseridos no estudo, os voluntários foram submetidos a três protocolos de exercício físico: a) Teste de carga progressiva até a exaustão voluntária máxima; b) Teste em carga retangular na intensidade do Limiar ventilatório 1 realizado por 30 minutos; c) Teste em carga retangular na intensidade do Limiar ventilatório 1 realizado por 60 minutos. Para cada protocolo de exercício físico, os voluntários responderam a cinco instrumentos que avaliam o humor e aspectos de bem-estar, sendo eles: Escala de Humor de Brunel, Visual analogue of Mood Scale, Escala Subjetiva de Experiência em Exercício, IDATE (Traço e Estado) e Inventário Beck de Depressão. Essa avaliação foi realizada em diferentes momentos: Basal, imediatamente após, 30 e 60 minutos após o término dos protocolos. Resultados: Os atletas que compuseram os grupos apresentaram escore de 11±2 pontos obtido na Escala de Dependência de Exercícios, que foram chamados de “Dependentes” e escore de 2±2 pontos para o grupo chamado de “Não Dependente”, além destes resultados observamos que na ergoespirometria os grupos se mostraram homogêneos e as intensidades foram semelhantes e mantidas nos dois protocolos de carga retangular como era previsto. Além destes resultados os atletas não diferiam em seu perfil psicológico no momento basal quando avaliados pelo inventário BECK de Depressão e pelo Questionário IDATE Traço. Quando levamos em conta apenas as intensidades de exercício, os resultados do questionário SEES mostraram menores valores na variável fadiga nos momentos 30´ e 60´ após exercício físico nos protocolos de exercício máximo e 30 min. em LV1, e para variável bem estar positivo maiores valores foram observados somente no teste Max. Já para a variável distresse psicológico deste mesmo questionário, observamos menores valores no protocolo de teste Max e no protocolo de 30 min. em LV1 após o exercício físico. Para as varáveis observadas no questionário VAMS observamos após o exercício físico maiores valores de sedação física e sedação mental apenas no protocolo de exercício de 60 min. em LV1. Para o questionário BRUMS, observamos menores valores para a dimensão tensão, menores valores também para a dimensão raiva, maiores valores na dimensão vigor e menores escores para a variável fadiga principalmente nos protocolos de teste Max e 30min em LV1. Para as variáveis sanguíneas de lactato, cortisol e testosterona, os valores seguiram um padrão já descrito pela literatura o que garante as intensidades previstas para cada protocolo. Quando levamos em consideração ter ou não o sintoma de Dependência de Exercício, observamos maiores valores na variável fadiga avaliada pelo questionário SEES em todos os momentos do teste Max para o grupo Dependente, porém o comportamento de todas as variáveis de humor e bem estar se apresentam semelhantes, mas com certo grau de sensibilidade maior para o grupo Dependente de Exercício em todas as outras variáveis de todos os instrumentos de avaliação. Conclusão: Os resultados permitem concluir que exercícios de alta intensidade exercem maiores influências no padrão de humor de atletas quando comparados a exercícios de intensidade moderada, mas vale ressaltar que algumas variáveis propostas em nosso estudo, sofrem influência especificamente da duração do exercício (sedação física e sedação mental). Podemos citar também que existem diferenças na sensibilidade e na percepção das alterações do humor em atletas Dependentes de Exercício, e que para esta população cautela e direcionamento adequado para a prática de exercícios físicos se faz necessário. / Introduction: Actually there is a trend that points to a positive correlation between regular exercise and physical states of physical health, suggesting a positive effect in preventing some diseases. We can still observe other line of research that has shown a beneficial interaction between exercise and psychological effects, such as improvement in cognitive function, mood and positively influence the quality of life of its practitioners. But there is a portion of athletes who may have an addictive behavior by physical exercise, triggering symptoms of tolerance for this activity and withdrawal in the absence of this practice. Objective: The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of acute exercise performed until maximal voluntary exhaustion at ventilation threshold 1 (VT1) intensity for 30 and 60 minutes in the responses of mood and well being of athletes addicted to exercise and to observe whether these changes in mood may be related to the type of exercise performed. Methods: The study was approved by the Ethics Committee of the Federal University of São Paulo / Hospital Sao Paulo (# 0408/09). The participants were 19 volunteers, runners, all healthy, male and aged 20 to 55 years, initially selected by an evaluation made by Negative Addiction Scale and separated by dependent and independent exercise. When they entered the study, volunteers underwent three exercise protocols: a) progressive load test until voluntary exhaustion maximum b) Test in rectangular load in the intensity of ventilatory threshold 1 performed for 30 minutes, c) Test rectangular load in the intensity of ventilatory threshold 1 performed for 60 minutes. For each exercise protocol, subjects answered to five instruments used to assess mood and aspects of welfare, they are: Brunel Mood Scale, Visual Analogue Scale of Mood, Subjective Experience Scale Exercise, STAI (Trait State) and the Beck Depression Inventory. This evaluation was done at different times: basal, immediately after, 30 and 60 minutes after the end of the protocols. Results: The athletes who made up the groups had a score of 11 ± 2 points obtained in Exercise Dependence Scale, which were called "Dependent" and score of 2 ± 2 points for the group called "Non Dependent", and these results observed in ergospirometry groups were homogeneous and the intensities were similar and kept in the two protocols rectangular load, as expected. Besides these results, the athletes did not differ in their psychological profile at baseline when evaluated by Beck Depression Inventory and the STAI Trait Questionnaire. When we take into account only the intensity of exercise, the questionnaire results showed lower SEES in the variable fatigue in the 30 'and 60' after exercise in exercise protocols and maximum 30 min. in VT1, and variable positive wellbeing highest values were observed only in test Max To the variable psychological distress of the same questionnaire, we found lower values in the Max test protocol and the protocol of 30 min. in VT1 after exercise. For the observed variables in the questionnaire VAMS observed after exercise of higher mental sedation, physical sedation and only in the exercise protocol of 60 min. in VT1. For BRUMS questionnaire, we observed lower values for the voltage scale, lower values also for the anger scale, higher values in the force size and lower scores for the variable fatigue primarily in testing protocols and Max 30min at VT1. For the variables of blood lactate, cortisol and testosterone, the values followed a pattern already described in the literature which guarantees the intensities provided for each protocol. When we take into consideration whether or not the symptom of Exercise Dependence, we observed higher values in the variable fatigue assessed by questionnaire SEES at all times of testing for the group Max Dependent, but the pattern of all variables of mood and wellbeing are presented similar but with some degree of increased sensitivity to the Dependent Group Exercise for all other variables of all assessment instruments. Conclusion: The results suggest that high-intensity exercise exert major influences on the standard of athletes' mood when compared to moderate-intensity exercise, but it is worth noting that some proposed variables in our study, specifically influenced the duration of exercise (physical sedation and mental sedation). We also mention that there are differences in sensitivity and perception of mood changes in Dependent athletes, and that for this population and caution adequate direction for the physical exercise is necessary / FAPESP: 2009/07823-7 / TEDE / BV UNIFESP: Teses e dissertações

O presente estudo avaliou um grupo de pacientes com transtorno do humor bipolar (THB), episódio depressivo, através de uma bateria de testes neuropsicológicos – Dígitos da Escala Wechsler de Inteligência para Adultos, 3ª edição (WAIS-III) e Wisconsin Card Sorting Test (WCST) –, escala de funcionalidade – Functioning Assessment Short Test (FAST) – e escala de sintomas depressivos – Montgomery-Asberg Depression Rating Scale (MADRS) – e o comparou com um grupo de controles saudáveis. Obtiveram-se como resultados déficits cognitivos significativos no grupo dos pacientes com THB, no que se refere à memória imediata e de trabalho e funções executivas, quando comparados aos controles saudáveis. Também se encontrou uma correlação entre funcionalidade, sintomatologia depressiva e déficits na memória de trabalho e funcionamento executivo. Estes achados levantam a hipótese de que as dificuldades cognitivas e sintomas depressivos interferem significativamente no funcionamento laboral, afetivo e social dos pacientes com THB. / The present study evaluated a group of patients with Bipolar Disorder (BD), major depressive episode, through a battery of neuropsychological tests - Digits of the Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Adults, 3rd edition (WAIS-III) and Wisconsin Card Sorting Test (WCST) - scale functionality - Functioning Assessment Short Test (FAST) - and scale of depressive symptoms - Montgomery-Asberg Depression Rating scale (MADRS) - and compared with a group of healthy controls. Results were obtained as significant cognitive deficits in the patients with BD, with regard to the immediate and working memory and executive functions compared to healthy controls. We also found a correlation between functionality, depressive symptoms and deficits in working memory and executive functioning. These findings raise the hypothesis that the cognitive and depressive symptoms significantly interfere with work functioning, affective and social development of BD patients.

OBJETIVOS: Avaliar associações prospectivas dos transtornos de humor e da religiosidade com o risco de suicídio em adultos jovens provenientes da população geral. MÉTODO: Coorte prospectiva de base populacional. Adultos jovens (18-24 anos) foram recrutados e acompanhados em média cinco anos depois. Risco de suicídio, transtornos de humor e de ansiedade foram avaliados usando o Mini-International Neuropsychiatric Interview. Transtornos por uso de substâncias foram avaliados utilizando o Alcohol, Smoking and Substance Involvement Screening Test. A religiosidade foi avaliada na linha de base e agrupada de acordo com a afiliação religiosa e de acordo com a freqüência de participação. RESULTADOS: A amostra incluiu 1560 adultos jovens na linha de base, com 1244 reavaliados no seguimento (80,6%). Os episódios depressivos, tanto atuais como prévios, tiveram um impacto significativo no risco de suicídio. Os episódios maníacos prévios, no entanto, foram associados com uma menor consistência a um risco de suicídio. Nenhuma associação da religiosidade com o risco de suicídio foi encontrada nas duas etapas da pesquisa. Este resultado permaneceu na análise em todas as afiliações religiosas, mesmo quando subdivididas de acordo com a freqüência de participação. CONCLUSÕES: Os episódios depressivos têm um robusto efeito prospectivo, independente, sobre o risco de suicídio. O efeito dos episódios maníacos, por outro lado, foi dependente da análise e merece uma melhor investigação. Embora existam evidências prévias sugerindo um papel protetor da religiosidade sobre o risco de suicídio, essas não foram confirmadas nessa amostra específica de adultos jovens. / OBJECTIVES: To assess the prospective associations of mood disorders, religiosity and suicidality in a community sample of young adults. METHODS: Prospective population-based cohort study. Young adults (18-24 years old) were recruited and followed-up five years later. Suicidality, mood and anxiety disorders were assessed using the Mini-International Neuropsychiatric Interview. Substance use disorders were assessed using the Alcohol, Smoking and Substance Involvement Screening Test. Religiosity were assessed at baseline and grouped according to religious affiliation and according to attendance frequency. RESULTS: The sample included 1560 young adults at baseline, with 1244 reassessed at follow-up (80.6%). Depressive episodes, both current and past had a significant impact on suicidality. Previous manic episodes, however, were less consistently associated with suicidality. No association of religiosity with suicidality was found in the two waves of the research. This effect is maintained in all religious affiliations, even when subdivided the analysis according to the frequency of attendance in religious service. CONCLUSIONS: Depressive episodes have an independent and robust effect on prospective suicidality. The effect of manic episodes, on the other hand, was dependent on the analysis and deserves further exploration. Although there is prior general evidence suggesting a protective role of religiosity on suicidality, these were not confirmed in this specific sample of young adults.