Impact of alcohol on health Abstract According to World Health Organisation about 3 % of all deaths in the world are alcohol- -related. The Czech Republic has continuously high per capita alcohol consumption which is conected not only to health risks possibly leading to disability, permanent disability or to premature death. But also has social and economic impacts. Problematic drinking can decrease work performance which can lead to unemployment, it also increases risk of criminality and causes serious problems in family life. First part of this work briefly describes history and development of perception of alcoholism and its possible consequences. It also contains an analysis of alcohol consumption in the Czech republic and its sociodemographic determinants. The second part focuses on effects of alcohol on health and quantification of its impact on mortality and morbidity. Key words: alcohol, mortality, morbidity, alcoholism, injury, pregnancy

Apesar da considerável queda no índice de necrópsias - dado pelo número de necrópsias sobre o número total de mortes - por diferentes motivos tecnológicos, médicos e sociais, esse ainda é o principal exame para conferência de discrepâncias diagnósticas ante-mortem e post-mortem e elaboração de relatórios sobre morbidade e mortalidade e riscos aos pacientes. Nosso estudo compara e descreve diagnósticos ante-mortem e de necrópsia dos pacientes que faleceram no HC-FMRP/USP nos anos de 2010 e 2014. Foram analisadas 1216 necropsias realizadas no HC-FMRP nos anos de 2010 e 2014, sendo pareados os diagnósticos clínico e de necrópsia e classificados segundo o modelo de Goldman (1983) modificado. O índice médio de necrópsias foi de 49%. O percentual médio de discrepâncias diagnósticas maiores foi de 23,4%, com média de 15% de discrepâncias Grau 1 e de 8,3% Grau 2. A faixa etária com maior predomínio de discrepâncias foi de 80 a 100 anos. O diagnóstico de maior prevalência foi a pneumonia, presente em 40% de todos os casos avaliados, dentre os quais 25% apresentaram discrepâncias maiores. Nossos resultados são comparáveis aos registrados na maioria dos estudos mais recentes, em que a porcentagem de discrepâncias maiores em outros hospitais brasileiros se mantém em torno dos 32- 35%, e abaixo dos resultados de estudos internacionais, nos quais a discrepâncias maiores são em torno de 20%. / Although there is a drop on necropsies rates performed in each hospital, which is the number of necropsies by total of deaths, for a number of medical, technological and social reasons, necropsy remains as the main exam to evaluate the discrepancy of premortem and postmortem diagnoses and to estimate, morbidity and mortality and patient risks. Our study compares and describes the diagnoses of patients who died at the HC-FMRP/USP during the years of 2010 e 2014. We analyzed 1216 necropsies performed at he the HC-FMRP in 2010 and 2014, comparing agreement and disagreement between clinical diagnoses and necropsy reports, by the Goldman (1983) modified classification. The mean necropsy rate was 49%. Major discrepancies were 23.4%, with average of 15% for class 1 and 8.3% for Class 2 discrepancies. We found the most common discrepancies occurred at the ages of 80 to 100 years old. The most prevalent diagnostic was \'pneumonia\', found in 40% of all cases studied, among which 25% showed major discrepancies. Our results are compatible with the main recent studies in the field in Brazilian hospitals, in which the major discrepancies are between 32-35% and under the rates of the studies conducted abroad, in which major discrepancies were around 20%.

Introduction: Domestic research studies focused on the interrelationships between political ideology characteristics inherent in policy decisions and the contributions these political determinants exert over health indicators and outcomes are limited. Given the paucity of research that focuses on political and policy support of health at the county-level, this study sets out to utilize the University of Wisconsin Population Health Institute’s (UWPHI) annual County Health Rankings data and examine them within the context of county-based majority political partisanship and economic measures. Methods: This exploratory ecological study examined differences between independent variables: partisan voting behavior (trichotomized as conservative, moderate, and liberal) and median per capita household income in U.S. dollars (by quartile) on dependent variables related to mortality (years of productive life lost) and morbidity (number of poor mental and physical health days) at the county-level to compare differences in political and ideological underpinnings that may act as influencers on health outcomes. Multiple data sources were combined and matched to all 3,140 counties located in the U.S. Two-way between-subjects ANOVA statistical tests were conducted to determine if there is an effect of partisan voter index category on the three aforementioned dependent variables related to health outcomes, and median per capita income by quartile. Results: There was a statistically significant main interaction between median per capita household income by quartile and partisan voter index category on years of productive life lost, F(6,2789) = 19.3, p < .000, partial η2 = .040. While there were also statistically significant interactions between the independent and dependent variables of poor mental and physical health days, results of those analyses should be interpreted with caution. Pertaining to years of productive life lost, post hoc analyses of significant interactions revealed significant differences at the lower income quartile, but not in the expected direction. The conservative category had statistically significant lower years of productive life lost in comparison to the liberal category (M = -8.21, SE = 1.47, p = .000). Also, there were significant differences detected in the upper quartile suggesting that the liberal category has lower years of productive life lost in comparison to the conservative category (M = 7.06, SE = 1.06, p = .000). Conclusion: Results should be interpreted with caution and suggest more research and methodological refinements are needed, particularly related to categorizing county-level political dynamics.

Introduction: Domestic research studies focused on the interrelationships between political ideology characteristics inherent in policy decisions and the contributions these political determinants exert over health indicators and outcomes are limited. Given the paucity of research that focuses on political and policy support of health at the county-level, this study sets out to utilize the University of Wisconsin Population Health Institute’s (UWPHI) annual County Health Rankings data and examine them within the context of county-based majority political partisanship and economic measures. Methods: This exploratory ecological study examined differences between independent variables: partisan voting behavior (trichotomized as conservative, moderate, and liberal) and median per capita household income in U.S. dollars (by quartile) on dependent variables related to mortality (years of productive life lost) and morbidity (number of poor mental and physical health days) at the county-level to compare differences in political and ideological underpinnings that may act as influencers on health outcomes. Multiple data sources were combined and matched to all 3,140 counties located in the U.S. Two-way between-subjects ANOVA statistical tests were conducted to determine if there is an effect of partisan voter index category on the three aforementioned dependent variables related to health outcomes, and median per capita income by quartile. Results: There was a statistically significant main interaction between median per capita household income by quartile and partisan voter index category on years of productive life lost, F(6,2789) = 19.3, p < .000, partial η2 = .040. While there were also statistically significant interactions between the independent and dependent variables of poor mental and physical health days, results of those analyses should be interpreted with caution. Pertaining to years of productive life lost, post hoc analyses of significant interactions revealed significant differences at the lower income quartile, but not in the expected direction. The conservative category had statistically significant lower years of productive life lost in comparison to the liberal category (M = -8.21, SE = 1.47, p = .000). Also, there were significant differences detected in the upper quartile suggesting that the liberal category has lower years of productive life lost in comparison to the conservative category (M = 7.06, SE = 1.06, p = .000). Conclusion: Results should be interpreted with caution and suggest more research and methodological refinements are needed, particularly related to categorizing county-level political dynamics.

Fundamentos: A insuficiência cardíaca tem uma grande importância como preditor de morbimortalidade em pacientes com síndrome coronariana aguda. Objetivo: Avaliar a ocorrência de insuficiência cardíaca e outros preditores de morbimortalidade na síndrome coronariana aguda em longo prazo. Métodos: Foi estudada uma coorte de 403 pacientes consecutivos e prospectivos, com queixas de dor torácica. Descreveram-se os dados demográficos e as características clínicas e laboratoriais. Comparou-se a estratificação de risco invasiva versus não invasiva, e as diferenças entre o tratamento medicamentoso com o intervencionista avaliando a evolução durante a internação e no período de até oito anos após a alta, em relação aos eventos cardiovasculares, não cardiovasculares e óbitos. Os dados numéricos serão apresentados em médias e desvios-padrão ou mediana e distância interquartílica, os dados categóricos através da porcentagem. Foram utilizados testes de t de Student, teste de Mann-Whitney, teste de qui-quadrado e teste exato de Fisher segundo sua indicação. Para a construção do modelo de sobrevida foram utilizados o teste de Kaplan-Meier e o teste de log-rank; o modelo multivariado foi ajustado utilizando o modelo de Cox. Após realizar a análise de sobrevida de Cox, para garantir o pressuposto do risco proporcional foi utilizado o modelo de Cox estratificado. Todas as análises foram realizadas utilizando o programa R versão 2.9.1. Resultados: População amostral constituída por 403 pacientes com queixas de dor torácica, sendo 65,8% com diagnóstico de SCA sem supra de ST, 27,8% SCA com supra de ST e 6,5% sem SCA. Da população amostral, foram avaliados 377 pacientes, sendo 37,93% do sexo feminino e a média de idade foi de 62,211,6 anos. A creatinina merece destaque como fator prognóstico, sendo o ponto de corte de 1,4mg/dL, com acurácia de 62,1%. Foram ainda observadas diferenças estatisticamente significativas quanto à idade na presença de insuficiência cardíaca; e quanto às terapias utilizadas antes e depois de 2002 em relação à mortalidade. Incluiu-se uma variável adicional no modelo multivariado, que se chamou de FC>PAS, para qualquer frequência cardíaca maior que a pressão arterial sistólica na admissão. Conclusões: A presença de IC na admissão, creatinina inicial >1,4mg/dL, idade e FC dos pacientes internados com SCA são preditores independentes de mortalidade. Observou-se que os pacientes com IC atendidos antes de 2002 apresentaram pior sobrevida do que os pacientes atendidos a partir de 2002 e que a mudança na terapia foi a responsável por isso. Mesmo com a diferença da sobrevida relacionada com a época da internação, o impacto dessas variáveis clínicas e laboratoriais na mortalidade foi semelhante. Outros estudos devem ser realizados a fim de avaliar se condutas diferenciadas para os pacientes com IC na admissão da internação de SCA podem reduzir esta mortalidade. / Background: Heart failure (HF) is extremely important as a morbidity and mortality predictor in patients with acute coronary syndrome. Objective: To assess the occurrence of heart failure and other morbidity and mortality predictors in acute coronary syndrome over the long term. Methods: A cohort of 403 prospective consecutive patients was studied, complaining of chest pain. The demographic data were described, together with the clinical and laboratory characteristics. Invasive versus non-invasive risk stratification was compared, as well as differences between surgical and percutaneous intervention and drug treatment, assessing progression during hospitalisation and for periods of up to eight years after discharge, in terms of cardiovascular and non-cardiovascular events and deaths. The numerical data will be presented as means and standard deviations or as medians and interquartíle distances, with the categorical data shown as percentages. The Students t, Mann-Whitney, chi-square and Fishers exact tests were used as indicated. The Kaplan-Meier and log-rank tests were used to construct the survival model; the multivariate model was adjusted through the Cox model. After conducting the Cox survival analysis in order to underpin the proportional risk assumption, the stratified Cox model was used. All the analyses were conducted through the R Programme, version 2.9.1. Results: In the sample population of 403 patients complaining of chest pain, 65.8% were diagnosed with non-ST elevation ACS, 27.8% with ST elevation ACS, and 6.5% without ACS. In the sample population, 377 patients were assessed, with 37.93% of them women and an average age of 62.211.6 years. Creatinine was particularly noteworthy as a prognostic factor, with a cut-off point of 1.4mg/dL and accuracy of 62.1%. Statistically significant differences were also observed for age with HF and the treatments used before and after 2002 in terms of mortality. An additional variable was included in the multivariate model called the HR>SBP, for any heart rate higher than systolic blood pressure on admission. Conclusion: The presence of HF on admission, with initial creatinine of >1.4mg/dL, age and HR of patients hospitalized with ACS are independent mortality predictors. It was noted that patients with HF treated prior to 2002 presented shorter survival times than HF patients treated after 2002, due to alterations in treatment. Even with the difference in survival times related to the period of hospitalization, the impact of the clinical variables remains significant regardless of the time of hospitalization. Other studies must be conducted in order to assess whether different types of conduct for patients with HF on admission for hospitalization with ACS might lower this mortality rate.

Fundamentos: A insuficiência cardíaca tem uma grande importância como preditor de morbimortalidade em pacientes com síndrome coronariana aguda. Objetivo: Avaliar a ocorrência de insuficiência cardíaca e outros preditores de morbimortalidade na síndrome coronariana aguda em longo prazo. Métodos: Foi estudada uma coorte de 403 pacientes consecutivos e prospectivos, com queixas de dor torácica. Descreveram-se os dados demográficos e as características clínicas e laboratoriais. Comparou-se a estratificação de risco invasiva versus não invasiva, e as diferenças entre o tratamento medicamentoso com o intervencionista avaliando a evolução durante a internação e no período de até oito anos após a alta, em relação aos eventos cardiovasculares, não cardiovasculares e óbitos. Os dados numéricos serão apresentados em médias e desvios-padrão ou mediana e distância interquartílica, os dados categóricos através da porcentagem. Foram utilizados testes de t de Student, teste de Mann-Whitney, teste de qui-quadrado e teste exato de Fisher segundo sua indicação. Para a construção do modelo de sobrevida foram utilizados o teste de Kaplan-Meier e o teste de log-rank; o modelo multivariado foi ajustado utilizando o modelo de Cox. Após realizar a análise de sobrevida de Cox, para garantir o pressuposto do risco proporcional foi utilizado o modelo de Cox estratificado. Todas as análises foram realizadas utilizando o programa R versão 2.9.1. Resultados: População amostral constituída por 403 pacientes com queixas de dor torácica, sendo 65,8% com diagnóstico de SCA sem supra de ST, 27,8% SCA com supra de ST e 6,5% sem SCA. Da população amostral, foram avaliados 377 pacientes, sendo 37,93% do sexo feminino e a média de idade foi de 62,211,6 anos. A creatinina merece destaque como fator prognóstico, sendo o ponto de corte de 1,4mg/dL, com acurácia de 62,1%. Foram ainda observadas diferenças estatisticamente significativas quanto à idade na presença de insuficiência cardíaca; e quanto às terapias utilizadas antes e depois de 2002 em relação à mortalidade. Incluiu-se uma variável adicional no modelo multivariado, que se chamou de FC>PAS, para qualquer frequência cardíaca maior que a pressão arterial sistólica na admissão. Conclusões: A presença de IC na admissão, creatinina inicial >1,4mg/dL, idade e FC dos pacientes internados com SCA são preditores independentes de mortalidade. Observou-se que os pacientes com IC atendidos antes de 2002 apresentaram pior sobrevida do que os pacientes atendidos a partir de 2002 e que a mudança na terapia foi a responsável por isso. Mesmo com a diferença da sobrevida relacionada com a época da internação, o impacto dessas variáveis clínicas e laboratoriais na mortalidade foi semelhante. Outros estudos devem ser realizados a fim de avaliar se condutas diferenciadas para os pacientes com IC na admissão da internação de SCA podem reduzir esta mortalidade. / Background: Heart failure (HF) is extremely important as a morbidity and mortality predictor in patients with acute coronary syndrome. Objective: To assess the occurrence of heart failure and other morbidity and mortality predictors in acute coronary syndrome over the long term. Methods: A cohort of 403 prospective consecutive patients was studied, complaining of chest pain. The demographic data were described, together with the clinical and laboratory characteristics. Invasive versus non-invasive risk stratification was compared, as well as differences between surgical and percutaneous intervention and drug treatment, assessing progression during hospitalisation and for periods of up to eight years after discharge, in terms of cardiovascular and non-cardiovascular events and deaths. The numerical data will be presented as means and standard deviations or as medians and interquartíle distances, with the categorical data shown as percentages. The Students t, Mann-Whitney, chi-square and Fishers exact tests were used as indicated. The Kaplan-Meier and log-rank tests were used to construct the survival model; the multivariate model was adjusted through the Cox model. After conducting the Cox survival analysis in order to underpin the proportional risk assumption, the stratified Cox model was used. All the analyses were conducted through the R Programme, version 2.9.1. Results: In the sample population of 403 patients complaining of chest pain, 65.8% were diagnosed with non-ST elevation ACS, 27.8% with ST elevation ACS, and 6.5% without ACS. In the sample population, 377 patients were assessed, with 37.93% of them women and an average age of 62.211.6 years. Creatinine was particularly noteworthy as a prognostic factor, with a cut-off point of 1.4mg/dL and accuracy of 62.1%. Statistically significant differences were also observed for age with HF and the treatments used before and after 2002 in terms of mortality. An additional variable was included in the multivariate model called the HR>SBP, for any heart rate higher than systolic blood pressure on admission. Conclusion: The presence of HF on admission, with initial creatinine of >1.4mg/dL, age and HR of patients hospitalized with ACS are independent mortality predictors. It was noted that patients with HF treated prior to 2002 presented shorter survival times than HF patients treated after 2002, due to alterations in treatment. Even with the difference in survival times related to the period of hospitalization, the impact of the clinical variables remains significant regardless of the time of hospitalization. Other studies must be conducted in order to assess whether different types of conduct for patients with HF on admission for hospitalization with ACS might lower this mortality rate.

A violÃncia no Brasil vem crescendo progressivamente e nos Ãltimos anos assumiu um lugar de destaque no cenÃrio da SaÃde PÃblica. No CearÃ, a violÃncia do trÃnsito cresce em proporÃÃes assustadoras. Em 1996, os acidentes de trÃnsito ocuparam o primeiro lugar no grupo de causas externas com 32,0% dos Ãbitos tanto para o Estado como para a Capital. Este estudo objetivou analisar os aspectos epidemiolÃgicos dos acidentados no trÃnsito, admitidos no maior hospital de emergÃncia de Fortaleza - Instituto Josà Frota (IJF). à descrita a casuÃstica de pacientes atendidos em conseqÃÃncia de acidentes de trÃnsito, realizados em regime de internaÃÃo, no perÃodo de fevereiro a abril/97 (N = 377). Os resultados mostram que, do total dos pacientes estudados, cerca de 8,0% foram a Ãbito; 89,9% sobreviveram sem incapacidade fÃsica e 2,1% com incapacidade fÃsica. O traumatismo mais freqÃente foi a fratura de crÃnio, acometendo praticamente a metade dos acidentados (46,9%). Das vitimas que evoluÃram a Ãbito, 76% foram em funÃÃo de lesÃes cerebrais. Das que desenvolveram incapacidade fÃsica, 50% sofreram lesÃo medular. A prevalÃncia de incapacidade fÃsica entre os acidentados admitidos no IJF ficou em torno de 2,1%. Quando se analisou o tipo de acidente, verificou-se a importÃncia dos acidentes por abalroamento/colisÃo e atropelamento, tanto pela concentraÃÃo em faixas etÃrias jovens, como pela gravidade dos traumatismos e lesÃes impostas e potencial evoluÃÃo ao Ãbito. O maior nÃmero de vitimas foi observado na faixa etÃria de 15 a 49 anos, com 71,1% do total de acidentados. Observou-se o predomÃnio do sexo masculino, em 81%, numa proporÃÃo de 4:1. Dentre os acidentados, o maior percentual com os motociclistas (26%), seguido dos pedestres com 21,5%. Analisando as causas do acidente, observou-se que as mais freqÃentes foram a desatenÃÃo do motorista (49%) seguida pela desatenÃÃo do acidentado (46%), e pelo excesso de velocidade (42,8%). Verificou-se que o primeiro atendimento Ãs vitimas foi feito por transeuntes e que 66% dos pacientes internados receberam tratamento clÃnico/cirÃrgico. / In recent years external causes of death (traffic accidents, violence) have been growing progressively in Brazil, becoming a major public health problem. In CearÃ, traffic accidents have been increasing, reaching a frightening share of overall mortality. In 1996, traffic accidents had become the leading single cause of mortality in the group external causes with 32.0% of deaths, being the same in the State of Cearà as in the capital city. The objective of this study was to analyze epidemiological aspects in a population of traffic accident victims admitted to the biggest emergency hospital in Fortaleza, Institute Josà Frota (IJF). The case histories of patients admitted in consequence of traffic accidents are described, the study being conducted during hospitalization in the period from February to April 1997 (n=377). It was found that 8% of the patients studied died, while 89.9% survived without any physical handicap and 2.1% with physical impairment. The most frequent traumatism was the fracture of the cranium, which accounted 46.9% of the injured. Among the victims who died, the biggest part died as a result of brain injuries, 50% of those who suffered from remaining physical impairment had medullar injuries. The percentage of the permanently handicapped among victims was 2.1%. Analyzing the type of accident, collisions, run overs and knock downs play an important part, having a high case / fatality and accounting for severe traumatisms, especially in the group of young people. The major number of victims was found in the age group between 15 and 49 years - 71% of the total injured. Accident victims are predominately male, 81%, being the gender ratio 4:1. The majority of the victims were motorcyclists (26%), followed by pedestrians 21.5%. Analyzing the causes of the accidents, it was observed that carelessness of the driver was the most frequent (49%), followed by negligence of the victim (46%) and excess of velocity (42.8%). It was also verified that the first aid for the victims was done by passersby and that 66% of the hospitalized patients received clinical surgery treatment.

Magister Scientiae (Physiotherapy) - MSc(Physio) / Chronic non-communicable diseases, including cardio-vascular diseases and stroke, cancer, type 2 diabetes and chronic pulmonary disorders, are rapidly emerging as leading causes of morbidity and premature mortalities globally. The majority of the populations worldwide have experienced major transformations in disease profiles and health status characterized by a shift from infectious diseases and nutritional deficiencies to a predominance of chronic diseases of lifestyle. This epidemiological transition is regarded as an outcome of the environmental and socioeconomic changes following urbanization.Common behavioral health risk factors, such as smoking, risky alcohol consumption,sedentarism, overweigh/obesity and hypertension, have consistently been attributed to the development of chronic non-communicable diseases among populations.This thesis seeks to describe the epidemiology of the major common risk factors for noncommunicable diseases among people living in Mombasa, Kenya. The study responds to the WHO’S recommendations on comprehensive and continuous risk factor surveillance as an essential component of the public health information system and a vital health promoting strategy in the control and prevention of non-communicable diseases.A cross-sectional study design using the WHO STEPwise protocol was employed.Convenient stratification of the Mombasa population was done according to gender, age and setting categories. Using the Yamane formula n = N/1+ N(e²), a sample of 500 participants aged 15 to 70 years was arrived at. The researcher then conveniently selected public high schools, tertiary institutions, workplaces and a marketplace as the study settings.The WHO STEPS instrument (Core and Expanded Version 1.4) was used for data collection. Step 1 involved gathering information on socio-demographic characteristics and health-related behaviors of the participants using close-ended structured questions. Step involved the taking of simple anthropometrical measurements pertaining to height, weight, waist circumference, blood pressure and pulse rate.Data were captured, cleaned and analyzed using the Statistical Analysis System (SAS) and SPSS version 16.0. Chi-square and Spearman correlation tests were used to determine associations between socio-demographic variables and behavioral health risk factors.The results indicated that 61% of the study participants possessed at least one of the investigated risk factors. 17% of the participants had a multiple risk factor profile, with 54% more females having a higher mean risk factor score compared to 46% of their male counterparts.Physical inactivity, hypertension and overweight/obesity were the most common registered risk factors, accounting respectively for 42%, 24% and 11%. Physical inactivity and hypertension formed the commonest cluster of multiple risk factor patterns; they co-occurred in 68% of the participants with a multiple risk factor profile.Increasing age, female gender and a low level of educational attainment were factors seen to be significantly associated with the development of risk factors for non-communicable diseases among the participants. It was observed that the burden of risk factors was unequally distributed among Mombasa residents; intervention programs based on our findings should therefore be used to ensure effectiveness. Future studies using nationally representative samples are further suggested to provide a more comprehensive analysis of a national risk factor profile.

Orientador: Eliana Martorano Amaral / Tese (doutorado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Ciências Médicas / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-27T18:20:39Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Christoforo_Fatima_D.pdf: 2258975 bytes, checksum: 26eb43ac3e7fb395496704555db4a6f1 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2015 / Resumo: Objetivos: Estudar os indicadores de saúde materna e perinatal, e socioeconômicos de 19 municípios e avaliar as rotinas da assistência aos partos da Região Metropolitana de Campinas (RMC). Sujeitos e Métodos: Trata-se de estudo transversal, associado a um estudo de casos de rotinas do cuidado na assistência ao parto em 16 maternidades públicas. Coletaram-se as informações referentes aos indicadores municipais a partir do DATASUS, da Fundação Seade e do censo de 2010. Para conhecer as intervenções realizadas nas 16 maternidades em entrevistas com médicos ou enfermeiros responsáveis, utilizaram-se o "Instrumento de avaliação de implantação das boas práticas na atenção à mulher e ao recém-nascido no parto" (Ministério da Saúde) e um questionário complementar próprio para o estudo. A coleta de dados ocorreu de dezembro de 2013 a outubro/2014. Utilizou-se análise descritiva para as práticas hospitalares e coeficientes de correlação de Pearson e Spearman para avaliar possíveis associações entre características socioeconômicos e demográficas e resultados obstétricos e perinatais. Resultados: As porcentagens de mães adolescentes, de renda ? 1 salário-mínimo (SM) e a taxa de analfabetismo se correlacionaram positivamente com a número de consultas pré-natais e com a taxa de mortalidade perinatal, porém inversamente com partos cesáreos. A renda média domiciliar per capita e o Índice de Desenvolvimento Humano Municipal foram correlacionados diretamente com partos cesáreos e inversamente com número de consultas pré-natais e com a taxa de mortalidade perinatal. A porcentagem de mães adolescentes e de escolaridade ? 8 anos e a taxa de analfabetismo se correlacionaram positivamente com a taxa de mortalidade neonatal precoce, taxa de prematuridade e baixo peso ao nascer. Em relação às rotinas das 16 maternidades públicas da RMC, treze hospitais utilizavam partograma, 10 utilizavam frequentemente a ocitocina para a condução do trabalho de parto, nove executavam a episiotomia frequentemente e 14 realizavam o manejo ativo do terceiro período do parto. A presença de acompanhante durante o trabalho de parto e parto foi rotineira para 9 e 14 hospitais, respectivamente. Todos os hospitais forneceram rastreamento para HIV e sífilis. Doze hospitais realizavam indução em gestação prolongada e 13 em ruptura prematura de membranas, enquanto 15 tinham protocolos de conduta para hipertensão arterial severa e profilaxia de sepse neonatal precoce por Streptococcus do grupo B. Cinco hospitais não utilizavam antibióticos para cesarianas. Produtos derivados de sangue não estavam disponíveis em quatro hospitais e oito não poderiam cuidar de gestantes em situação clínica grave. Quinze hospitais relataram ter profissional treinado para atendimento neonatal. Conclusão: A taxa de mortalidade perinatal foi o indicador que melhor refletiu os indicadores socioeconômicos na região. A adolescência foi um indicador social de grande risco perinatal, frequentemente associada com ausência de parceiro. A taxa de cesárea retratou os municípios com maior poder aquisitivo na região. As práticas qualificadas de assistência ao parto estavam disponíveis em quase todos os hospitais. No entanto, algumas delas parecem excessivas, como condução de parto e episiotomia, enquanto outras precisam ser melhoradas, como uso de antibióticos para todos os partos cesáreos e disponibilidade de sangue e cuidado de emergência. Os resultados destacam a inequidade da assistência e a importância de rever as rotinas hospitalares, mesmo em uma região com amplo acesso a recursos materiais e humanos e oportunidades de educação continuada / Abstract: Objectives: To study maternal and perinatal health, and socioeconomic indicators of 19 municipalities, and assess the routines of care during childbirth in the metropolitan region of Campinas (RMC). Subjects and Methods: Cross-sectional study, coupled with a case study of 16 public hospitals on clinical routines applied for labour and delivery. The information on health and socioeconomic indicators derived from the DATASUS, the Seade Foundation and 2010 census. Routines were assessed by through the "Assessment Tool of Good Practice Caring for Women and Newborns during Childbirth" (Ministry of Health) and a complementary questionnaire, for interviews with responsible doctors or nurses in 16 hospitals. Data collection occurred from December / 2013 to October / 2014. Descriptive analysis was applied to report routine practices in hospitals, and Pearson and Spearman correlation coefficients were used to evaluate possible associations between socioeconomic, obstetric, and perinatal outcomes. Results: The proportion of teenage mothers and income ? 1SM, and the illiteracy rate were positively correlated with number of prenatal visits and perinatal mortality rate, and inversely with caesarean deliveries. The average household income per capita and the Municipal Human Development Index (MHDI) correlated directly with caesarean deliveries and inversely with number of prenatal consultations and perinatal mortality rate. The percentages of teenage mothers and education ? 8 years, and the illiteracy rate correlated positively with the early neonatal mortality rate, prematurity and low birth weight. Regarding routine practices during deliveries into 16 public maternities, thirteen hospitals used partograph, 10 frequently used oxytocin for labour augmentation, nine frequently performed episiotomy and 14 informed active management of the third stage of labour. The presence of a companion during labour and delivery was a routine for nine and 14 hospitals, respectively. All hospitals provided screening for HIV and syphilis. Twelve hospitals performed induction in prolonged gestation and 13 in premature rupture of membranes. Fifteen had clinical protocol for severe hypertension and for group B Streptococcus early neonatal sepsis prophylaxis. Five hospitals did not use antibiotics for caesarean sections. Blood products were not available in four hospitals and eight could not take emergency care for severe ill women. Fifteen hospitals reported trained professional providing neonatal care. Conclusion: The perinatal mortality rate proved to best indicator reflecting socioeconomic indicators in the region. The caesarean rate pictured the municipalities with higher income. Qualified health practices were available in most hospitals. However, augmentation with oxytocin and episiotomy sounded excessive, while others need improvement, as antibiotics for all C-sections and availability of blood and emergency care. The results highlight the health care inequity and the importance of reviewing hospital care routines, even in a region with ample access to material and human resources, and continuing education opportunities / Doutorado / Saúde Materna e Perinatal / Doutora em Ciências da Saúde

OBJECTIVES: To compare morbidity and mortality between pediatric victims of motor vehicle collisions (MVC) who were unrestrained to those restrained and to describe compliance with child restraint usage in our population. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A retrospective consecutive chart review study was performed on MVC victims 14 years old and younger who presented to our academic, level 1 trauma emergency department in 2003. Each patient's emergency department and hospital course was reviewed and data were collected. Odds ratios (ORs) were calculated for unrestrained children with respect to restrained children for fractures; intraabdominal injuries, intrathoracic injuries, intracranial injuries, admission, surgery, blood transfusion, intubation; and deaths. Hospital charges and length of hospital stay were compared between those unrestrained and restrained. Percentage of children unrestrained was determined. RESULTS: Of 336 patients, 81 (24%) were unrestrained. Mean hospital stay for unrestrained children was longer, 1.94 days (95% confidence interval [CI] 0.75-3.12) versus 0.098 days (95% CI 0.02-0.21). Unrestrained victims had higher mean charges, $14,754 (95% CI $7676-$21,831) versus $1996 (95% CI $1207-$2786). Admissions (OR = 14.48, 95% CI 5.91-38.63), fractures (OR = 5.85, 95% CI 2.13-16.89), intraabdominal injuries (OR = 20.16, 95% CI 2.36-930.68), and intrathoracic injuries (OR = 13.09, 95% CI 1.26-647.05) were all more likely in unrestrained patients. No restrained child had intracranial injury, whereas 9/81 (11.11%) of unrestrained did. Odds were higher in unrestrained for surgery [OR = 13.09, 95% CI 3.30-74.33] and transfusion [OR = 27.61, 95% CI 3.56-229.85]. Ten out of 81 (12.35%) of unrestrained children required intubation versus none for restrained. The only 2 mortalities were unrestrained patients. CONCLUSION: Critical injuries and cost of care are higher in unrestrained than restrained children. Improved compliance with child safety restraint in southern Arizona should decrease childhood morbidity and mortality from MVCs.