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Yes / Research with prisoners’ families is limited in the context of learning difficulties/disabilities (LD) and autism spectrum. Life-story interviews with mothers reveal an extended period of emotional and practical care labour, as the continuous engagement with their son’s education and experiences of physical and emotional abuse are explored. Prior to their son’s incarceration, mothers spoke of stigma and barriers to support throughout their childrearing, as well as limited or absent preventative/positive care practices. Subsequently prisons and locked wards seem to feature as a progression. Mothers have experienced abuse; physical and/or emotional, as well as lives that convey accounts of failure. Not their failure, but that of the systems. A care ethics model of disability assists an analysis of the narratives where care-less spaces are identified. Interrelated experiences merging emotional responses to extended mothering, the external forces of disabilism and destructive systems, lead to proposing a rehumanising of care practices within for example, education and the criminal justice system. / The Leverhume Trust (RF-2016-613\8)

[pt] Partindo de relatos de parto de mulheres brasileiras circunscritas em diferentes realidades sociais, o presente trabalho, de cunho qualitativo e interpretativista tem como objetivo analisar a construção e os efeitos dos discursos hegemônicos (Foucault, 1988) em falas sobre experiências de gestação e parto. Observaremos em performances narrativas emergentes em dez entrevistas de pesquisa (offline e online), a construção da agentividade das narradoras em conexão com as relações corpo/afeto. Narrativas de mulheres de lugares socias diversos (diferentes raças, classes, sexualidades, faixas etárias, usuárias de organizações de saúde públicas e privadas) serão analisadas sob uma lente interseccional de gênero, raça e classe, focalizando como tais narrativas constroem inteligibilidades que regem a vida social e, assim, cerceiam corpos – o que induz à reflexão sobre a soberania do discurso médico hegemônico e seus impactos na experiência da maternidade. Nossa compreensão de gênero se pauta em feminismos matricêntricos – se propondo, assim, a dar centralidade a mulheres mães sob uma perspectiva interseccional. Sob a perspectiva interdisciplinar, indisciplinar e mestiça da Linguística Aplicada Contemporânea (Moita Lopes, 2006), alinhamo-nos à Análise de Narrativa por entendermos que, contando histórias, construímos a nós mesmos, nossa percepção de identidade, além de construirmos o mundo ao redor. A análise das narrativas examina a construção da avaliação – componente narrativo que imprime dramaticidade e razão de ser ao que se narra, contemplando a dimensão discursiva dos afetos. Dessa forma, foi possível observar, no âmbito das inter-relações entre cultura–discurso–corpo–afeto, como os atravessamentos discursivos deixam marcas: seja reprimindo, constrangendo e destituindo as mães da gestão de sua própria corporeidade; seja, por outro lado, instando autonomia e agentividade às mães em seus relatos. Assim, compreender os rastros discursivos pela via dos afetos possibilita ao analista interpretar, reelaborar e redimensionar a experiência vivida. / [en] The aim of this qualitative-interpretive study is to analyse the construction and effects of normative discourses) regarding pregnancy and birth by analysing labour narratives of Brazilian mothers located in distinct social contexts. In the narrative performances that emerge from three research interviews (conducted both on and offline), we observe how speakers build agency in relation to body/affect. The narratives of these women - from diverse social backgrounds (in terms of race, class, age, private/public health system users) - are analysed focusing on how these stories build intelligibility that governs social life and which can curtail bodies – leading us to reflect on the pervasiveness of medical discourse and its impacts on the experience of mothering and maternity. Our understanding of gender is based on matricentric feminisms and aims at furthering mothers visibility from an intersectional perspective. As part of an emerging tradition of undisciplined, Contemporary Applied Linguistics of Latin America, this study draws on Narrative Analysis, aiming at the further understanding of locally constructed identities and their relationship with the surrounding world. Our analysis examines the building of evaluation - a narrative component which heightens drama, conveying the story s very raison d être - as to consider the discursive dimension of affect. Our examination of the relationship between culture, discourse, body and affect, enables us to identify the way these insidious discourses leave their mark on mothers; either through reprimands, constraints and the erasure of control over their own corporeality or otherwise by prompting autonomy and agency. Medical discourse, as we observe, is a powerful institution which serves as underlying other major overwhelming discourses, such as the patriarchal and the racist. Thus, by building the bridges between the micro and macro dimensions it is possible to realise that what happens in social interactions reveals a lot from a complex broader scenario as much as the major institutions have a great impact on social life. The observation of the discursive scars left makes way to analyse, interpret, rework and reimagine the lived experience of labour.

Focusing on the everyday lives of middle-class English families in a medium size town situated in the Midlands, this doctoral thesis contributes to anthropological debates on the topics of human agency, time, domesticity, mothering, and kinship. Organized upon the idea that cultural models of time are inextricably linked to understandings of agency (Greenhouse 1996), the thesis links Moore s (2011) post-vitalist theoretical framework and the work of Foucault (1990, 2000) on ethical practices, with Gershon s (2011) critique of neoliberal agency . The concept of ordinary agency is proposed for situating everyday actions as significant actions that contribute to social transformation. Three cultural models of time are identified spontaneity, anticipation and family time and the types of ordinary agencies that they engage are described in three dedicated chapters. The first chapter discusses the theoretical framework of the thesis. The second chapter addresses methodological issues, and discusses the methods that the author developed during her ethnographic fieldwork for looking at people s relationships with time. The third chapter addresses the time mode of spontaneity, presenting ethnographic examples of digital media use at home, and introducing theoretical tools for situating the forms of agency engendered by spontaneity. The fourth chapter looks at the time mode of anticipation in relation to mothering, motherhood and care. This chapter is accompanied by a video component, titled Mum s Cup and situated in the appendix of the thesis. Based on material that the participants filmed in solitude, for a self-interviewing with video task, Mum s Cup is a visual point of departure for theorising the Mother-Multiple ontological position that is described in chapter IV. Alongside providing a visual ethnographic lever for endorsing a theoretical concept, the video project also reflects on the relationship between the researcher and the participants, a relationship that, for various reasons (some related to length limitations), is not fully described in the textual corpus of the thesis. Discussing two types of domestic sociality, the fifth chapter looks at family time and at the forms of agency engendered by the idea and by the experience of having a family-style lifestyle (Strathern 1992), and it draws on, and contributes to, bodies of literature on English kinship. The last chapter addresses the context of the research which is an interdisciplinary project looking at domestic energy consumption ; it situates the position of the author in relation to the domestic sustainability agenda and to debates on interdisciplinarity, and it formulates ideas about possible applications that the anthropological knowledge gained by the author through her research could have in relation to the context that originally framed and facilitated the research.

Le but de cette étude est d'apporter un éclairage sur la contribution peu reconnue des assistantes maternelles à titre non permanent dans le développement psychoaffectif du jeune enfant. Notre objectif a été de mettre en évidence le développement de « l'intelligence au travail » (C. Dejours, 1993) des assistantes maternelles à partir d'un paradigme « d'ergologie clinique » (Y. Clot, 1999). Pour cela, nous avons posé 3 hypothèses de travail : 1) les assistantes maternelles développent une intelligence secondaire à l'expérience au travail dans les « fonctions de maternage » (D.W. Winnicott, 1969). 2) Les assistantes maternelles développent une intelligence secondaire à l'expérience au travail dans les « fonctions tierces » (F. Dolto, 1984). 3) Les assistantes maternelles développent une intelligence secondaire à l'expérience au travail sous la forme de « stratégies défensives » (C. Dejours, 1993 ; P. Molinier, 2006). La population a été constituée en 2 groupes : 3 assistantes maternelles « novices » et 3 assistantes maternelles « expertes ». La méthodologie consistait en une méthode qualitative de recueil de données (entretiens semi-directifs avec consigne d' « instruction au sosie » et « auto-confrontation croisée ») et une méthode qualitative de traitement des données (analyse clinique thématique et analyse linguistique de l'énonciation). Cette analyse a permis de valider les hypothèses de recherche et d'identifier les qualités, savoir-faire et stratégies défensives aboutissant à l'efficience au travail auprès des jeunes enfants. / The purpose of the study is to shed light on the unknown contribution of the childminders in the psycho-emotional development of young children. Our goal was to highlight the development of « intelligence at work » (C. Dejours, 1993) of the childminders from a paradigm of « ergology clinic » (Y. Clot, 1999). For this, we asked three working hypotheses : 1) the childminders develop a secondary intelligence at work experience in the « functions of mothering » (D.W. Winnicott, 1969). 2) The nurses develop a secondary intelligence at work experience in the « paternal function » (F. Dolto, 1984). 3) The childminders develop a secondary intelligence at work experience in the form of « defensive strategies » (C. Dejours, 1993; P. Molinier, 2006). The population was incorporated into 2 groups : 3 childminders « novices » and 3 childminders « expert ». The methodology consisted of a qualitative method of data collection (semi-structured interviews with « instruct the double » and « self-confrontation cross ») and a qualitative method of data processing (clinical thematic analysis and analysis of the linguistic utterance). This analysis was used to validate the research hypotheses and identify the qualities, knowhow, skills and defensive strategies leading to efficiency in working with young children.

A interleucina-2 (IL-2) atua na modulação da atividade dopaminérgica, que influencia o comportamento maternal. Neste estudo observou-se que o estado lactacional reduziu a atividade geral em campo aberto, porém não alterou os níveis de dopamina e seus metabólitos. A administração de IL-2, tanto sistêmica com diretamente no N.Ac não alterou a atividade geral em campo aberto, indicando a ausência de efeito motor da mesma. Além disso, a administração de IL-2 sistêmica e no N.Ac reduziu as porcentagens de ratas que agrupam os filhotes e de filhotes agrupados por rata. A injeção de IL-2 no N.Ac aumentou as latências de busca do primeiro e segundo filhotes e o comportamento agressivo. A administração sistêmica de IL-2 em ratas virgens reduziu somente do valor absoluto de DOPAC (metabólito de dopamina) após 100 e 120. Este achado corrobora a idéia de que o IL-2 altera a atividade dopaminérgica. Os resultados sugerem que a administração sistêmica da dose de IL-2 estudada não influencia de forma significativa os níveis de dopamina e de seus metabólitos no N.Ac. / Interleukin-2 (IL-2) modulates the dopaminergic neurotransmission, that into the nucleus accumbens (N.Ac) plays a role in maternal behavior. The IL-2 dose used in this study does not have motor effects. Both peripheral and central N.Ac injections decreased the percent of mothers grouping pups together and the number of grouped pups. IL-2 injections into the N.Ac resulted in longer latencies to retrieve first and second pups and increased aggressive behavior. In order to test if these behavioral effects would be related to the IL-2 reduced the DOPAC (dopamine metabolite) concentrations in the N.Ac of virgin rats treated with IL-2. This suggests suggest that the IL-2 dose used in this study does not alter so much the dopaminergic transmission by influencing extracellular levels of this neurotransmitter.

Informed by a mothering-disruption framework, our study examines the illness narratives of women cancer survivors living in Southern Central Appalachia. We collected the stories of twenty-nine women cancer survivors from northeast Tennessee and southwest Virginia using a multi-phasic qualitative design. Phase I consisted of women cancer survivors participating in a day-long story circle (n=26). Phase II consisted of women cancer survivors who were unable to attend the story circle ; this sample sub-set participated in in-depth interviews (n=3) designed to capture their illness narratives. Participants' illness narratives revealed the presence of: (1) mothering-disruption whereby cancer adversely impacted the mothering role ; and (2) mothering-connection , whereby the cancer experience motivatedmother-survivors. Participants' illness narratives reflected thatthe role of mother was the preeminent role for mother-survivor and whenever there was oppositional tension between the roles of mother and survivor , the women-survivors seemed to linguistically relocate away from the survivor role and toward the mothering role. As a result , women-survivors seemingly rejected medicalization of their identities by emphasizing their mothering responsibilities , something we term motherizing.

Research indicates children's exposure to family violence results in long-term negative consequences, hindering social skill development and impacting on the ability to function as healthy, productive adults. Also, there exists a widely accepted theory, called the 'cycle of violence', which hypothesises that children who have experienced violence at the hands of their parents tend to grow up to become violent parents themselves. Some evidence for this theory has been found following research with groups of abusive parents and people who have committed crimes, This study explores the specific impacts of childhood exposure to family violence on the subsequent mothering of a group of women drawn from the general population. A qualitative approach using a methodology that combined feminist and narrative approaches was used. Nine women who have been exposed to family violence in childhood including physical, emotional/psychological, sexual abuse and witness to violence between parents participated in interviews which explored their experiences of mothering Each woman was interviewed twice to collect stories of childhood and of mothering experiences. These were analysed revealing that the women's mothering was affected by their childhood exposure to family violence in several ways, ranging from direct emotional impacts to indirect impacts of conceptualisations formed in the light of childhood experiences. This study adds to the existing knowledge of the long-term impacts of childhood exposure to family violence by focussing specifically on subsequent mothering. The findings encourage social work and health care personnel to appreciate that women exposed to family violence in childhood have specific issues with their mothering and there is a need to address these issues. It also challenges the weight given to the cycle of violence theory in intervention and prevention strategies in child abuse and family violence sectors

This study explores the experiences of relatives waiting. Often relatives wait for considerably long periods, especially in critical care areas, whilst their loved one, whose health status is unknown, receives care. To explore these experiences and to understand the symbolic meaning behind the participants’ stories, a grounded theory approach was utilised which is firmly rooted in the sociological theory of symbolic interactionism. A qualitative approach was employed in order to yield a rich description of the human experience often not found in quantitative studies (Jamerson, Scheibmeir, Bott, Crighton, Hinton and Kuckelman, 1996, p. 468). Similarly, the use of feminist principles to guide this study has facilitated a greater understanding of such issues as gender roles, language, power and hierarchy. Using grounded theory methodology, audio-taped interviews were conducted with six female relatives who were recruited using theoretical sampling. Simultaneous recruitment, data collection, analysis and literature review took place, as advocated and outlined by Barney Glaser and Anselm Strauss (1967). The overarching core category discovered using this approach which epitomises the waiting experience, is the balancing of both positive and negative aspects of the four codes identified. These four codes are -mothering, trust, flustered anxiety and institutional and medical power. Each code had negative aspects, such as being denied the felt need to mother the critically ill loved one, being asked to entrust the health of a loved one to people that relatives had never met, feelings of fluster and anxiety, and a perception that they would interfere with medial care if they were to be involved in their loved one’s care. Conversely, each code could potentially have a positive aspect, such as being involved in the care of the loved one, feelings of relief once the care of the loved one was entrusted to ‘professional’ health care providers, affiliating with other relatives who were waiting in similar circumstances, and receiving frequent information from staff. A final model was produced that illustrates the balance that many relatives aspire to when waiting in the Emergency Department waiting room. If the balance tips in favour of the negative aspects of the codes, a negative impact on the relative’s feelings of well being can result.