Représentant environ 1% des dépenses d'assurance maladie, les soins transfrontaliers s'affirment comme un phénomène encore marginal par son ampleur, mais structurant par ses implications. Positionnés à la confluence de plusieurs compétences (nationales et communautaires) et de branches de droits, la notion de soin de santé transfrontalier et son régime se construisent sous l'emprise d'influences multiples. Se présentant comme une véritable notion juridique de droit de l'Union, le terme générique de soin de santé transfrontalier s'impose dès lors que deux éléments de qualification sont réunis : la traversée d'une frontière par l'un des acteurs de la relation médicale et la prise en charge financière des soins. Les soins transfrontaliers s'organisent autour d'un trilogue composé du médecin et de la sécurité sociale, tous deux assimilés à des prestataires de service, et du patient pour lequel un statut sui generis est en émergence. Au-delà de révéler le caractère complexe de la notion même de soin transfrontalier, cette étude met en avant l'originalité du modèle de la relation de soin transfrontalière : si l'Union œuvre au forçage du modèle triangulaire dans la relation de soin transfrontalière, elle contribue aussi parallèlement et paradoxalement à son dépassement. Ce mouvement, récemment consacré par la directive n° 2011/24/UE, vient alors interroger les fondements de la relation de soin, bien au-delà du cadre des seuls soins transfrontaliers. / With only one percent of the health expenditure, cross boarder healthcare remains a marginal phenomenon but has important implications. At the interplay between national and Community competence as well as different branches of law, this notion and its regime reflect a diversity of influences. Cross boarder healthcare can be considered as a legal construct, which can be implied by two constituent material elements : the crossing of a boarder by the doctor or the patient and the chargeability of the costs of care. Cross border healthcare is organized around a triangle of players, namely the doctor and the social security body, both considered as service providers, and the patient, who acquired its own legal status. This study aims at showing the complexity and the originality of the cross boarder healthcare model. On the one hand, the European Union “forced” the application of this triangular model, but appears on the other hand to overcome this traditional model. This trend has recently been confirmed by the directive 2011/24/UE and calls the foundation of care relationship into question, well beyond the cross boarder care issues.

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Syfte och frågeställningar Syftet med studien är att undersöka statisk och dynamisk balansförmåga för individer med varierad grad av funktionsnedsättning genom uppmätt balansförmåga, upplevd balansförmåga samt eventuella korrelationer mellan balansförmåga och upplevd balansförmåga. Frågeställningar som studien avser att besvara: • Vilket värde får deltagarnas statiska och dynamiska balansförmåga utifrån två av testen i Movement ABC? •Hur skattar deltagarna sin individuella upplevda statiska och dynamiska balansförmåga? • Hur förhåller sig eventuella korrelationer mellan deltagarnas utförda förmåga och skattningen av utförandet? Metod Metoden baseras på två balanstester från testbatteriet Movement ABC. De två balanstesterna, både statiskt och dynamiskt, kompletterades med ett individuellt subjektivt skattningsformulär angående upplevd balansförmåga. Resultaten analyserades med Spearman´s korrelationsanalys. Resultat De beskrivande resultaten angående statisk balans uppmätte 5/8 deltagare som Mycket bra/OK respektive dynamisk balans uppmätte 3/8 deltagare som Mycket bra/OK. Resultaten från det individuella självskattningsformuläret skattade 7/8 deltagare Mycket bra/OK. Inga signifikanta resultat framkom i korrelationsanalysen efter att empirin analyserats, då urvalsgruppen inte var tillräckligt i antal för att fastställa någon statistisk skillnad. Slutsats Deltagarna i studien uppvisade en högre prestation i det statiska kontra det dynamiska testet. Majoriteten av deltagarna skattade sin balansförmåga som Mycket bra och OK oavsett resultat på utförd balanstest. Då studien bestod av en liten urvalsgrupp visade analysen inte på några signifikanta resultat dras inga större slutsatser. / Aim The purpose of this study is to examine the static and dynamic balance ability of individuals with various kinds of impairments by looking into their state of balance, their experienced state of balance, and determine potential correlations between their state of balance and experienced state of balance. This study aims to answer the following questions: • Based on the two tests of the Movement ABC, what will the participants’ static and dynamic balance ability scores be? • How will the participants estimate their experienced static and dynamic state of balance? • Is there a potential correlation between the participants’ test scores and their estimations? Method The method is based on the two balance tests from the Movement Assessments Battery for Children. These two tests, both static and dynamic, are complemented with an individual subjective estimation form regarding experienced state of balance. The results are analyzed through Spearman’s correlation analysis. Results The descriptive results regarding static balance measured 5/8 participants as Very good / OK and dynamic balance measured 3/8 participants as Very good / OK. Results from the individual self-assessment form estimated 7/8 participants Very good / OK. No significant results were found in the correlation analysis after the empirical analysis, since the selection group was not sufficient in number to determine any statistical difference. Conclusion The participants showed a higher performance in the static versus dynamic test. The majority of participants estimated their balance ability as Very good and OK regardless of the results on the performed balance test. Since the study consisted of a minor selection group, the analysis did not show any significant results, no major conclusions were drawn.

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Thesis (M.A.)--Miami University, Dept. of Speech Communication, 2004. / Title from first page of PDF document. Includes bibliographical references (p. 74-76).

Ce travail de recherche vise à investiguer la relation entre la critique à l'encontre des entreprises et les stratégies individuelles et collectives qu'elles déploient afin d'y faire face et de l'exploiter. L'étude du cas du champ du médicament orphelin aux États-Unis et en Europe permet de montrer la capacité des entreprises à récupérer la critique et à élaborer des réponses stratégiques leur permettant de saisir et/ou de créer de nouvelles opportunités et d'identifier et/ou faire face à de nouvelles menaces. Cette thèse contribue aussi à la compréhension du processus de construction d'un nouveau champ organisationnel et montre le rôle important des parties prenantes dans ce processus. / This research intends to investigate the relationship between criticism of firms and individual and collective strategies they use to address and exploit it. The case study of the orphan drug field in the United States and Europe shows the ability of firms to recover criticism and develop strategic responses allowing them to seize and/or create new opportunities and to identify and/or address new threats. This dissertation also contributes to the understanding of the process of constructing a new organizational field and shows the important role of stakeholders in this process.

Les sportifs professionnels, salariés de clubs par des contrats de travail à durée déterminée, dits d'usage, pour exercer une activité ludique, sont progressivement devenus une originalité juridique par le recours à la pratique des transferts. L'application du droit européen, des principes de libre circulation ou de libre concurrence, ont bouleversé l'ordre juridique sportif. D'abord titulaires d'une licence sportive, ils sont devenus salariés, pour se transformer en de véritables éléments d'actif incorporel. Les droits contractuels détenus par les clubs à l'égard de leurs sportifs peuvent aujourd'hui recevoir la qualification de biens meubles incorporels, avec le risque d'aboutir à une réification de la personne du sportif professionnel. L'indemnité de transfert perçue par les clubs, qui constituait la réparation du préjudice subi du fait de la rupture anticipée du contrat de travail, est aujourd'hui devenue le prix de cession d'un élément d'actif. L'objet de cette thèse est de démontré que cette nouvelle qualification, à l'origine de nombreux maux dont souffre l'activité sportive, dont l'endettement des clubs, la disparition de l'aléa sportif, le déséquilibre des compétitions, la remise en cause de la formation des jeunes sportifs ou la commission d'infractions pénales, est inexacte. Les droits contractuels détenus par un club sur un sportif ne sauraient être qualifiés d'élément d'actif incorporel, une telle qualification portant une atteinte grave aux principaux droits et libertés dont celui de rompre unilatéralement son contrat de travail en indemnisant son employeur du fait de cette rupture prématurée. / The professional sportsmen, employees of clubs by fixed-term contracts, said of use, to exercise a recreational activity, gradually became a legal originality by the appeal to the practice of transfers. The application of the European law, principles of free circulation or free-market economy, upset the sports legal order. At first holders of a sports license, they became salaried, to be transformed into real elements of immaterial asset. The right contract employees held by clubs towards their sportsmen can receive the qualification of immaterial movables today, with the risk of ending in a reification of the person of the professional sportsman. The relocation allowance was perceived by clubs, which constituted the repair of damage undergone because of the early break of the contract of employment, became today the sale price of an element of asset. The object of this thesis is of demonstrated that this new qualification, at the origin of numerous troubles from which suffers the sports activity, among which the debt of clubs, the disappearance of the sports chance, the imbalance of the competitions, the questioning of the formation of the young sportsmen or the committee of penal breaches, is inaccurate. The right contract employees held by a club on a sportsman would not know how to be qualified as element of immaterial asset, such a qualification carrying an infringement engraves in the main rights and the liberties of which that to break one-sidedly its contract of employment by indemnifying his employer because of this premature break.

L'estimation de la pose humaine et la reconnaissance des activités humaines sont des étapes importantes dans de nombreuses applications comme la robotique, la surveillance et la sécurité, etc. Actuellement abordées dans le domaine, ces tâches ne sont toujours pas résolues dans des environnements non-coopératifs particulièrement. Ces tâches admettent de divers défis comme l'occlusion, les variations des vêtements, etc. Les méthodes qui exploitent des images de profondeur ont l’avantage concernant les défis liés à l'arrière-plan et à l'apparence, pourtant, l’application est limitée pour des raisons matérielles. Dans un premier temps, nous nous sommes concentrés sur la reconnaissance des actions complexes depuis des vidéos. Pour ceci, nous avons introduit une représentation spatio-temporelle indépendante du point de vue. Plus précisément, nous avons capturé le mouvement de la personne en utilisant un capteur de profondeur et l'avons encodé en 3D pour le représenter. Un descripteur 3D a ensuite été utilisé pour la classification des séquences avec la méthodologie bag-of-words. Pour la deuxième partie, notre objectif était l'estimation de pose articulée, qui est souvent une étape intermédiaire pour la reconnaissance de l'activité. Notre motivation était d'incorporer des informations à partir de capteurs multiples et de les fusionner pour surmonter le problème de l'auto-occlusion. Ainsi, nous avons proposé un modèle de flexible mixtures-of-parts multi-vues inspiré par la méthodologie classique de structure pictural. Nous avons démontré que les contraintes géométriques et les paramètres de cohérence d'apparence sont efficaces pour renforcer la cohérence entre les points de vue, aussi que les paramètres classiques. Finalement, nous avons évalué ces nouvelles méthodes sur des datasets publics, qui vérifie que l'utilisation de représentations indépendantes de la vue et l'intégration d'informations à partir de points de vue multiples améliore la performance pour les tâches ciblées dans le cadre de cette manuscrit. / Estimating human pose and recognizing human activities are important steps in many applications, such as human computer interfaces (HCI), health care, smart conferencing, robotics, security surveillance etc. Despite the ongoing effort in the domain, these tasks remained unsolved in unconstrained and non cooperative environments in particular. Pose estimation and activity recognition face many challenges under these conditions such as occlusion or self occlusion, variations in clothing, background clutter, deformable nature of human body and diversity of human behaviors during activities. Using depth imagery has been a popular solution to address appearance and background related challenges, but it has restricted application area due to its hardware limitations and fails to handle remaining problems. Specifically, we considered action recognition scenarios where the position of the recording device is not fixed, and consequently require a method which is not affected by the viewpoint. As a second prob- lem, we tackled the human pose estimation task in particular settings where multiple visual sensors are available and allowed to collaborate. In this thesis, we addressed these two related problems separately. In the first part, we focused on indoor action recognition from videos and we consider complex ac- tivities. To this end, we explored several methodologies and eventually introduced a 3D spatio-temporal representation for a video sequence that is viewpoint independent. More specifically, we captured the movement of the person over time using depth sensor and we encoded it in 3D to represent the performed action with a single structure. A 3D feature descriptor was employed afterwards to build a codebook and classify the actions with the bag-of-words approach. As for the second part, we concentrated on articulated pose estimation, which is often an intermediate step for activity recognition. Our motivation was to incorporate information from multiple sources and views and fuse them early in the pipeline to overcome the problem of self-occlusion, and eventually obtain robust estimations. To achieve this, we proposed a multi-view flexible mixture of parts model inspired by the classical pictorial structures methodology. In addition to the single-view appearance of the human body and its kinematic priors, we demonstrated that geometrical constraints and appearance- consistency parameters are effective for boosting the coherence between the viewpoints in a multi-view setting. Both methods that we proposed was evaluated on public benchmarks and showed that the use of view-independent representations and integrating information from multiple viewpoints improves the performance of action recognition and pose estimation tasks, respectively.

This thesis aims at identifying and exploring properties and design aspects of human movement when used as interaction modality between people and technology. The work has been carried out with a multidisciplinary approach and combines theories, methods and practices from various areas such as modern dance, pedagogy, behavioural science, human computer interaction and research through design. The research question asked in this work is: Which communicative aspects and properties of human full-body movement are important when designing for movement-based interaction, and how could such design be accomplished? This question has been dealt with through carrying out an explorative study of people experiencing dance-based human movement. The informants used were participants on a dance course called Physical Expression. On the basis of this study the following aspects of human movement were identified and discussed: Movement imitation, Movement generation, Natural movements, The meaning of movement, Personal space, Self-confidence, and Movement literacy. These notions were further explored, in relation to movement-based interaction design, through the design and implementation of an interaction concept and a research prototype called BodyBug. BodyBug can be described as an artefact that initiates and maintains bodily movements through its need to be fed with movement input. It gives the users a possibility to create and explore three-dimensional movements within a personal interaction space, both individually and in groups. BodyBug is a small device but does not necessary create small-scale interaction and movements The main findings from this research can be summarised in four theoretical notions that are related to human movement as a dynamic and communicative process: Movement Literacy, Personal Interaction Space, Imitate-React-Express and Social Acceptability. These notions reflect aspects of human movement such as the ability to verbalise, describe, sense and express intentions through human movement; the physical and emotional space we create when moving; the naturalness and understanding of movement; and finally, the social impact of movement. The design and implementation process of the interaction concept exemplifies how we can apply knowledge and physical experiences of human movement in concrete design for movement-based interaction. The design process of BodyBug is therefore described as a holistic design process. It also argues for the importance of, and need for, multidisciplinary competencies and contributions throughout the whole design process. This work has shown that making use of movement as interaction modality means to provide possibilities for getting to know one’s own movement pattern and thus utilising the kinaesthetic sense and kinaesthetic awareness. However, since movement-based interaction is still in its early phase, we need more experiences and physical examples of this kind of interaction in order to develop an increased knowledge of human movement as design material. We also need to further investigate how movement-based interaction is experienced, and to continue the search for the essence and physical grounding of human movement in relation to technology and computational artefacts. Some of the biggest challenges are to design for movement-based interaction without loosing the aspects of individual preferences and differences in movement, and to preserve the spontaneity and ambiguity in human movement. As shown in this thesis, one approach to deal with these issues is to design for the pleasure of motion. / <p>QC 20100913</p>