Intestinal homeostasis is a delicate balance between suppression of immune responses against innocuous antigens and stimulation of immune responses against pathogens. Type I interferon (IFN-1) cytokines have both immunostimulatory and immunomodulatory effects. Colon mononuclear phagocytes (MP) constitutively produced IFN-1 in a TRIFdependent manner. We explored the function of endogenous IFN-1 in the colon using the T cell adoptive transfer model of colitis. Transfer of CD4⁺CD45RB^hi naïve T cells from wild type (WT) or IFNAR subunit 1 knockout (IFNAR1^-/-) mice into RAG^-/- hosts resulted in similar onset and severity of colitis. In contrast, RAG^-/- x IFNAR1^-/- double knockout (DKO) mice developed accelerated severe colitis compared to RAG^-/- hosts when transferred WT CD4⁺CD45RB^hi T cells. Although WT or IFNAR1^-/- regulatory T (Treg) cells equally prevented disease caused by CD45RB^hi naïve T cells, WT Treg cells co-transferred with naïve CD4⁺ T cells into DKO recipients failed to expand or maintain Foxp3 expression and gained effector functions in the colon. IFNAR signaling on host hematopoietic cells inhibited T cell-mediated colitis, but not innate colitis. MPs isolated from the colon lamina propria (cLP) required IFNAR signaling for the production of the anti-inflammatory cytokines, IL-10, IL-27, and IL-1RA, but not for the production of classic pro-inflammatory cytokines. IFN-1-dependent secretion of IL-1RA was particularly important in inhibiting the migration of inflammatory DCs with potent T cell proliferative capacity from the cLP to the mesenteric lymph nodes. Finally, preliminary results suggested that IFN-1 may shape the commensal microbiota, but is not essential for controlling specific colitis-inducing bacteria.

Gut regulatory peptides, such as neuropeptides and incretins, play important roles in hunger, satiety and gastrointestinal motility, and possibly mucosal permeability. Many peptides secreted by myenteric nerves that regulate motor control are also produced in mucosal epithelial cells. Derangements in motility and mucosal permeability occur in many diseases. Current knowledge is fragmentary regarding gut peptide actions and mechanisms in motility and permeability. This thesis aimed to 1) develop probes and methods for gut permeability testing, 2) elucidate the role of neuropeptide S (NPS) in motility and permeability, 3) characterize nitrergic muscle relaxation and 4) characterize mechanisms of glucagon-like peptide 1 (GLP-1) and the drug ROSE-010 (GLP-1 analog) in motility inhibition. A rapid fluorescent permeability test was developed using riboflavin as a transcellular transport probe and the bisboronic acid 4,4'oBBV coupled to the fluorophore HPTS as a sensor for lactulose, a paracellular permeability probe. This yielded a lactulose:riboflavin ratio test. NPS induced muscle relaxation and increased permeability through NO-dependent mechanisms. Organ bath studies revealed that NPS induced NO-dependent muscle relaxation that was tetrodotoxin (TTX) sensitive. In addition to the epithelium, NPS and its receptor NPSR1 localized at myenteric nerves. Circulating NPS was too low to activate NPSR1, indicating NPS uses local autocrine/paracrine mechanisms. Nitrergic signaling inhibition by nitric oxide synthase inhibitor L-NMMA elicited premature duodenojejunal phase III contractions in migrating motility complex (MMC) in humans. L-NMMA shortened MMC cycle length, suppressed phase I and shifted motility towards phase II. Pre-treatment with atropine extended phase II, while ondansetron had no effect. Intestinal contractions were stimulated by L-NMMA, but not TTX. NOS immunoreactivity was detected in the myenteric plexus but not smooth muscle. Food-intake increased motility of human antrum, duodenum and jejunum. GLP-1 and ROSE-010 relaxed bethanechol-induced contractions in muscle strips. Relaxation was blocked by GLP-1 receptor antagonist exendin(9-39) amide, L-NMMA, adenylate cyclase inhibitor 2´5´-dideoxyadenosine or TTX. GLP-1R and GLP-2R were expressed in myenteric neurons, but not muscle. In conclusion, rapid chemistries for permeability were developed while physiological mechanisms of NPS, nitrergic and GLP-1 and ROSE-010 signaling were revealed. In the case of NPS, a tight synchrony between motility and permeability was found.

M.P.H., Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, 2011 / Although the nursing sector has not been spared the effects of human resource shortages and Human Immune-deficiency Virus/Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome (HIV/AIDS) crisis in Lesotho, it still remains the backbone of the primary health care delivery. There is a well-established linkage between oral health and HIV/AIDS with many of the early symptoms of HIV manifesting in the oro-facial region. However, the lack of oral health personnel at primary health care levels in Lesotho makes Primary Health Care Nurse Practitioners (PHCNPs) often the first health care providers to consult, manage and refer patients with such oral lesions. Aim: To assess the “knowledge, attitude and practice” (KAP) of the PHCNPs regarding oral health and oral HIV lesions in Queen Elizabeth II (QE II) and Roma health service areas (HSA) of Maseru district in Lesotho. Objectives: To assess the demographic profile of PHCNPs in the target health facilities, their knowledge, attitude and practice regarding oral health and oral HIV lesions. Methods and Materials: The research was a descriptive cross-sectional survey. A convenience sample of 57 primary health care nurse practitioners (PHCNPs) from QE II and Roma health service areas were identified. During their monthly PHC meeting, a questionnaire was administered to assess the knowledge, attitude and practice regarding oral health and oral HIV lesions. The information gathered was both quantitative and qualitative. Data was entered and analysed using the SPSS statistical package. Results: The response rate was 87.7%. There was 100% consensus regarding the importance of oral health to the total well being of individuals. The majority of the PHCNPs recognised oral candidiasis (OC) (94.7%), bleeding gums (87.7%), herpes lesions (71.9%) and dental caries (75.4%). Lesions such as acute necrotizing ulcerative gingivitis (ANUG) (40.3%), angular cheilitis (AC) (56.1%) and apthous ulcerations (24.6%) were also recognised but to a lesser extent. The respondents associated OC (84%), herpes (61%), AC (54%), Oral Hairy Leukoplakia (OHL) (49%), Kaposi‟s‟ sarcoma (KS) (49%) with HIV/AIDS. OC was the most common lesion associated with HIV. Some lesions commonly seen in the clinics such as apthous ulceration and ANUG were not significantly associated with HIV (18% and 33%, respectively). The majority of PHCNPs (81%) indicated that they had knowledge about oral HIV lesions. Twenty nine 6 respondents (50.8 %) reported having received this knowledge through training institutions. Mass media (Radio (53%), TV (40%), and newspapers/magazines (49%)) was one of the major sources of information. Forty-four PHCNPs (77.2%) saw only Zero or one (0-1) HIV patients with oral lesions. Similarly, 15.8 % and 7% of the PHCNPs saw 11 to 20 and more than 20 (21+) HIV patients with oral lesions, respectively. The two thirds of the PHCNPs (67%) said they would not advise patients to seek care from Traditional Health Practitioners (THP) due to their lack of trust and confidence in the practices, knowledge and the patient management of the THPs. However, 16% of them reported that they would refer because they thought traditional medicine boosts the immune system. Only seven respondents (12.3%) routinely washed their hands with antiseptics. However, 44 of respondents (77.2 %) cleaned their instruments with bleach and disinfectants. The majority (89.5%) washed their hands with water and soap. Forty three respondents (75.4%) wore gloves during examination. Routine use of facemasks was limited to only 12 respondents (21.1 %). Ninety eight percent of the PHCNPs stated that they would like to learn to manage oral lesions at health centres. The majority (79%) of the respondents said that they would like to receive more training on the management of oral lesions through workshops. Conclusions: There was an observable correlation between PHCNPs self-assessment of oral health knowledge and the objective knowledge as assessed by ability to identify the oral lesions on a chart ( 2 –sided Fischer‟s test-0.000-0.261).This needs to be confirmed by undertaking a study with a larger sample size. OC was the most common lesion associated with HIV as reported by the PHCNPs. The majority of the participants (94.7%) identified OC and associated it (84%) with HIV infection. The finding indicated that with training and/or mentoring, PHCNPs are likely to confidently diagnose oral HIV lesions. PHCNPs showed a positive attitude towards learning more about the oral manifestations of HIV/AIDS. PHCNPs should be utilised more effectively in the diagnosis and management of HIV/AIDS.

In the age of highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART), patients infected with Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 (HIV-1) are now living significantly healthier and longer lives. However, HIV prevention and cure still remain significant challenges. Globally, women face specific barriers to using and accessing both female and male condoms, the primary method recommended by the World Health Organization (WHO) to prevent sexual transmission of HIV-1. Although HAART treatment as prevention (TasP) of HIV has shown promising preliminary results, poor economic feasibility of the method in resource poor settings has yet to be resolved. Since women carry over 50% of the disease burden, there is a significant need for the development of a female-controlled method of prevention. One such approach is the reformulation of topical vaginal microbicides. Our laboratory is developing HIV-targeted microbicide formulations that utilize highly specific, broadly neutralizing anti-HIV antibodies (bNAbs). The purpose of my research project was to characterize Fc receptor expression in epithelial cell models of the lower female genital tract with a particular focus on the neonatal Fc receptor (FcRn). Fc receptors are a large family of proteins that bind to the Fc region of immunoglobulins (Igs) and function in Ig transport and effector functions. These receptors could function in enhancing the delivery of bNAbs in microbicide formulations or potentially serve as a mechanism of delivering HIV to target cells in tissues via transport of HIV-antibody complexes. Thus, this thesis assesses Fc receptor expression in human vaginal and endocervical organotypic cultures via microarray, quantitative RT-PCR, immunohistology and preliminary functional assays. Microarray results revealed significant expression of Fc receptor family genes in the epithelial cells of the lower female reproductive tract (FRT). The polymeric immunoglobulin receptor (pIgR), a well-characterized receptor that transports secretory IgA across mucosal epithelia, was abundantly expressed and hormonally regulated in epithelial cells of the vagina and endocervix. FcRn, a receptor originally characterized in the placenta and gut where it confers passive immunity from mother-to-child via bidirectional IgG transcytosis, was expressed in both tissue models. Moreover, several members of the novel FC receptor-like (FCRL) family were detected by microarray in both models. Immunohistological staining revealed pIgR protein in the endocervical mucosal epithelium, confirming current literature describing its expression in the FRT and role in local production of cervicovaginal secretions. FcRn protein expression was detected in the basal cell layer of the stratified squamous vaginal epithelium and in the columnar cells of the endocervix. Preliminary functional assays did not observe FcRn-specific transcytosis of human IgG across vaginal or endocervical epithelia by ELISA or immunohistology. VRCO1, a monoclonal antibody in development for application in microbicide formulation, crossed the epithelium, but was likely not transcytosed via FcRn because immunohistology revealed the presence of antibody between epithelial cells rather than the expected intracellular localization of IgG utilized in the FcRn mechanism. These preliminary findings indicate that Fc receptors, pIgR and Fc receptor-like proteins may play an important role in antibody-mediated immune responses in the FRT. Further research is require to determine whether FcRn functions in HIV-antibody complex-mediated HIV transmission or monoclonal antibody transcytosis.

Toxoplasma gondii vs radiação ionizante: Imunidade humoral e celular em baço e intestino de camundongos isogênicos imunizados com taquizoítos irradiados por Cobalto 60 Andrés Jimenez Galisteo Jr. Estudamos o desenvolvimento de uma vacina para toxoplasmose utilizando a radiação ionizante como ferramenta. Aqui avaliamos o desenvolvimento da imunidade sistêmica e intestinal e a resistência à infecção, em diferentes camundongos imunizados, por via oral e parenteral, com taquizoítos irradiados a 255 Gy e desafiados com cistos da cepa ME49. Camundongos C57Bl/6j, BALB/c e C57Bl/6j IFN--/- foram imunizados com 107 taquizoitos de T. gondii irradiados a 255Gy por diferentes vias. As preparações de taquizoítos irradiados, por via oral e parenteral, induziram produção de imunoglobulinas IgG e IgA no soro de camundongos, sendo predominante a subclasse de IgG2b, determinadas por ELISA. A produção de IgM foi mínima. Os animais imunizados pela via parenteral, apresentaram uma maturação mais rápida da avidez de anticorpos IgG que os animais imunizados por via oral. Houve excreção de IgG, IgA e IgM nas fezes dos animais imunizados, mais intensa nos animais imunizados por via oral. No estudo da imunidade celular induzida por antígeno e detectada for real-time PCR, houve uma grande produção de IFN- por células esplênicas, menor por células das placas de Peyer intestinais, onde houve maior produção de IL-2. Houve proteção em todos os nossos esquemas avaliados, maior nos animais BALB/c. Os animais deficientes de IFN-, não foram afetados pelo processo de imunização e apresentaram produção de IgG e IgA sérico e excreção de S-IgA e S-IgM nas fezes, com menor numero de cistos cerebrais em animais imunizados por via parenteral. Todos nossos dados apontam para a possibilidade do desenvolvimento de uma vacina oral para toxoplasmose, utilizando taquizoítos irradiados, com aplicação prática na imunização de felinos domésticos e selvagens. / We are developing a vaccine for toxoplasmosis, using ionizing radiation as a tool. Here we analyzed the production of sytemic and intestinal immunity, with protection studies, in several strains of inbred mice, by oral or parenteral route, using 255 Gy irradiated tachyzoites of T. gondii RH strain, with challenge with cysts of ME- 49 strain. C57Bl/6j, BALB/c and C57Bl/6j IFN--/- mice were immunized with 107 irradiated tachyzoites, be parenteral or oral route. Those preparations, both by parenteral or oral routes, induced the production of specific IgG, mainly of the IgG2b subclass, and IgA immunoglobulins in serum, , as determined by ELISA. IgM production was negligible. Parenteral immunized mice showed higher IgG avidity maturation, as compared to oral immunized mice. Fecal excretion of IgG, IgA and IgM was detected in stools of immunized animals, more intense in oral immunized mice. In cellular immunity studies, induced by antigen, with detection of cytokine production by quantitative real-time PCR, there are a great production of IFN- by spleen cells, with lower levels in Peyer patches cells, where there are a greater IL-2 production. Challenge studies in immunized mice demonstrated protection to infection in all used schedules, greater in BALB/c mice. C57Bl/6j IFN--/- mice, when immunized, showed no signs of disease and produced similar or greater levels of antibodies than wild type mice. They also excreted S-IgA and S-IgM in stools, but with low numbers of brain cysts in parenteral immunized mice, despite similar mortality. Our data points to a fair possibility of use of those irradiated parasites as an oral vaccine, devised to use for veterinary or wild felines vaccination, reducing the production of oocysts by those hosts and interrupting the chain transmission of human toxoplasmosis.

O objetivo desta pesquisa foi avaliar a influência do envelhecimento e da perda dos elementos dentais nos níveis totais de imunoglobulina secretória do tipo A (SIgA) na saliva. Foram selecionados 76 pacientes (entre 20 e 87 anos), os quais foram divididos em três grupos de acordo com sua faixa etária e condição bucal: adultos jovens com idades de 20 a 40 anos (Grupo I ou Grupo controle); idosos com idade entre 65 e 78 anos, desdentados parciais, portadores de prótese total unimaxilar (Grupo II) e idosos com idade entre 65 e 87 anos, desdentados totais, portadores de prótese total bimaxilar (Grupo III). Os níveis totais de imunoglobulina secretória do tipo A na saliva foram determinados por meio da técnica de ensaio imunoenzimático em fase sólida ( ELISA – Enzyme-linked Imunosorbent Assay). Após obtenção dos dados experimentais foi empregada a análise de variância de ANOVA com dois fatores (sexo e grupo) para verificar o efeito significante da interação destes fatores. Os níveis totais de imunoglobulina do tipo A secretória na saliva não apresentaram, em média, diferenças significantes entre os três grupos. Em relação ao fator gênero, ou sexo, em média, homens e mulheres apresentaram comportamentos de SIgA diferentes nos grupos. Para o grupo controle o nível total de SIgA dos homens foi maior que o das mulheres enquanto que para o grupo III o nível total de SIgA das mulheres foi maior que dos homens e para o grupo II não foi observada diferença significante dos níveis de SIgA entre homens e mulheres. Pela análise comparativa dos grupos I e III foi observada diferença significante no sexo feminino, o que não foi observado quando comparados os dois grupos experimentais (Grupos II e III). Os resultados desta pesquisa sugerem que não há influência direta dos fatores envelhecimento e perda dental sobre os níveis totais de imunoglobulina secretória do tipo A na saliva. Estes resultados mostraram a influência do gênero sobre os níveis de imunoglobulina secretória do tipo A. Entretanto, a influência do gênero não é bem conhecida e merece mais estudos. / The aim of this study was to evaluate the influence of senescence and teeth loss on secretory immunoglobulin A (SIgA) levels in saliva. Seventy-six patients (20 to 87 years old) were selected and classified in three groups according to their age and oral dental state: young adults were aged 20-40 years (Group I or Control group); elderly subjects were aged 65-78 years and wore maxillary or mandibular denture (Group II); and edentulous old subjects were aged 65-87 years and wore maxillary and mandibular denture (Group III). The secretory immunoglobulin A levels were determined by the Enzyme-linked imunosorbent assay (ELISA method). All results were correlated using ANOVA statistical analysis with two factors (sex and group) to verify the significant effect of these factors. The secretory immunoglobulin A levels were not significant differences among the average values of the three groups. In gender relation , men and women showed the mean rate of SIgA levels different in the groups. The men SIgA levels of control group showed greater when compared to women levels. In Group III the women levels were greater when compared to men levels. And to Group II statistical analysis demonstrated no significant difference between the SIgA levels of men and women. The analysis showed significant differences in the women levels when compared to Groups I and III. No differences of levels were demonstrated when compared to Groups II and III. These results suggests that the senescence and teeth loss do not have a direct relationship to the secretory immunoglobulin A levels in whole saliva. The se results showed that there is influence of gender in the secretory immunoglobulin levels. However, the influence of gender is not well known and further studies are still necessary.

O resveratrol, um polifenol de origem natural, é descrito como uma substância antiinflamatória, antioxidante, cardioprotetora e anticancerígena. Diversos estudos comprovam a atividade imunomodulatória do resveratrol in vitro e in vivo, estimulando ou diminuindo a secreção de citocinas envolvidas na resposta Th1/Th2. Além do uso em vacinas como adjuvantes, a descoberta de novas substâncias imunomodulatórias pode ser aplicada na profilaxia e tratamento de doenças imunodegenerativas com perda da tolerância sistêmica ou periférica. O objetivo desse estudo é relacionar o efeito modulador do resveratrol em ensaios de endocitose em macrófagos e de secreção de citocinas IL-6(produção de IgA) e IL-10(resposta Th2 e tolerância em mucosas) com a produção de anticorpos anti-ova IgG e IgA após imunização via-oral. Os resultados obtidos demonstraram que in vitro, houve aumento da endocitose em macrófagos e diminuição na secreção de IL-6 pelas células isoladas de placas de peyer em concentrações abaixo de 50 µM de resveratrol. Após a administração oral de resveratrol de 5 mg e 10 mg/kg observou-se o aumento significativo da secreção de IL-10 em esplenócitos isolados de camundongos Balb/C. Nos grupos imunizados com 1 mg de ovalbumina/animal e resveratrol (5 mg e 10 mg/kg) via oral 2 vezes, com 14 dias de intervalos, houve aumento significativo da produção de IgG sérico em relação ao grupo imunizado somente com ovalbumina. Porém a produção de IgA sérico e em lavado intestinal diminuiu, indicando um possível aumento da tolerância oral. Esses resultados demonstram o efeito imunomodulador do resveratrol in vitro/in vivo e a necessidade de maiores estudos sobre o uso desta substãncia como adjuvante de vacinas ou uma droga imunossupressora de mucosa. / Resveratrol, a polyphenol of natural origin, is described as a substance-inflammatory, antioxidant, cardioprotective and anticancer. Several studies have demonstrated the immunomodulatory activity of resveratrol in vitro and in vivo, stimulating or decreasing the secretion of cytokines involved in Th1/Th2 response. Besides the use as adjuvants in vaccines, the discovery of new immunomodulatory substances can be applied for prophylaxis and treatment of diseases imunodegenerativas with loss of peripheral tolerance or systemic. The aim of this study is to relate the modulating effect of resveratrol on tests of endocytosis in macrophages and secretion of IL-6 (IgA production) and IL-10 (Th2 response and mucosal tolerance) with the production of anti-ova IgG and IgA after oral immunization route. The results of in vitro tests showed an increase of endocytosis in macrophages and decrease in IL-6 secretion by cells isolated from Peyer\'s patches at concentrations below 50 mM of resveratrol. After oral administration of resveratrol 10 mg / kg was observed to significantly increase the secretion of IL-10 in splenocytes isolated from Balb / C. In groups immunized with 1 mg ovalbumin / animal and resveratrol (5 mg and 10 mg / kg) orally two times with 14 days intervals, significant increase of IgG level in relation to the group immunized with ovalbumin only. But the production of IgA in serum and intestinal lavage decreased, indicating a possible increase in oral tolerance. These results demonstrate the immunomodulatory effect of resveratrol in vitro / in vivo and the need for more studies on substance use as a vaccine adjuvant or immunosuppressive drugs mucosa.

Após o nascimento, os recém-nascidos são expostos a vários tipos de micro-organismos, que podem determinar um processo infeccioso devido a sua imaturidade imunológica. Dentro deste processo, a amamentação tem um papel importante pela transferência passiva de imunoglobulina A (IgA). A cavidade oral é a principal porta de entrada destes agentes, especialmente os estreptococos, sendo que alguns colonizam inicialmente como Streptococcus gordonii (SGO), S. sanguinis (SSA) e S. mitis (SMI) e outros podem causar doenças, como S. mutans (SM), por ser o principal agente etiológico da cárie dentária. Pouco se sabe sobre a especificidade de IgA do colostro contra antígenos importantes destes estreptococos, o que pode ajudar na investigação dos mecanismos de estimulação antigênica e desenvolvimento da resposta imune de mucosa. Para tanto, foi avaliado no presente estudo, a especificidade e os níveis de IgA três antígenos de virulência de SM: glucan binding protein B (gbpB), glicosiltransferase (GTF) e antígeno I/II (Ag I/II) envolvidos na capacidade destas bactérias de aderir e acumular no biofilme. Além disso, as glicosiltransferases: 153 kDa de SGO e 170 kDa de SSA e IgA1- protease de SMI (220 kDa) em amostras de colostro humano. Um total de 77 amostras de colostro foram analisadas quanto aos níveis de immunoglobulian A, M e G por ELISA. A complexidade da IgA contra as bactérias foram analisadas por Western blot. Os resultados mostraram que a concentração média de IgA foi de 2850,2 (±2567,2) mg/100 mL sendo estatisticamente maior (p<0.05) dos níveis de IgM e de IgG (respectivamente 321,8±90,3 e 88,3± 51,5 mg/100 mL). A maioria das amostras tiveram níveis detectáveis de anticorpos IgA para extratos de antígenos de bactérias e seus antígenos de virulência, apresentando um elevado número de bandas reativas. Não houve diferença estatisticamente significante no número médio de IgA reativas a Ags entre os antígenos (p>0.4). A detecção de gbpB foi significativamente menor do que os outros antígenos de SM (p<0.05). Assim, o leite materno das primeiras horas após o nascimento apresentou níveis significativos de IgA contra importantes antígenos de virulência dos estreptococos orais estudados, que pode sugerir que a amamentação antes da erupção dos dentes pode interferir no processo de instalação e acumulação destes microorganismos na cavidade oral. / After birth, newborn babies are exposed to several types of microorganisms that can determine an infectious process due to their immunological immaturity. In this case, the feeding plays an important role by passive transfering of immunoglobulin A (IgA). The oral cavity is the main gateway of these agents, especially streptococci, some initially colonize as Streptococcus gordonii (SGO), S. sanguinis (SSA) and S. mitis (SMI) and others can cause diseases such as S. mutans (SM), as the main agent of tooth decay. Little is known about the specific IgA against major antigens of these streptococci which can help in the investigation of antigenic stimulation mechanisms and development of mucosal immune response. Therefore, we evaluated in this study, the specificity and levels of IgA from colostrum against three SM virulence antigens: glucan binding protein B (gbpB), glycosyltransferase (GTF) and antigen I/II (Ag I/II) involved in capacity these bacteria to adhere to and accumulate in the biofilm. Also, the glycosyltransferases: 153 kDa-SGO and 170 kDa-SSA and IgA1- protease of SMI (220 kDa). This study involved 77 samples of colostrum that were analyzed for levels of immunoglobulian A, M and G by Elisa. The specificity of IgA against extracts of SM and initials colonizators (SSA, SMI, SGO) were analyzed by the western blot. The mean concentration of IgA was 2850.2 (± 2567.2) mg/100ml followed by IgM and IgG (respectively 321.8 ± 90.3 and 88.3 ± 51.5), statistically different (p<0.05). Results showed that the majority of samples had detectable levels of IgA antibodies to extracts of bacteria antigens and theirs virulence antigens. To SM, the GbpB was significantly lower detected than others antigens of SM (p<0.05). High complexities of response to Ags were identified in the samples. There were no significant differences in the mean number of IgA-reactive Ags between the antigens (p>0.4). So, the breast milk from first hours after birth presented significant levels of IgA specific against important virulence of antigens those oral streptococci, which can disrupt the installation and accumulation process of these microorganisms in the oral cavity.

Toxoplasma gondii vs radiação ionizante: Imunidade humoral e celular em baço e intestino de camundongos isogênicos imunizados com taquizoítos irradiados por Cobalto 60 Andrés Jimenez Galisteo Jr. Estudamos o desenvolvimento de uma vacina para toxoplasmose utilizando a radiação ionizante como ferramenta. Aqui avaliamos o desenvolvimento da imunidade sistêmica e intestinal e a resistência à infecção, em diferentes camundongos imunizados, por via oral e parenteral, com taquizoítos irradiados a 255 Gy e desafiados com cistos da cepa ME49. Camundongos C57Bl/6j, BALB/c e C57Bl/6j IFN--/- foram imunizados com 107 taquizoitos de T. gondii irradiados a 255Gy por diferentes vias. As preparações de taquizoítos irradiados, por via oral e parenteral, induziram produção de imunoglobulinas IgG e IgA no soro de camundongos, sendo predominante a subclasse de IgG2b, determinadas por ELISA. A produção de IgM foi mínima. Os animais imunizados pela via parenteral, apresentaram uma maturação mais rápida da avidez de anticorpos IgG que os animais imunizados por via oral. Houve excreção de IgG, IgA e IgM nas fezes dos animais imunizados, mais intensa nos animais imunizados por via oral. No estudo da imunidade celular induzida por antígeno e detectada for real-time PCR, houve uma grande produção de IFN- por células esplênicas, menor por células das placas de Peyer intestinais, onde houve maior produção de IL-2. Houve proteção em todos os nossos esquemas avaliados, maior nos animais BALB/c. Os animais deficientes de IFN-, não foram afetados pelo processo de imunização e apresentaram produção de IgG e IgA sérico e excreção de S-IgA e S-IgM nas fezes, com menor numero de cistos cerebrais em animais imunizados por via parenteral. Todos nossos dados apontam para a possibilidade do desenvolvimento de uma vacina oral para toxoplasmose, utilizando taquizoítos irradiados, com aplicação prática na imunização de felinos domésticos e selvagens. / We are developing a vaccine for toxoplasmosis, using ionizing radiation as a tool. Here we analyzed the production of sytemic and intestinal immunity, with protection studies, in several strains of inbred mice, by oral or parenteral route, using 255 Gy irradiated tachyzoites of T. gondii RH strain, with challenge with cysts of ME- 49 strain. C57Bl/6j, BALB/c and C57Bl/6j IFN--/- mice were immunized with 107 irradiated tachyzoites, be parenteral or oral route. Those preparations, both by parenteral or oral routes, induced the production of specific IgG, mainly of the IgG2b subclass, and IgA immunoglobulins in serum, , as determined by ELISA. IgM production was negligible. Parenteral immunized mice showed higher IgG avidity maturation, as compared to oral immunized mice. Fecal excretion of IgG, IgA and IgM was detected in stools of immunized animals, more intense in oral immunized mice. In cellular immunity studies, induced by antigen, with detection of cytokine production by quantitative real-time PCR, there are a great production of IFN- by spleen cells, with lower levels in Peyer patches cells, where there are a greater IL-2 production. Challenge studies in immunized mice demonstrated protection to infection in all used schedules, greater in BALB/c mice. C57Bl/6j IFN--/- mice, when immunized, showed no signs of disease and produced similar or greater levels of antibodies than wild type mice. They also excreted S-IgA and S-IgM in stools, but with low numbers of brain cysts in parenteral immunized mice, despite similar mortality. Our data points to a fair possibility of use of those irradiated parasites as an oral vaccine, devised to use for veterinary or wild felines vaccination, reducing the production of oocysts by those hosts and interrupting the chain transmission of human toxoplasmosis.

Streptococcus pneumoniae é um importante patógeno respiratório que causa pneumonia, meningite e otite média. A vacina atualmente utilizada, composta de polissacarídeos capsulares (PS) derivados de 23 sorotipos diferentes, tem pouca eficácia em crianças, idosos e em pacientes imunocomprometidos. Vacinas com PS conjugados à proteína são mais eficientes, mas sua produção tem alto custo para ser amplamente utilizada. Além disso, o aumento de isolados clínicos de S. pneumoniae resistentes à antibióticos suporta o desenvolvimento de uma nova e mais eficiente vacina. O uso de bactérias ácido-lácticas (LAB) recombinantes vivas, como um sistema de apresentação do antígeno, representa uma estratégia promissora de vacinação de mucosa, já que são bactérias geralmente consideradas seguras (GRAS-status) e capazes de induzir resposta imune sistêmica e de mucosa. Neste trabalho, Lactococcus lactis, Lactobacillus casei e Lactobacillus helveticus foram engenheirados para expressão constitutiva de PspA (proteína A de superfície de pneumococo), um importante fator de virulência de S. pneumoniae. As bactérias recombinantes foram capazes de expressar PspA em duas localizações celulares: intracelular ou ancorada à parede celular, como analisado por Western-blot, utilizando anticorpos policlonais produzidos contra PspA recombinante purificada de E. coli. A estimulação humoral do sistema imune foi avaliada em termos de produção de anticorpos anti-PspA do tipo IgG no soro ou do tipo IgA na saliva, após administração intranasal de LABs recombinantes em camundongos. / Streptococcus pneumoniae is an important respiratory pathogen that causes pneumonia, meningitis and otitis media. The current vaccine in use is composed of capsular polysaccharides (PS) derived from 23 different serotypes, and has little efficacy in young children, elderly and in patients with immunodeficiencies. PS-protein conjugate vaccines are more effective, but their production is expensive for widespread use. Moreover, the increase in antibiotic-resistant S. pneumoniae clinical isolates supports the development of new and more effective vaccines. The use of live recombinant lactic acid bacteria (LAB) as antigen delivery and presentation systems represents a promising strategy for mucosal vaccination, since they are generally regarded as safe bacteria (GRAS-status) and are able to elicit both systemic and mucosal immune responses. In this work, Lactococcus lactis, Lactobacillus casei and Lactobacillus helveticus were engineered for constitutive expression of PspA (Pneumococcal Surface Protein A), an important S. pneumoniae virulence factor. Recombinant bacteria were able to express PspA in two cellular locations: intracellular or cell-surface exposed, as analyzed by Western-blot, using polyclonal antibodies produced against recombinant PspA purified from E. coli. Stimulation of humoral immune system was evaluated in terms of production of anti-PspA IgG in the sera or IgA in saliva, after intranasal administration of recombinant LAB in mice.