Orientador: Mary Angela Parpinelli / Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas. Faculdade de Ciencias Medicas / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-15T15:30:35Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Lotufo_FatimaAparecidaHenrique_M.pdf: 1366983 bytes, checksum: f3a2fcc82a35cb99043657d9ceecf225 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2010 / Resumo: Objetivos: aplicar os critérios diagnósticos de near miss, definidos pela Organização Mundial da Saúde (OMS) a uma população de mulheres no ciclo grávido-puerperal internada em unidade de terapia intensiva geral (UTI), identificar os determinantes primários da morbidade materna grave (MMG), os indicadores do cuidado obstétrico e os resultados maternos e perinatais. Método: estudo de corte transversal incluindo 158 mulheres, no período de 2004 a 2007. Os casos foram classificados segundo desfecho da internação em: óbito, near miss materno (NMM) e condições potencialmente ameaçadoras da vida (CPAV) e os dados coletados dos prontuários. Foram aplicados testes de y2 com correção Yates, exato de Fisher, Odds Ratio (OR) com intervalo de confiança de 95% e regressão múltipla. Resultados: Dentre as 158 internações ocorreram 5 óbitos, 43 near miss e 110 casos CPAV. A razão de near miss foi de 4,4 casos por 1000 nascidos vivos (NV), a razão de near miss por óbito foi de 8,6 casos para 1 morte materna e o índice de mortalidade foi de 10,4%. As síndromes hipertensivas foram o principal determinante primário da internação em 67,7% (107/158 casos), mas as hemorragias foram a principal causa de near miss (17/43 near miss e dois óbitos), principalmente por atonia uterina e gravidez ectópica complicada, com índice de mortalidade por esta causa de 10,5%. Conclusões, a padronização dos critérios diagnósticos de near miss permitirá comparação uniforme dos indicadores entre distintos contextos. As síndromes hemorrágicas foram os principais determinantes primários para near miss e morte materna na instituição e sugerem a existência de demoras no cuidado obstétrico / Abstract: Objectives: to apply the new diagnostic criteria for maternal near miss, defined by the World Health Organization (WHO) to a population of women during pregnancy and postpartum period admitted to a general Intensive Care Unit (ICU); to identify the primary determinants of severe maternal morbidity (SMM), the indicators of obstetrical care and the maternal and perinatal outcomes. Method: a cross sectional study including 158 women between 2004 and 2007. The cases were classified according to the outcome of hospital admission in death, maternal near miss and potentially life threatening conditions (PLTC) and the data were collected from clinical records. Yates corrected y2 and Exact of Fisher tests, Odds Ratios (OR) with their 95% confidence intervals and multiple logistic regression analyses were used. Results: Among the 158 admissions, there were 5 deaths, 43 maternal near miss and 110 cases of PLTC. The near miss ratio was 4.4 cases per 1000 live births (LB), the ratio between near miss and death was 8.6 cases per 1 maternal death and the general mortality index was 10.4%. Hypertensive syndromes were the main primary determinant of admission in 67.7% (107/158 cases), but hemorrhage was the main cause of maternal near miss (17/43 near miss and two deaths), mainly due to uterine atony and complicated ectopic pregnancy, with a mortality index by this cause of 10.5%. Conclusions: the standardization of diagnostic criteria for maternal near miss allowed quantifying SMM in a standard way, facilitating the comparison between different contexts. Hemorrhage was the main primary determinant for maternal near miss and death at the institution suggesting that delays could exist for appropriate obstetric care / Mestrado / Tocoginecologia / Mestre em Tocoginecologia

Le ratio de mortalité maternelle en Afrique de l’Ouest est le plus élevé au monde et l’hémorragie du post-partum (HPP) y est la principale cause directe de mortalité maternelle. L’objectif général de ce travail était d’apporter des connaissances pour améliorer la prise en charge des HPP dans les structures hospitalières en Afrique de l’Ouest. Tout d’abord, nous avons montré que les facteurs de risques maternels de morbi-mortalité liée à l’HPP retrouvés dans les pays à ressources élevées étaient généralisables au contexte de l’Afrique de l’Ouest. Par ailleurs, nos analyses suggèrent que la qualification du médecin en charge du service de maternité (médecin généraliste versus gynécologue-obstétricien) a un impact déterminant sur la survie des femmes présentant une HPP dans ce contexte. Ensuite, nous avons montré que l'injection d'ocytocine dans les dix minutes qui suivent le diagnostic d’HPP était un facteur déterminant pour améliorer la santé maternelle au Bénin et au Mali. Le diagnostic rapide de l’HPP et une meilleure surveillance du post-partum immédiat étaient également importants. Enfin, nous avons mis en place une étude pilote pour évaluer la faisabilité d’un essai contrôlé randomisé (ECR) dont l’objectif est de tester l’efficacité du tamponnement utérin par condom catheter dans la prise en charge des hémorragies du post-partum dans cette région. Les résultats ont montré que la mise en place d’un ECR était faisable et ont apporté des connaissances supplémentaires pour optimiser le protocole de recherche. Ainsi, nous avons identifié un certain nombre de facteurs sur lesquels des actions doivent être menées pour améliorer la qualité de la prise en charge de l’HPP. / The maternal mortality ratio in West Africa is the highest in the world and postpartum hemorrhage (PPH) is the leading direct cause of maternal mortality. The general objective of this work was to provide knowledge to improve the management of PPH in hospitals in West Africa. Firstly, we have highlighted that maternal risk factors for morbidity and mortality related to the PPH found in high-resource countries were generalizable to the context of West Africa. Furthermore, our analysis suggests that the qualification of the doctor in charge of the maternity unit (general practitioner versus obstetrician) has a decisive impact on the maternal issue in this context. Then, we showed that injection of oxytocin within ten minutes after the diagnosis of PPH was a key factor for improving maternal health in Benin and Mali. Rapid diagnosis of PPH and better monitoring of the immediate postpartum period were also important. Finally, we set up a pilot study to assess the feasibility of a randomized controlled trial (RCT), which aims to test the effectiveness of uterine tamponade with condom catheter in the postpartum hemorrhage management in this region. The results showed that f a RCT was feasible and provided additional knowledge to optimize the research protocol. Thus, we have identified a number of factors on which action should be taken to improve the quality of PPH management.

Philosophiae Doctor - PhD / In the decade since first identified, the Acquired Immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) has become a serious global disease. The nature of the Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) that causes AIDS, whereby a carrier may be asymptomatic yet remain infectious, has enabled its dramatic spread. The number of AIDS cases is increasing exponentially, averaging a doubling time of between 8-15 months in different countries. Of the millions of HIV carriers, it is now estimated that all will eventually go on to develop full-blown AIDS and probably die within 15 years. Unlike other infectiqus diseases, there is currently no known vaccine or cure. Further, HIV is now virtually completely dependent on volitional sexual behaviours for transmission to occur. It is therefore an entirely preventable disease. However, since the behaviours that contribute to HIV-transmission are influenced by biological, psychological, and social factors, their alteration in line with safer sexual practices has been shown to be considerably complex and difficult. Intervention strategies that have relied on imparting knowledge about the disease have achieved limited success in influencing behaviour change. Unsafe sexual practices, and the risk of HIV-infection, often continue even when knowledge regarding prevention is adequate. It has therefore become apparent that other variables intrude which may mediate between knowledge acquisition, attitude formation, and consequent sexual behaviours. There appear to be no models which adequately explain the complexities in this area, and which enable adequate intervention strategies to be developed. The present study was undertaken to redress this problem, and to explore those variables that mediate in the area. Various psychological and social factors appear to be implicated in influencing sexual attitudes and behaviours. In order to adequately test the impact of psychosocial variables that were found to have significant associations in an exploratory study, a measuring instrument was developed. The AIDS Psychosocial Scale was statistically validated using content, frequency, factor, and reliability analyses and included psychological factors of self concept, defenses of denial, repression, and rationalisation, perceived empowerment in the form of locus of control and selfefficacy, and the social factor of peer pressure susceptibility. The impact of these psychosocial variables on indices of knowledge, condom attitude, and sexual practices, and on other epidemiological variables was tested using a sample of students at the University of the Western Cape (n=308). Results indicated a number of correlational and causal links between variables, confirming the mediational role psychosocial factors have in influencing knowledge acquisition, attitude formation, and behaviour outcome. A profile of lower self concept, higher defenses, lower self-efficacy, more external locus of control, and higher peer pressure susceptibility emerged which was associated with poorer knowledge, more negative attitudes, and higher unsafe sex. Based on this study, a model of psychosocial mediation is developed and its implications for intervention strategies discussed.

My dissertation is composed of an introductory chapter followed by three independent chapters focusing on two themes: health and retirement. The last chapter concludes. After the introductory chapter, the second chapter investigates whether self reported general stress is a mediator in the relationship between socio-economic status (SES) and health. I use a six-year long panel of the Canadian Survey of Labour and Income Dynamics and employ dynamic econometric modelling techniques to study men and women who are major income earners in their families. I find little evidence that general stress is a pathway from SES to health. While the results suggest a strong negative association between stress and health for both men and women, they provide little support to the hypothesis of a significant effect of income on stress, consistent with the direction of the SES-health gradient. The third chapter studies whether self-assessed health status (SAH) contains information about future mortality and morbidity, beyond the information that is contained in standard "observable" characteristics of individuals (including pre-existing diagnosed medical conditions). Using a ten-year span of the Canadian National Population Health Survey, we find evidence that SAH does contain private information for future mortality and morbidity. Moreover, the extra information in SAH is greater at older ages. Our results suggest that a shift from defined benefit to defined contribution pension arrangements may carry with it the cost of exacerbated adverse selection in the market for annuities, especially at older ages. That would make it more difficult for older individuals to insure longevity risk. The fourth chapter looks at whether differences in early retirement pathways are associated with differences in post-retirement outcomes of health, stress and dwelling tenure. I use a 5 ample of men from the Canadian Survey of Labour and Income Dynamics, years 1996 to 2004. I find that differences in pre-retirement health indicators (such as self-assessed health and disability), as pathways to early retirement, are likely to be associated with differences in post-retirement health and stress. In addition, the results suggest that "involuntary" retirees (men who may have retired because of health and/or health related coniitions) are more likely to experience worse post-retirement outcomes (in terms of health and stress) than men who retire "voluntarily". Retirement circumstances are found to have no statistically significant effect on dwelling tenure. / Thesis / Doctor of Philosophy (PhD)

L’iatrogénie induite par les erreurs médicamenteuses est un problème majeur de santé publique. Ce travail a pour objectif de développer une approche systémique visant à réduire leur occurrence en cancérologie. L’étude est menée aux Hospices Civils de Lyon au sein du Groupement Hospitalier Sud. L’analyse des erreurs médicamenteuses interceptées, sur une période de 5 ans, révèle que 4 prescriptions de chimiothérapie sur 100 présentent au moins une erreur médicamenteuse, dont plus de la moitié sont des erreurs de dose. Les facteurs de risque d’erreurs de prescription identifiés sont la prescription par un interne, l’hospitalisation conventionnelle, le patient ayant une surface corporelle supérieure à 2 m², les protocoles de plus de trois médicaments anticancéreux, comprenant du carboplatine ou nécessitant une modification par le prescripteur. L’évaluation de la gravité clinique potentielle des erreurs médicamenteuses montre que 13,4% d’entre elles auraient causé un préjudice temporaire et 2,6% un préjudice permanent. Le pronostic vital aurait été engagé dans 2,6% des cas conduisant au décès pour 6 patients sur une période d’un an. L’évaluation médico-économique permet d’estimer le coût pour l’assurance maladie d’une erreur médicamenteuse en cancérologie avec conséquences cliniques à 1 523€ associé à 3,5 journées d’hospitalisation supplémentaires. Cette approche systémique conduit au développement de revues d’erreurs médicamenteuses et de morbi-mortalité, socle de l’analyse collective indispensable à la prévention du risque médicamenteux en cancérologie / Medication errors are a major public health problem. This work aims to develop a systemic approach to reduce their occurrence in oncology. The study was conducted in Groupement Hospitalier Sud (Hospices Civils de Lyon). The analysis of intercepted medication errors, over a period of five years, reveals that four out of 100 prescriptions of chemotherapy include at least one medication error, which over half are dose errors. Risk factors of prescribing errors identified are prescription by a resident physician, inpatient care, patient with a body surface area greater than 2 m², protocol with more that three anticancer drugs, protocol involving carboplatin or protocol requiring at least one modification by the physician. 13.4% of avoided errors would have resulted in temporary injury and 2.6% in permanent damage. The vital prognosis of the patient would have been compromised in 2.6% of cases leading to death for six patients over a period of one year. The cost of one medication error with clinical consequences was estimated at € 1 523 associated to 3.5 additional days of hospitalisation. This approach led to the development of systematic medication errors reviews and morbi-mortality conferences that allow a collective and multidisciplinary analysis to enhance the patient’s safety

Submitted by Carlos Saiani (ssaiani@yahoo.com.br) on 2012-04-30T18:40:51Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Tese - FGV - Carlos César Santejo Saiani.pdf: 5421316 bytes, checksum: 7065939598ebc1cf0b41062e1f2384c6 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Gisele Isaura Hannickel (gisele.hannickel@fgv.br) on 2012-05-02T14:48:33Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 Tese - FGV - Carlos César Santejo Saiani.pdf: 5421316 bytes, checksum: 7065939598ebc1cf0b41062e1f2384c6 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2012-05-02T14:50:20Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Tese - FGV - Carlos César Santejo Saiani.pdf: 5421316 bytes, checksum: 7065939598ebc1cf0b41062e1f2384c6 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2012-04-13 / Esta tese analisou os determinantes e os efeitos da privatização dos serviços de saneamento básico no Brasil (abastecimento de água e coleta de esgoto). Em relação aos seus determinantes, as evidências são consistentes com a hipótese de que as privatizações foram adotadas como estratégias políticas, com o propósito de reduzir a discricionariedade de eventual sucessor político, o que se depreende da maior probabilidade de privatização à medida que eleva o risco eleitoral. Estratégia análoga é a redução do escopo de atuação dos governos estaduais, apontada pela maior probabilidade de privatização em municípios nos quais os prefeitos não pertencem a partidos da coligação dos governadores de seus estados. Em relação aos efeitos da privatização sobre indicadores epidemiológicos (morbidade e mortalidade) e de acesso, foram comparadas duas modalidades de provisão privada: provisão centralizada (regional), que pode gerar ganhos de escala; e provisão descentralizada (local), que pode resultar em maior controle social e redução dos custos de monitoramento. Os resultados indicam que o modelo de provisão privada descentralizada resultou em menor incidência de morbidade e de mortalidade. Como esses indicadores refletiriam os efeitos sobre a qualidade dos serviços, o resultado contradiz a hipótese de existência de um trade-off custo-qualidade na provisão privada de serviços públicos, como argumentado por Hart et al (1997). O mesmo resultado não é observado na modalidade de privatização regional, o que sugere que a forma de privatização é relevante para desempenho das empresas privadas. Por último, foi verificado que a privatização local expande o acesso em municípios nos quais os níveis de cobertura eram baixos, o que poderia refletir suas capacidades de investimento. Além disso, ao contrário da provisão pública, a privatização local não privilegia o abastecimento de água e os domicílios com maiores níveis de renda. Portanto, a competição política, ao influenciar o risco eleitoral dos prefeitos, determina a privatização, que impacta positivamente sobre o acesso e a qualidade dos serviços e, por esta via, reduz a morbidade e a mortalidade. / This dissertation analyzes the determinants and effects of the privatization of sanitation services in Brazil (water supply and sewage). Regarding the determinants, it is noteworthy that privatization is more likely the higher the political risk, which is consistent with the hypothesis of privatization as a political strategy, aiming to mitigate the discretion of the future incumbent. An analogous strategy is to reduce the scope of activities of rival state government, as the privatization is more likely in municipalities where mayors do not belong to the coalition parties of their states’ governors. Regarding the effects of privatization on epidemiological indicators (morbidity and mortality) two different models of private provision were contrasted: centralized provision (regional), which might benefit from economies of scale; and decentralized provision (local), which might result in higher social control, and lower monitoring costs. The latter resulted in lower levels of morbidity and mortality directly associated to the quality of sanitation services. These results contradict the cost-quality trade-off, as presented by Hart et al (1997). In contrast, the regional privatization does not present equally favorable results, so as to suggest that the privatization model is relevant to the performance of private companies. Finally, local privatization expands the access in cities where coverage levels were low, what may be due to former investment constraints by public companies. Moreover, unlike the public provision, local privatization seems not to be biased towards water supply and higher income households. Therefore, political competition, for its effect on the incumbent electoral risk, brings about privatization, which has a positive effect on access and quality of services and, thereby, reduces morbidity and mortality.

Esta pesquisa se ocupou em analisar as condições de saúde das mulheres pobres de Porto Alegre, mais detidamente das internadas na Santa Casa de Misericórdia nas duas últimas décadas do século XIX, buscando examinar e compreender a relação estabelecida entre as mulheres pobres enfermas e suas doenças, com o saber médico e as ações médicas produzidas naquele hospital. Como consequência desse direcionamento de olhar para a medicina mais voltada às mulheres, a pesquisa também se deteve na área médica que distinguia a medicina feminina da masculina naquele dado período: a incipiente medicina da mulher, que se desenvolvia por meio das especialidades denominadas como obstetrícia e ginecologia. Desse modo, em decorrência, explorou a construção da medicina da mulher, ocupando-se sobre os primeiros desenvolvimentos da obstetrícia e da ginecologia na Santa Casa de Porto Alegre. A partir de tal exame, também foi verificado se o desenvolvimento destas especialidades representou melhorias para a saúde das mulheres lá internadas e/ou avanços na forma como os médicos se preocupavam com o tratamento das mulheres naquele local, de um modo geral. A perspectiva teórica seguida vincula-se aos estudos da História Social, utilizando-se principalmente das categorias analíticas gênero e classe social. A argumentação principal da pesquisa foi buscada por meio de dados demográficos quantitativos. Entretanto, por meio de exame sobre vasto material de pesquisa, procurou-se qualificar não somente os números apresentados, mas também a análise e a argumentação sobre os mesmos. Do ponto de vista metodológico, seguiu diversos preceitos advindos dos estudos demográficos, em grande parte, vinculados à História Social, principalmente, ao examinar os dados de morbidade e mortalidade das mulheres analisadas. Como resultado da análise realizada, verificou-se que no início da década de 1880 poucas mulheres da população porto-alegrense procuravam a Santa Casa para tratamento e, quando o faziam, mormente se encontravam em grave estado de saúde, o que resultava em um alto índice de mortalidade de mulheres naquele hospital. Também se observou que raríssimas eram as mulheres que buscavam a Santa Casa para a realização do parto ou tratamento de moléstias ligadas à obstetrícia e à ginecologia, naquela década. No entanto, ao observar as causas de internação das mulheres em relação às ações médicas voltadas para a medicina da mulher dentro do hospital da Santa Casa até o final do século XIX, percebeu-se que aquela situação se modificava aos poucos, com o aumento do número de mulheres procurando o hospital para tratamento de diversas moléstias e realização do parto. Em um último plano, a partir da verificação sobre os dados de internação, concluiuse que as ações médicas implantadas na Santa Casa, impulsionadas em grande parte pelo maior aprofundamento em torno da obstetrícia e da ginecologia, resultaram no incremento de internações de mulheres e no decréscimo significativo da mortalidade feminina, naquele hospital, no final do século XIX. / This research analyses the conditions of the poor women’s health of Porto Alegre, more specifically the patients in the Santa Casa de Misericórdia Hospital in the last years of the century XIX, it taking to exam and to understand the relationship between the poor sickness women and his illness, with the medical knowledge and their actions in this Hospital. As a consequence of this direction to look for medicine more directed to women, these research also stopped in the medical field that distinguish female from male medicine in that specific period: the incipient women's medicine, which developed through the specific denominated as obstetrics and gynecology. In this way it was explored the construction of the medicine women, occupied themselves about the first developments of obstetrics and gynecologic at the Santa Casa Hospital from Porto Alegre. From this examination, it was also found that the development of these specialties represented improvements to the health of women hospitalized and advances in how doctors were concerned about the treatment of women in that place. The followed theoretical perspective connected to the studies of the Social History, using mainly the analytics categories in gender and social class. The main argumentation of the research was catch trough quantitative demographic bases. However, through the exams about a huge search material looks to qualify not just for the presented numbers, but also the analysis and argumentation about the topics. The methodological point of view, followed by several arising precepts of demographic studies, in the main of the Social History linked, mainly, examined the morbidity and mortality bases of the women analyzed. As the result of the analysis, confirmed that in the beginning of the decade of 1880 few women of the Porto Alegre population looked for the treatment at the Santa Casa Hospital, and when they did this, they usually were in serious healthy troubles that result in a high level of women’s mortality in those hospital. It also was observed that rarely women look for help in Santa Casa Hospital to realize their child-birth or illness treatment connected to the obstetrics and gynecologic methods. However, when it was observed the causes of the women hospitalization in relation to the medical actions that were directed to the women medicine inside the Santa Casa Hospital till the final of the century XIX, it was noticed that this situation modified slowly with the number of women who looking for the Hospital for treatment to several disease and to the child-birth realization. At least, from the verification about the bases of the hospitalization, it was concluded that the medical actions done at the Santa Casa Hospital were driven in the major part by the improvement about the obstetric and gynecologic methods, that resulted in an increasing of the women hospitalization and in the significant decreasing of the female mortality, in those hospital, at the final of the century XIX.

Esta pesquisa se ocupou em analisar as condições de saúde das mulheres pobres de Porto Alegre, mais detidamente das internadas na Santa Casa de Misericórdia nas duas últimas décadas do século XIX, buscando examinar e compreender a relação estabelecida entre as mulheres pobres enfermas e suas doenças, com o saber médico e as ações médicas produzidas naquele hospital. Como consequência desse direcionamento de olhar para a medicina mais voltada às mulheres, a pesquisa também se deteve na área médica que distinguia a medicina feminina da masculina naquele dado período: a incipiente medicina da mulher, que se desenvolvia por meio das especialidades denominadas como obstetrícia e ginecologia. Desse modo, em decorrência, explorou a construção da medicina da mulher, ocupando-se sobre os primeiros desenvolvimentos da obstetrícia e da ginecologia na Santa Casa de Porto Alegre. A partir de tal exame, também foi verificado se o desenvolvimento destas especialidades representou melhorias para a saúde das mulheres lá internadas e/ou avanços na forma como os médicos se preocupavam com o tratamento das mulheres naquele local, de um modo geral. A perspectiva teórica seguida vincula-se aos estudos da História Social, utilizando-se principalmente das categorias analíticas gênero e classe social. A argumentação principal da pesquisa foi buscada por meio de dados demográficos quantitativos. Entretanto, por meio de exame sobre vasto material de pesquisa, procurou-se qualificar não somente os números apresentados, mas também a análise e a argumentação sobre os mesmos. Do ponto de vista metodológico, seguiu diversos preceitos advindos dos estudos demográficos, em grande parte, vinculados à História Social, principalmente, ao examinar os dados de morbidade e mortalidade das mulheres analisadas. Como resultado da análise realizada, verificou-se que no início da década de 1880 poucas mulheres da população porto-alegrense procuravam a Santa Casa para tratamento e, quando o faziam, mormente se encontravam em grave estado de saúde, o que resultava em um alto índice de mortalidade de mulheres naquele hospital. Também se observou que raríssimas eram as mulheres que buscavam a Santa Casa para a realização do parto ou tratamento de moléstias ligadas à obstetrícia e à ginecologia, naquela década. No entanto, ao observar as causas de internação das mulheres em relação às ações médicas voltadas para a medicina da mulher dentro do hospital da Santa Casa até o final do século XIX, percebeu-se que aquela situação se modificava aos poucos, com o aumento do número de mulheres procurando o hospital para tratamento de diversas moléstias e realização do parto. Em um último plano, a partir da verificação sobre os dados de internação, concluiuse que as ações médicas implantadas na Santa Casa, impulsionadas em grande parte pelo maior aprofundamento em torno da obstetrícia e da ginecologia, resultaram no incremento de internações de mulheres e no decréscimo significativo da mortalidade feminina, naquele hospital, no final do século XIX. / This research analyses the conditions of the poor women’s health of Porto Alegre, more specifically the patients in the Santa Casa de Misericórdia Hospital in the last years of the century XIX, it taking to exam and to understand the relationship between the poor sickness women and his illness, with the medical knowledge and their actions in this Hospital. As a consequence of this direction to look for medicine more directed to women, these research also stopped in the medical field that distinguish female from male medicine in that specific period: the incipient women's medicine, which developed through the specific denominated as obstetrics and gynecology. In this way it was explored the construction of the medicine women, occupied themselves about the first developments of obstetrics and gynecologic at the Santa Casa Hospital from Porto Alegre. From this examination, it was also found that the development of these specialties represented improvements to the health of women hospitalized and advances in how doctors were concerned about the treatment of women in that place. The followed theoretical perspective connected to the studies of the Social History, using mainly the analytics categories in gender and social class. The main argumentation of the research was catch trough quantitative demographic bases. However, through the exams about a huge search material looks to qualify not just for the presented numbers, but also the analysis and argumentation about the topics. The methodological point of view, followed by several arising precepts of demographic studies, in the main of the Social History linked, mainly, examined the morbidity and mortality bases of the women analyzed. As the result of the analysis, confirmed that in the beginning of the decade of 1880 few women of the Porto Alegre population looked for the treatment at the Santa Casa Hospital, and when they did this, they usually were in serious healthy troubles that result in a high level of women’s mortality in those hospital. It also was observed that rarely women look for help in Santa Casa Hospital to realize their child-birth or illness treatment connected to the obstetrics and gynecologic methods. However, when it was observed the causes of the women hospitalization in relation to the medical actions that were directed to the women medicine inside the Santa Casa Hospital till the final of the century XIX, it was noticed that this situation modified slowly with the number of women who looking for the Hospital for treatment to several disease and to the child-birth realization. At least, from the verification about the bases of the hospitalization, it was concluded that the medical actions done at the Santa Casa Hospital were driven in the major part by the improvement about the obstetric and gynecologic methods, that resulted in an increasing of the women hospitalization and in the significant decreasing of the female mortality, in those hospital, at the final of the century XIX.

Esta pesquisa se ocupou em analisar as condições de saúde das mulheres pobres de Porto Alegre, mais detidamente das internadas na Santa Casa de Misericórdia nas duas últimas décadas do século XIX, buscando examinar e compreender a relação estabelecida entre as mulheres pobres enfermas e suas doenças, com o saber médico e as ações médicas produzidas naquele hospital. Como consequência desse direcionamento de olhar para a medicina mais voltada às mulheres, a pesquisa também se deteve na área médica que distinguia a medicina feminina da masculina naquele dado período: a incipiente medicina da mulher, que se desenvolvia por meio das especialidades denominadas como obstetrícia e ginecologia. Desse modo, em decorrência, explorou a construção da medicina da mulher, ocupando-se sobre os primeiros desenvolvimentos da obstetrícia e da ginecologia na Santa Casa de Porto Alegre. A partir de tal exame, também foi verificado se o desenvolvimento destas especialidades representou melhorias para a saúde das mulheres lá internadas e/ou avanços na forma como os médicos se preocupavam com o tratamento das mulheres naquele local, de um modo geral. A perspectiva teórica seguida vincula-se aos estudos da História Social, utilizando-se principalmente das categorias analíticas gênero e classe social. A argumentação principal da pesquisa foi buscada por meio de dados demográficos quantitativos. Entretanto, por meio de exame sobre vasto material de pesquisa, procurou-se qualificar não somente os números apresentados, mas também a análise e a argumentação sobre os mesmos. Do ponto de vista metodológico, seguiu diversos preceitos advindos dos estudos demográficos, em grande parte, vinculados à História Social, principalmente, ao examinar os dados de morbidade e mortalidade das mulheres analisadas. Como resultado da análise realizada, verificou-se que no início da década de 1880 poucas mulheres da população porto-alegrense procuravam a Santa Casa para tratamento e, quando o faziam, mormente se encontravam em grave estado de saúde, o que resultava em um alto índice de mortalidade de mulheres naquele hospital. Também se observou que raríssimas eram as mulheres que buscavam a Santa Casa para a realização do parto ou tratamento de moléstias ligadas à obstetrícia e à ginecologia, naquela década. No entanto, ao observar as causas de internação das mulheres em relação às ações médicas voltadas para a medicina da mulher dentro do hospital da Santa Casa até o final do século XIX, percebeu-se que aquela situação se modificava aos poucos, com o aumento do número de mulheres procurando o hospital para tratamento de diversas moléstias e realização do parto. Em um último plano, a partir da verificação sobre os dados de internação, concluiuse que as ações médicas implantadas na Santa Casa, impulsionadas em grande parte pelo maior aprofundamento em torno da obstetrícia e da ginecologia, resultaram no incremento de internações de mulheres e no decréscimo significativo da mortalidade feminina, naquele hospital, no final do século XIX. / This research analyses the conditions of the poor women’s health of Porto Alegre, more specifically the patients in the Santa Casa de Misericórdia Hospital in the last years of the century XIX, it taking to exam and to understand the relationship between the poor sickness women and his illness, with the medical knowledge and their actions in this Hospital. As a consequence of this direction to look for medicine more directed to women, these research also stopped in the medical field that distinguish female from male medicine in that specific period: the incipient women's medicine, which developed through the specific denominated as obstetrics and gynecology. In this way it was explored the construction of the medicine women, occupied themselves about the first developments of obstetrics and gynecologic at the Santa Casa Hospital from Porto Alegre. From this examination, it was also found that the development of these specialties represented improvements to the health of women hospitalized and advances in how doctors were concerned about the treatment of women in that place. The followed theoretical perspective connected to the studies of the Social History, using mainly the analytics categories in gender and social class. The main argumentation of the research was catch trough quantitative demographic bases. However, through the exams about a huge search material looks to qualify not just for the presented numbers, but also the analysis and argumentation about the topics. The methodological point of view, followed by several arising precepts of demographic studies, in the main of the Social History linked, mainly, examined the morbidity and mortality bases of the women analyzed. As the result of the analysis, confirmed that in the beginning of the decade of 1880 few women of the Porto Alegre population looked for the treatment at the Santa Casa Hospital, and when they did this, they usually were in serious healthy troubles that result in a high level of women’s mortality in those hospital. It also was observed that rarely women look for help in Santa Casa Hospital to realize their child-birth or illness treatment connected to the obstetrics and gynecologic methods. However, when it was observed the causes of the women hospitalization in relation to the medical actions that were directed to the women medicine inside the Santa Casa Hospital till the final of the century XIX, it was noticed that this situation modified slowly with the number of women who looking for the Hospital for treatment to several disease and to the child-birth realization. At least, from the verification about the bases of the hospitalization, it was concluded that the medical actions done at the Santa Casa Hospital were driven in the major part by the improvement about the obstetric and gynecologic methods, that resulted in an increasing of the women hospitalization and in the significant decreasing of the female mortality, in those hospital, at the final of the century XIX.

Thesis (M.Nurs.)(Hons)--University of Western Sydney, Nepean, 1996. / Title from electronic document (viewed 25/5/10) Includes bibliography.