There is a lack of exhaustively investigation for the public speech and the modality of politicians’ speech is been researched for the very first time. The society is highly interested in politics and it has a big influence on the users of language. The paper deals with the modality conception and its expression ways in politicians’ speech. The political discussions program’s “Spaudos klubas” materials are used for studies. After analysis of politicians spoken language was made, some bents for modality usage came to light. In a case of epistemic modality possibility and reality, that embrace real facts, are expressed in politicians’ speech. And in a case of deontic modality possibility and necessity, that encompass will acts, are expressed. The usage of dynamic modality in politicians’ speech is very rare. Realis is put into words by indicative mood and irrealis – by subjunctive and imperative mood. Another way politicians express irrealis is future tense. All basic senses of primary modality - reality, possibility and necessary, are introduced in politicians’ spoken language. In discussions programs politicians mostly use reality meaning sentences (65,35 percent). In telecasts people in politics use all types of basic modal sentences. Direct sentences are used in the most part, it is evade a usage of incentive sentences and the number of interrogative sentences is the least. Secondary modality categorical reliability expression cases are more frequent than the problematic... [to full text]

Depression is commonly associated with abnormal sleep architecture. This thesis undertook to assess sleep architecture as a biological correlate of self and observer-rated depressive state, and consists of three studies. The first used a categorical approach to examine the association of sleep architecture with subjective mood in a community sample of 74 preoperative patients, and found no association between high depression scores and hypothesized sleep markers. The second followed 16 patients with Major Depression who were treated with the antidepressant mirtazapine in an 8 week longitudinal study during which they underwent polysomnography on 6 occasions. It was found that classes of sleep markers (REM latency or REM, arousal index, and slow wave sleep) tend to predict response when analyzed concurrently. The third study was methodological in nature, and found that commercially available software for automating eye movement counts did not show strong correspondence with visually scored polysomnographic data.

Depression is commonly associated with abnormal sleep architecture. This thesis undertook to assess sleep architecture as a biological correlate of self and observer-rated depressive state, and consists of three studies. The first used a categorical approach to examine the association of sleep architecture with subjective mood in a community sample of 74 preoperative patients, and found no association between high depression scores and hypothesized sleep markers. The second followed 16 patients with Major Depression who were treated with the antidepressant mirtazapine in an 8 week longitudinal study during which they underwent polysomnography on 6 occasions. It was found that classes of sleep markers (REM latency or REM, arousal index, and slow wave sleep) tend to predict response when analyzed concurrently. The third study was methodological in nature, and found that commercially available software for automating eye movement counts did not show strong correspondence with visually scored polysomnographic data.

Tyrimo tikslas: išsiaiškinti kaip gotikinio metalo ir klasikinės muzikos klausymasis siejasi su depresiškumu ir suicidinėmis tendencijomis, patikrinti klasikinės muzikos poveikį nuotaikai bei palyginti kaip šis poveikis skiriasi depresiškiems, suicidiškiems ir šių problemų neturintiems paaugliams. Tyrime dalyvavo 134 Kauno „Vyturio“ katalikiškos vidurinės mokyklos 8-12 klasės moksleiviai, kurių amžius pasiskirstęs tarp 13-19 metų. Iš jų 69 (51, 49%) mergaitė ir 65 (48, 51%) berniukai. Tiriamieji užpildė anketas, kuriose buvo matuojamas depresiškumas (Zung‘o depresiškumo skalė, Zung, 1965), požiūris į savižudybę (Nuostatų savižudybių atžvilgiu klausimyno dvi skalės Skruibis, Gintilienė ir Labanauskaitė, 2008), suicidiškumas (Suicidiškumo skalė iš klausimyno depresijos pokyčiams matuoti, Pranckevičienė, Goštautas, 2007), nuotaika (PANAS-X, Watson ir Clark, 1994). Užpildžius papildomą dabartinės nuotaikos klausimyną, tiriamųjų buvo prašoma paklausyti klasikinės muzikos dainos. Po to užpildyti nuotaikos klausimyną. Tyrimo rezultatai parodė, kad gotikinio metalo ir klasikinės muzikos klausymasis nesisieja su paauglių depresiškumu ir suicidinėmis tendencijomis, tačiau gotikinio metalo muzikos klausymasis siejasi su paauglių mergaičių pasitikėjimu savimi, o klasikinės muzikos klausymasis siejasi su didesniu paauglių, ypač, berniukų nuovargiu, o mergaičių linksma nuotaika. Taip pat, buvo nustatyta, kad klasikinė muzika daro teigiamą poveikį nuotaikai, tiek vyrams tiem moterims... [toliau žr. visą tekstą] / The aim of the study was to assess gothic metal and classical music listening relation with depression and suicidal tendencies, assess classical music effect on mood and its relation with depression and suicidal tendencies on adolescent. The subjects of the study were 134 “Vyturio” catholic high school of Kaunas 8-12 class, 13-19 year old pupil. 69 (51, 49%) girls and 65 (48,51%) boys. The participant filed Zung depression questionnaire (Zung, 1965), Questionnaire on Attitudes Towards Suicide (ATTS) two subscales: acceptance and disapprobation (Skruibis, Gintilienė and Labanauskaitė, 2008). Suicide tendencies was measured by suicidal scale (Pranckevičienė, Goštautas, 2007) and mood was measured by PANAS-X (Watson and Clark, 1994). Also was filed second mood scale, created by author. Than participants were listening classical music. After that they filed mood questionnaire again. The results of the study showed that metal and classical music do not associate with adolescents depression and suicidal tendencies. Metal music associate with adolescent girls self-assurance, and classical music - with fatigue , specially for adolescent boys, and joviality of girls. Also, result showed that classical music effect on mood is positive, for bough genders, except, for depressive boys it is negative.

Recent findings suggest that there is considerable inter-individual variability in how mood affects sexual arousal. The current research proposes that the Dual Control Model may be important to explaining this variation. Thirty-three participants (18 male and 15 female) aged 18 to 45, attended three laboratory sessions where they completed questionnaires assessing pre-existing mood and propensity for sexual excitation and inhibition, then watched a series of neutral and erotic films. Participants continuously indicated their subjective sexual arousal during each film, while genital temperature was measured using thermographic imaging. The results indicated that mood interacted with the elements of the Dual Control Model to significantly predict both genital and subjective sexual arousal. The interactions between mood and sexual excitation and inhibition tended to better predict genital arousal for female participants and subjective sexual arousal for male participants. The results suggest that Dual Control Model is an important factor in understanding how mood affects sexual arousal. / Canadian Institutes of Health Research, Canadian Male Sexual Health Council, Fonds Recherche Santé du Québec, Pfizer and the Ontario Ministry of Training, Colleges and Universities.

Tyrimo tikslas – atskleisti tėvų pablogėjusios nuotaikos (depresiškumo ir streso) bei ikimokyklinio amžiaus vaikų agresyvaus elgesio bei fizinių negalavimų tarpusavio sąsajas. Tyrime dalyvavo 110 tėvų, auginančių 3 – 6 metų amžiaus vaikus (95 moterys ir 15 vyrų). Tėvų vidutinis amžius 32 metai. Vaikų vidutinis amžius 4,5 metai; 57 berniukai ir 53 mergaitės. Tėvų apklausa buvo atlikta Kauno lopšelyje-darželyje „Naminukas“ ir Kauno menų darželyje "Etiudas". Tiriamiesiems buvo pateikiamas klausimynas kurį sudarė subjektyviai suvokto streso skalė, Zungo depresijos skalė ir elgesio ikimokykliniame amžiuje klausimynas. Taip pat buvo pateikti penki klausimai apie vaiko fizinius negalavimus ir du papildomi klausimai apie vaiko ligas. Tyrimo rezultatai parodė, kad ikimokyklinio amžiaus vaikams labiausiai būdingas fizinis nusiskundimas yra pilvo skausmas. Tirtų vaikų grupėje agresyvių vaikų nei neagresyvių yra daugiau. Lyginant berniukus ir mergaites, tiek neagresyvių vaikų, tiek agresyvių vaikų grupėje abiejų lyčių pasiskirstymas yra panašus. Esant pablogėjusiai tėvų nuotaikai (daug patiriamo streso ir didelis depresiškumas) ikimokyklinio amžiaus vaikams pasireiškia daugiau agresyvaus elgesio požymių nei tiems vaikams, kurių tėvai nepasižymi pablogėjusia nuotaika (mažai patiriamo streso ir mažas depresiškumas). Agresyvūs ikimokyklinio amžiaus vaikai patiria daugiau fizinių negalavimų – galvos, pilvo ir skrandžio skausmų – nei neagresyvūs vaikai. Esant pablogėjusiai tėvų nuotaikai... [toliau žr. visą tekstą] / The aim of the study was to assess the relationship between parent’s depressive mood and preschool age children aggressive behavior and physical symptoms. The subjects of the study were 110 parents who were growing 3 – 6 years old children. The mean of parent’s age was 32 year. The mean of children age was 4,5 year; 57 boys and 53 girls. Parents were quizzed in the Kaunas kindergarten “Naminukas” and Kaunas art kindergarten "Etiudas". There was given the questionnaire for the respondents which was made of tree scales: Perceived Stress Scale, Zung Self Rating Scale, Preschool Behavior Questionnaire (PBQ). Also five questions about child‘s physical symptoms and two extra questions about child’s diseases were given. The results showed that the most common physical symptom of preschool children is abdominal pain. There are more aggressive children than not aggressive children in the group of studied children. Comparing boys and girls the number of aggressive and not aggressive children is similar. When parent’s mood is depressive (high level of stress and depression) preschool age children show more symptoms of aggressive behavior than those children whose parents’ mood is not depressive. Aggressive preschool age children feel more physical symptoms than not aggressive children. When parent’s mood is depressive (high level of stress and depression) preschool age children feel more physical symptoms than those children whose parents’ mood is not depressive.

Anxiety is a highly prevalent comorbidity in coronary artery disease (CAD) and confers increased risk of subsequent cardiac events and mortality. However, biological mechanisms of this relationship are not well understood. Ceramides are sphingolipids involved in inflammatory signaling and cell viability in the periphery and nervous system, and are implicated in pathophysiological mechanisms associated with anxiety. This study aimed to investigate relationships between plasma ceramide concentrations and anxiety symptomology as assessed by the Spielberger State-Trait Anxiety Inventory trait subscale (STAI-T) in CAD patients with linear regressions. High performance liquid chromatography coupled electrospray ionization tandem mass spectrometry was used to assay sphingolipid species. Plasma C22:0 ceramide (β=-0.232, p=0.018) concentrations and 8 other species of sphingolipids (SM18:0, SM20:1, C18:0, C20:0, C18:1, DHC22:0, LacC22:0, LacC24:1) were negatively correlated with STAI-T score when controlling for gender, BMI, and CES-D. Findings suggest specific sphingolipids to be potential markers for anxiety severity in CAD.

Introduction: Concussions are a physiologically & psychologically stressful event. Stress markers may provide insight into concussion recovery, but have not been examined. Purpose & Method: To investigate the stress response of concussed athletes compared to controls from injury to post-RTP. Concussed athletes’ Mood states, Perceived Stress, HRV, and Morning & Afternoon Cortisol were assessed at 3 phases of recovery following concussion. Results: Repeated measures ANOVA revealed significant interactions for TMD, Depression, Anger, Confusion, Fatigue, HF norm (rest), LF norm (rest), HF norm (difference between sitting & standing), LF norm (difference between sitting & standing), and LF/HF ratio (difference between sitting & standing). Vigor & Tension demonstrated significant changes over time in the concussed group. Significant difference between the two groups for morning Cortisol levels at phase 3 was revealed. Conclusion: Concussed athletes display elevated levels of stress post-injury. Findings warrant further investigation of stress markers in concussed athletes during recovery.

Introduction: Concussions are a physiologically & psychologically stressful event. Stress markers may provide insight into concussion recovery, but have not been examined. Purpose & Method: To investigate the stress response of concussed athletes compared to controls from injury to post-RTP. Concussed athletes’ Mood states, Perceived Stress, HRV, and Morning & Afternoon Cortisol were assessed at 3 phases of recovery following concussion. Results: Repeated measures ANOVA revealed significant interactions for TMD, Depression, Anger, Confusion, Fatigue, HF norm (rest), LF norm (rest), HF norm (difference between sitting & standing), LF norm (difference between sitting & standing), and LF/HF ratio (difference between sitting & standing). Vigor & Tension demonstrated significant changes over time in the concussed group. Significant difference between the two groups for morning Cortisol levels at phase 3 was revealed. Conclusion: Concussed athletes display elevated levels of stress post-injury. Findings warrant further investigation of stress markers in concussed athletes during recovery.

Anxiety is a highly prevalent comorbidity in coronary artery disease (CAD) and confers increased risk of subsequent cardiac events and mortality. However, biological mechanisms of this relationship are not well understood. Ceramides are sphingolipids involved in inflammatory signaling and cell viability in the periphery and nervous system, and are implicated in pathophysiological mechanisms associated with anxiety. This study aimed to investigate relationships between plasma ceramide concentrations and anxiety symptomology as assessed by the Spielberger State-Trait Anxiety Inventory trait subscale (STAI-T) in CAD patients with linear regressions. High performance liquid chromatography coupled electrospray ionization tandem mass spectrometry was used to assay sphingolipid species. Plasma C22:0 ceramide (β=-0.232, p=0.018) concentrations and 8 other species of sphingolipids (SM18:0, SM20:1, C18:0, C20:0, C18:1, DHC22:0, LacC22:0, LacC24:1) were negatively correlated with STAI-T score when controlling for gender, BMI, and CES-D. Findings suggest specific sphingolipids to be potential markers for anxiety severity in CAD.