Thèse en cotutelle : Université Laval, Québec, Canada et Université Toulouse 1 Capitole, Toulouse, France / La présente étude comparée s'intéresse à l'utilisation qui est faite, en droit pénal de fond canadien et français, de la relation entre le temps et la culpabilité morale des individus. Un examen des situations où un lien est établi entre ces deux éléments permet de formuler deux constats. D'une part, le temps et la culpabilité morale sont mis en relation pour encadrer la fonction préventive du droit pénal de fond. À ce sujet, se fondant sur un examen des principales infractions de prévention et d'autres mécanismes apparentés, l'auteur soutient que la culpabilité morale est un rempart nécessaire contre les débordements pouvant découler, sur le plan de la portée temporelle de la répression, des visées préventives du droit pénal. Toutefois, loin d'être un simple frein à la fonction préventive du droit pénal, il semble que la prise en considération de la culpabilité morale puisse également permettre de mieux remplir cette fonction. C'est ce qui ressort d'un examen du droit applicable à la défense d'abandon d'intention. D'autre part, le temps et la culpabilité morale sont mis en relation pour encadrer la fonction répressive du droit pénal de fond. Sur ce point, l'auteur soutient que certaines caractéristiques du temps, plus précisément son impact sur la réflexion et sur l'organisation, peuvent être utilisées pour évaluer le degré de culpabilité morale exhibé par un individu lors du passage à l'acte et ainsi, pour juger de la sévérité des conséquences pénales pouvant être associées à sa conduite. Sont alors notamment étudiées les notions de préméditation, d'imminence et de concomitance. Cette utilisation doit néanmoins être accompagnée d'une certaine prudence, pour s'assurer qu'un véritable examen de la culpabilité morale des individus ne soit pas éludé par une application aveugle de critères temporels. Tout au long de l'étude, ces principes sont confrontés au droit applicable au Canada et en France, menant à la conclusion qu'ils sont généralement, mais pas toujours, respectés. Les cas de non-respect de ces principes sont d'ailleurs fort pertinents pour l'étude, en ce qu'ils permettent d'exposer les risques associés à une utilisation aléatoire de la relation entre le temps et la culpabilité morale. L'auteur s'emploie d'ailleurs, tout au long du mémoire, à appliquer les principes dégagés pour tenter de résoudre certaines incohérences observées dans la mise en relation du temps et de la culpabilité morale en droit pénal de fond. / This paper focuses on the use that is made, in Canadian and French substantive penal law, of the relationship between time and moral blameworthiness. A review of the situations in which a link is established between these two elements yields two findings. First, time and moral blameworthiness are linked together to help frame the use of substantive penal law as a preventive tool. On that matter, relying on a review of the main inchoate offences and other similar mechanisms, the author argues that moral blameworthiness is an essential protection against an undue extension of the temporal scope of repression, which can result from penal law's preventive aims. Furthermore, an analysis of the defence of abandonment proves that taking moral blameworthiness into account can also help fulfill the preventive function of substantive penal law. Second, time and moral blameworthiness are linked together to help frame the use of substantive penal law as a repressive tool. On this subject, the author argues that some of time's features, namely its impact on deliberation and organisation, can be used to evaluate the level of moral blameworthiness associated with a conduct and, thus, the severity of the sanctions that may result from that conduct. Among others, premeditation, imminence, and concurrence are studied to illustrate this use of different features of time to evaluate moral blameworthiness. However, it is important to be cautious to ensure that a merely mechanical use of time criteria does not evacuate the main question, which is the evaluation of moral blameworthiness. Throughout the paper, these principles are assessed in Canadian and French law, which leads the author to conclude that they are often, but not always, respected. The situations in which the principles are not followed are useful to the study as they expose the risks associated to an unprincipled use of the link between time and moral blameworthiness. This leads the author to apply the aforementioned principles to try to resolve some observed inconsistencies in the way time and moral blameworthiness are linked together in substantive penal law.

Submitted in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Masters in Business Administration, Durban University of Technology, 2008. / Strategic change within an organisation is inevitable. Due to the competitive global landscape, organisations have to continuously adapt their strategies to remain in the market. Strategy change is most often met with resistance, and more so when the change involves downsizing. The effects of downsizing on employee morale, performance and commitment have been studied by numerous authors and a number of models for strategy change implementation consequently suggested. However, South Africa is faced with very particular challenges when dealing with change, including a high level of unemployment, fierce resistance to change in the form of collective action such as strikes, stay-aways or go-slows, political and social transformation happening simultaneously, global competition and the conflict between social and free markets within an emerging economy. Irrespective of the vast amount of international literature available on change management, there is a distinct lack of literature investigating the impact of strategy change in an emerging economy and a knowledge gap in terms of applying existing change theories in non-Western environments. This study was aimed at determining the impact of strategy change, particularly downsizing, on employee morale, performance and commitment at a global South-African based Telecommunication Company. The objectives of the study was to determine whether employees in South Africa are negatively affected by downsizing, and provide useful information to strategic managers in terms of implementation of strategy change in a South African environment. To determine the impact of downsizing as a strategy change, a questionnaire was designed based on the literature review to ascertain responses to three sections of questions, respectively measuring morale, performance and commitment. A sample of the target population was chosen based on their position/ employment type i.e. management, supervisor or general staff. The results of the empirical study revealed some very interesting points. Although all respondents demonstrated optimism in terms of their morale, performance and commitment, it was found that comparatively, managers are more negatively impacted during times of downsizing. The Telecommunication Company’s structured nature, advances in political and social reform, and solid Training and Development policy shielded the employees from the full negative impacts of downsizing because of their positive core self evaluation. The substantial amount of neutral responses (especially under management) indicated that not all respondents revealed their true feelings, a common characteristic amongst collective people. It also surfaced that even though the majority of responses indicated positive morale and performance, most respondents were considering positions outside the organisation. Based on the literature review and results from the empirical investigation, a model was proposed to assist strategic managers in South Africa with change implementation.

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稿本(據電腦打印本複印) / Thesis (M.A.)--香港中文大學. / Gao ben (ju dian nao da yin ben fu yin) / Includes bibliographical references (leaves 53-61) / Thesis (M.A.)--Xianggang Zhong wen da xue. / Chapter 第一章： --- 引言 / Chapter 第一節 --- 問題的背景 --- p.1 / Chapter 第二節 --- 研究目的 --- p.3 / Chapter 第三節 --- 研究的意義 --- p.4 / Chapter 第二章： --- 文獻探討 / Chapter 第一節 --- 有關組織投入的各派學說 --- p.5 / Chapter 第二節 --- 影響組織投入的因素 --- p.7 / Chapter 第三節 --- 教師的組織投入對其出席行為的影響 --- p.8 / Chapter 第四節 --- 教師的組織投入對準時到校及自願留校的影響 --- p.10 / Chapter 第五節 --- 教師的組織投入對其留任意願及留任行為的影響 --- p.11 / Chapter 第六節 --- 教師的工作滿足感及組織投入 --- p.13 / Chapter 第三章： --- 研究方法 / Chapter 第一節 --- 假設與定義 --- p.14 / Chapter 第二節 --- 研究工具 --- p.17 / Chapter 第三節 --- 取樣、資料捜集及分析 --- p.19 / Chapter 第四節 --- 研究的限制 --- p.20 / Chapter 第四章： --- 研究結果分析 / Chapter 第一節 --- 辦學園體的背景及屬下中學資料 --- p.21 / Chapter 第二節 --- 教師的背景 --- p.28 / Chapter 第三節 --- 教師對學校及工作的態度 --- p.36 / Chapter 第四節 --- 教師的行為和意向 --- p.40 / Chapter 第五節 --- 各统計假設的檢驗 --- p.43 / Chapter 第五章： --- 討論、總結及建議 / Chapter 第一節 --- 討論 --- p.45 / Chapter 第二節 --- 總結 --- p.48 / Chapter 第三節 --- 建議 --- p.51 / 參考書目錄 / Chapter 一. --- 中文參考書目 --- p.53 / Chapter 二. --- 英文參考書目 --- p.54 / 附錄 / Chapter 一. --- 中學教師對學校的觀感及工作意向問卷 --- p.62 / Chapter 甲部： --- 教師個人資料 / Chapter 乙部： --- 教師對學校的觀感及工意向 / Chapter 二. --- 硏究生致各位回答問卷教師函件 --- p.65 / Chapter 三. --- 訪問校長問卷 --- p.66 / Chapter 四. --- 教職申請表 --- p.67 / Chapter 五. --- 遴選教師評分表 --- p.69 / Chapter 六. --- 出席離校紀錄簽到表 --- p.70 / Chapter 七. --- 教師評核表（初稿） --- p.71 / Chapter 八. --- 教師升级申請辦法 --- p.73 / 撮要 / 英譯本 --- p.74

by Lee Siu-Chun, Daisy. / Thesis (M.B.A.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 1992. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves 61-62). / abstract --- p.ii / table of contents --- p.iv / list of tables --- p.vi / ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS --- p.vii / Chapter / Chapter I. --- introduction --- p.1 / Introduction & General Background --- p.1 / Definition of Organizational Commitment --- p.3 / Chapter II. --- literature review --- p.5 / Commitment and Age and Tenure --- p.5 / "Commitment, Demographics and Personal Variables" --- p.6 / Commitment and Role-related Factors --- p.7 / Commitment and Job Nature --- p.8 / Commitment and Job Satisfaction --- p.9 / Commitment and Turnover --- p.10 / Commitment and Job Performance --- p.11 / Multidimensionality of Organizational Commitment --- p.11 / Chapter III. --- methodology --- p.14 / Sampling Procedures and Sample Characteristics --- p.14 / The Measuring Instrument --- p.15 / Organizational Commitment --- p.15 / Motivational Job Characteristics --- p.16 / Intention to Leave and Job Satisfaction --- p.16 / Other Variables --- p.17 / Personal Factors and Work Background --- p.17 / Missing Data --- p.18 / Language --- p.18 / Analytical Framework --- p.18 / Chapter IV. --- results and analysis --- p.20 / Sample Characteristics and Work Background --- p.20 / Sex and Age --- p.20 / Year of Graduation --- p.21 / Faculty of Major Study --- p.21 / Monthly Salary --- p.21 / Absence Frequency --- p.22 / Years in Current Job --- p.22 / Frequency of Job Change --- p.23 / Data Analysis --- p.23 / Reliability Coefficient --- p.24 / Means and Standard Deviations --- p.24 / Level of Organizational Commitment --- p.25 / Correlations of Organizational Commitment and other Measures --- p.26 / Correlations of Organizational Commitment with Personal Factors and Work Background --- p.27 / Correlations of Organizational Commitment and Motivational Job Characteristics --- p.29 / Correlation of Organizational Commitment with job Satisfaction --- p.29 / Correlation of Organizational Commitment with Intention to Turnover --- p.30 / Correlations of Organizational Commitment with Other Variables --- p.30 / Multidimensionality of Organizational commitment by Factor Analysis --- p.30 / Chapter V. --- DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSION --- p.33 / Level of Organizational Commitment --- p.33 / Nature of Organizational Commitment --- p.34 / Conclusion --- p.36 / TABLES --- p.37 / APPENDIX --- p.56 / BIBLIOGRAPHY --- p.61

Traditional models of tax evasion cannot explain why most people comply with their taxes. It has been proposed that taxpayers may have an intrinsic motivation (or willingness) to comply with taxes - Tax Morale. Empirical studies found that trusting government, upholding religious beliefs, and supporting democratic regimes, increase individual Tax Morale. Based on those results and drawing from related literature in Political Science, this study tests the role of trusting government institutions delivering public goods to taxpayers, ideological beliefs, individual support for political regimes, and upholding post-materialist values, on Tax Morale. Results for individuals living in democratic countries show a positive relationship between trust in government institutions and upholding democratic values on Tax Morale; a negative relationship between upholding ideological (conservative) beliefs and Tax Morale, and no relationship between upholding post-materialist values and Tax Morale. Results for individuals living under non-democratic regimes differ in some respects; whereas support for democracy is related with higher Tax Morale, other results - trust in government and ideological beliefs - differ from theoretical expectations. Overall, higher trust in government increases willingness to comply with taxes, and support for democracy elicits higher Tax Morale.

Mémoire numérisé par la Division de la gestion de documents et des archives de l'Université de Montréal

"Version allégée de la thèse de doctorat "Des valeurs humanistes sont-elles toujours diffusées par les enseignants de l'école élémentaire publique?" soutenue à l'Université de Paris X-Nanterre le 14 octobre 1997" p. [7]. Version allégée de la thèse de doctorat "Des valeurs humanistes sont-elles toujours diffusées par les enseignants de l'école élémentaire publique?" soutenue à l'Université de Paris X-Nanterre le 14 octobre 1997. "Version allégée de la thèse de doctorat: "Des valeurs humanistes sont-elles toujours diffusées par les enseignants de l'école élémentaire publique?" soutenue à l'Université de Paris X-Nanterre le 14 octobre 1997"--p. [7]. / Version allégée de la thèse de doctorat "Des valeurs humanistes sont-elles toujours diffusées par les enseignants de l'école élémentaire publique?", soutenue à l'Université de Paris X - Nanterre le 14 octobre 1997. CaQTU Bibliogr.: p. [199]-200. Bibliogr. : p. [199]-200.

Thesis (M. Ed.)--University of Hong Kong, 1993.

Thesis (M.Ed.)--University of Hong Kong, 1993. / Also available in print.