George Marshall's speech to an audience at Harvard University in June of 1947 announced a plan that eventually made its way through the United States congress and took the form of the European Recovery Plan (ERP). The ERP distributed roughly thirteen billion dollars in aid to sixteen European countries. The ECA grew out of this program as the managerial arm of the ERP. The ECA's propaganda campaign included pamphlets, posters, radio broadcasts, traveling puppet shows, and finally 250 films created between 1949-1953. Marshall Plan Films discussed productivity, multilateral trade, and labor unions. For Marshall Planners these issues were the key to both revitalizing the European economy, and creating a self sustaining Europe. In film, Europeans could see not only the modernizing techniques, building projects, and examples of Marshall Plan, but they were treated to visions of the American lifestyle as well. This study is an attempt to explicate the meanings and messages in the Marshall Plan Filmography. The Marshall Plan launched a massive propaganda campaign in an attempt to reformat the ideals of Europeans. The Plan was ostensibly an attempt to combat Communism as well as to re-vamp the economy of Europe. However, the films presented American ideals as something to aspire to: not only in business, but also in living everyday life. By stressing consumption over conservation and massive production over craftsmanship, the films told Europeans what America thought was best for them, and what would be beneficial for their future. Marshall Planners effectively sought to make Europe into a new, more American, place to live. / Master of Arts

Los organismos multilaterales son entidades que otorgan financiamiento a entidades públicas tales como Programas de Apoyo a Reformas o Proyectos de Asistencia Técnica del Estado. Estos programas o proyectos del Estado desarrollan múltiples actividades para el fortalecimiento de capacidades, mejora de la infraestructura y asistencia técnica a múltiples entidades del Sector Público. La fundamentación del proyecto se basa en la falta de una herramienta informática que controle y gestione eficientemente la información administrativa y financiera de un proyecto de asistencia técnica, trabajo actualmente desarrollado en hojas de cálculo. Por ello, la solución propuesta es desarrollar e implementar una herramienta que facilite la gestión de proyectos de asistencia técnica y apoye la operatividad de sus procesos. El módulo aplicado al control administrativo y financiero de Proyectos a implementar, conocido por sus siglas como MACA, pretende ser un aplicativo informático que administre y gestione proyectos financiados a través de fuentes cooperantes tales como el Banco Interamericano de Desarrollo, el Banco Mundial, entre otros. El desarrollo del proyecto informático inicia con la identificación de los procesos que involucran la gestión de un proyecto de asistencia técnica del Estado, así como la identificación de necesidades por parte del área usuaria, transformados en requerimientos del sistema y agrupados en casos de uso. Durante todo el proceso de análisis, diseño y construcción de la solución se ha utilizado la metodología RUP y la guía para la gestión de proyectos PMBOK. El sistema informático será implantado inicialmente en el Proyecto de Asistencia Técnica “Mejoramiento de la Gestión de la Inversión Pública Territorial” (Proyecto Territorial) y replicado a diversos proyectos de reforma o asistencia técnica del Sector Público. / The Multilateral organizations are entities that grant financing to public entities such as Reform Support Programs or State Technical Assistance Projects. These programs or projects of the State develop multiple activities for the strengthening of capacities, improvement of the infrastructure and technical assistance to multiple entities of the Public Sector. The foundation of the project is based on the lack of a computer tool that efficiently controls and manages the administrative and financial information of a technical assistance project, work currently developed in spreadsheets. Therefore, the proposed solution is to develop and implement a tool that facilitates the management of technical assistance projects and supports the operation of its processes. The module applied to the administrative and financial control of Projects to be implemented, known by its acronym MACA, is intended to be a computer application that manages and manages projects financed through cooperating sources such as the Inter-American Development Bank, the World Bank, among others. The development of the computer project begins with the identification of the processes that involve the management of a technical assistance project of the State, as well as the identification of needs by the user area, transformed into system requirements and grouped into use cases. During the process of analysis, design and construction of the solution, the RUP methodology and the PMBOK project management guide have been used. The computer system will be initially implemented in the Technical Assistance Project "Improvement of Public Territorial Investment Management" (Territorial Project) and replicated to various projects of reform or technical assistance of the Public Sector. / Tesis

No description available.

Submitted by Eliene Soares da Silva (eliene.silva@fgv.br) on 2018-07-16T15:03:49Z No. of bitstreams: 1 VictoriaVillela_TCC_MPGI_Final.pdf: 954658 bytes, checksum: c46e866e35165ffdf48ba30a7d8f8555 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Pamela Beltran Tonsa (pamela.tonsa@fgv.br) on 2018-07-16T17:53:39Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 VictoriaVillela_TCC_MPGI_Final.pdf: 954658 bytes, checksum: c46e866e35165ffdf48ba30a7d8f8555 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Suzane Guimarães (suzane.guimaraes@fgv.br) on 2018-07-17T12:32:41Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 VictoriaVillela_TCC_MPGI_Final.pdf: 954658 bytes, checksum: c46e866e35165ffdf48ba30a7d8f8555 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2018-07-17T12:32:41Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 VictoriaVillela_TCC_MPGI_Final.pdf: 954658 bytes, checksum: c46e866e35165ffdf48ba30a7d8f8555 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2018-07 / This thesis compares the stand-alone safeguard policies for indigenous peoples provided by the World Bank, the Asian Development Bank and the Inter-American Development Bank, in order to propose an indigenous peoples policy for the African Development Bank. It starts by exposing which are indigenous peoples’ rights and how different authors perceive the main document that protects such rights – the United Nations Declarations on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples. Subsequently, it discusses which is the role of Multilateral Development Bank in terms of protecting human rights, in order to understand, through a legal point of view, how the responsibilities of such institutions are regarded. Later, the indigenous peoples safeguard policies applied by the 3 above mentioned Banks are compared within them, in order to analyze each of the topics provided by the documents and understand their similarities and differences. The inputs provided by the interviewees are highly constructive to understand some of the weaknesses incorporated not only in the policies, but in some of the Banks’ mechanisms and processes. Some of the weaknesses in the safeguards compliance and the gaps between the written policies and their implementation are also exposed. Finally, this thesis develops a proposal for a standalone indigenous peoples policy for the African Development Bank. / Essa tese compara as políticas de salvaguarda independentes para povos indígenas estabelecidas pelo Banco Mundial, Banco Asiático de Desenvolvimento e Banco Interamericano de Desenvolvimento, a fim de sugerir uma política dedicada aos povos indígenas para o Banco Africano de Desenvolvimento. Inicialmente, são expostos quais são os direitos dos povos indígenas e como diferentes autores interpretam o principal documento que protege tais direitos - a Declaração das Nações Unidas sobre os Direitos dos Povos Indígenas. Posteriormente, discute qual é o papel dos Banco Multilaterais de Desenvolvimento em termos de proteção aos direitos humanos, a fim de entender, de um ponto de vista legal, como são consideradas as responsabilidades de tais instituições. Em seguida, as políticas de salvaguardas dos povos indígenas aplicadas pelos 3 Bancos citados acima são comparadas entre si, a fim de analisar cada um dos tópicos fornecidos pelos documentos e entender suas semelhanças e diferenças. As contribuições fornecidas pelos entrevistados são valiosas para entender algumas das fraquezas incorporadas não apenas nas políticas, mas em alguns mecanismos e processos dos Bancos. Alguns problemas no cumprimento das salvaguardas e as lacunas entre as políticas escritas e sua implementação também estão expostas. Finalmente, uma sugestão para uma política independente de povos indígenas para o Banco Africano de Desenvolvimento é desenvolvida.

African Union (AU) multilateral efforts in governance flounder at the level of implementation and their substantive intervention worth do not accord with the aspirations embodied in adopted normative frameworks and instruments. The research served to uncover the policy and delivery challenges within the overall AU institutional system as a means of providing a perspective on the future of AU governance mechanisms and related intervention modalities. Detailed empirical engagement, through an institutional lens, with norm formation and implementation in accountability, the rule of law and state capacity, and related delivery practices, enabled the extraction of crucial efficacy challenges in the AU institutional system. The exploration, using evidence embodied in documents from the AU governance implementation system, served to confirm that the AU continues to struggle between the imperatives of integration through established shared values and the exercise of state sovereignty. Within the policy-delivery nexus, the research points to the importance of agency by AU institutions and how practices and incentives serve to pervert the aspiration for a multilateral value-adding system in governance. In addition to providing a comprehensive historical macro-overview of AU governance intervention and related implementation modalities, the research served to uncover the implementation ‘black-box’ through a careful and comprehensive study of practices in each of the governance intervention terrains. The institutional focus serves to affirm that answerability for performance in the use of public resource and the structuring of organisations, matter for delivery and the production of substantive regional integration value. The core efficacy challenges at the level of AU multilateral engagements and implementation, such as norm proliferation, the exercise of power and sovereignty, staffing and capacity gaps, point to the need for a substantive and strategic reorientation of the AU governance normative framework and related intervention modalities. As an outcome of the analysis and reflection, a ‘norm graduating model’ is proposed to accommodate contextual realities in AU Member States on the back of historically hard-fought-for shared values in governance. At the level of implementation modalities, efficacy challenges point to the importance of a more tempered and realistic delivery approach. The primary focus in the immediate term should be on building governance through a diffused peer-engagement strategy culminating in norm compliance and full adherence to the provisions of established AU governance instruments over the long-term. / Public Administration and Management / Ph. D. (Public Administration)

Thesis (M.Com. (Taxation))--University of the Witwatersrand, Faculty of Commerce, Law and Management, School of Accountancy, 2014. / With the international platform for cross border investment and economic development growing year on year at a steady pace, it has become apparent that bilateral income tax treaties do not always operate effectively in multilateral tax situations. Global transactions involving more than two states are certainly not uncommon and it could be said that the most fundamental issue in international taxation is double taxation resulting from the taxing rights of different tax jurisdictions that ‘overlap’ with regard to, generally speaking, one taxpayer or one declared income stream. Multilateral tax situations, commonly known as triangular cases, occur where tax incidence on a particular stream of income is triggered in three countries. These situations typically arise where a person who is a tax resident in two respective countries for tax purposes (a dual resident), or a person who is a tax resident in one country and has a permanent establishment in another, is earning revenue of which the source is in a third country. Taxing rights and jurisdictions of the three countries involved could potentially be in conflict with each other and therefore such situations may bring about lawful international triangular taxation or double taxation which will inevitably discourage enterprises from continuing investment and development internationally. Broad multilateral treaties in the income tax arena are not common1, and most treaties are still of a bilateral nature, i.e. generally addressing tax scenarios where only two specific countries are involved. The Organisation for Economic Cooperation and Development’s (’the OECD’)Model Tax Convention states this: There are no reasons to believe that the conclusion of a multilateral tax convention involving all Member countries could now be considered practicable. The Committee therefore considers that bilateral conventions are still a more appropriate way to ensure the elimination of double taxation at the international level.2

In Sub-Saharan Africa, one of the world’s poorest regions, governments heavily rely upon donor Aid in order to sustain their national budgets and address the exacerbation of poverty. Malawi, one of the poorest countries in the region is no exception and part of the cause of the poverty is donor aid suspension. The United Nation’s World Food Programme (WFP) in Malawi introduced the School Feeding programme in 1999. The intention was to reduce dropout rates, promote regular attendance, increase enrolment, and improve children’s ability to concentrate and learn, and improve government capacity to implement a school meals programme. During the period between 2007 and 2011, the WFP announced the temporary suspension of the programme for half a million children in 10 of the 13 Malawian Districts of which the Chirazdulu district was one. Since the suspension of the programme, no proper study has been conducted to indicate the bearing of the suspension. The purpose of the study was to explore in which ways suspension of Aid provision by the WFP from 2007 to 2011 affected the school meals programme and the socio-economic status of the beneficiaries of the programme in the Chiradzulu district in Malawi. Participants in the study were three teachers at two schools where the programme is offered and four parents from the two schools who were involved in the administration of the programme. A qualitative research approached was used and a case study design was applied at two schools in the Chiradzulu district where the WFP’s school meals programme was implemented. Semi-structure interview schedules that were pre-tested were used during the individual interviews conducted with parents and teachers. The school meals programme is still implemented at the two schools today. The main findings revealed that donor aid suspension affected the continued implementation of the school meals programme and the socio-economic wellbeing of the programme’s beneficiaries. There was a reduction in school attendance by learners, increased absenteeism, evidence of malnourishment amongst learners and increasing pressure on parents to provide breakfast for the learners before they went to school. For the programme to have a sustainable impact it is recommended that its implementation must not be interrupted by aid suspension, the programme must be expanded but remain targeted and not become universal and the Malawi government assume full responsibility of the programme and stop reliance on foreign funding.

La prise de décision collective est un processus dans lequel un groupe d'individus, ayant des intérêts différents, se réunit pour trouver une solution collective à un problème. Ce processus est inhérent aux activités de toute organisation politique, économique ou sociale. Le développement de l'Intelligence Artificielle notamment les Systèmes Multi-Agents a permis la modélisation et l'automatisation des processus de prise de décision afin de mieux comprendre et d'analyser leur fonctionnement. Une décision collective peut être prise par vote ou par négociation. Dans le cadre de cette thèse, nous abordons les mécanismes de négociation multilatérale pour la prise de décision collective basés sur des approches heuristiques. Les agents construisent la solution à leur problème à travers leurs interactions à la différence des modèles basés sur la théorie des jeux dont l'espace des solutions est supposé connu par tous les agents. Le problème des négociations heuristiques réside dans les mécanismes de raisonnement des agents dont la complexité augmente lorsque le nombre d'agents et d'attributs à négocier devient important. L'objectif de cette thèse est ainsi de proposer des mécanismes de négociation décentralisés (sans médiateur) et distribués en mettant en exergue l'aspect organisationnel des agents. Notre approche s'inspire du concept diviser pour régner et permet aux agents de négocier de façon incrémentale. Le but est de faciliter la recherche d'accords et de limiter la complexité du raisonnement des agents. Les travaux de cette thèse ont abouti à trois contributions abordant la négociation multi-agents sous différents angles tels que l'organisation des agents, le protocole d'interaction et les stratégies de concession et de choix de solutions équitables et justes. Pour valider nos propositions, nous avons implémenté sous JavaJade les mécanismes de négociation proposés. Les critères de performance que nous avons évalués sont, notamment, la convergence, le temps de négociation et la qualité de la solution. Nous avons comparé nos modèles avec ceux existants et les résultats obtenus montrent leur efficacité pour l'obtention des accords entre les agents / Collective decision making is a process in which many participants with different interests interact in order to build a solution to their problem. It is inherent to many organisations and companies. Nowadays, the advances in Artificial Intelligence, notably, Multi-Agents Systems enabled the automation of decision-making processes in order to analyse and to better understand how these mechanisms work. A collective decision may be made by using a voting system or by using negotiation. In this thesis, we focus on multilateral negotiation for collective decision making by proposing negotiation models. The proposed models based on heuristic approach. The agents interact with them in order to build a solution to their problem. This context is different from models based on game theory where the set of possible solutions are supposed to be known by all agents. So heuristic negotiation issue is that agents' reasoning may be very complex. This complexity grows where the number of agents and issues to be negotiated are important. The goal of this research work consists of devising negotiation mechanisms where agents'interaction are fully decentralized. We focus on organisation aspect of the multi-agent system by using divide and conquer approach in order to reduce the negotiation complexity and hence to facilitate research of agreements. Our works tackle negotiation under different contexts which lead us to bring three contributions which focus on agents' organization, interaction protocols, negotiation object, concession strategies and effective and fair solution concept. The proposed mechanisms are implemented in JavaJade. We analyse the convergence of the negotiation, negotiation time and quality of the solution. Our models are compared with a centralized approach where all of the agents are gathered around one group to negotiate. Our empirical analyses show that our propositions allow the agents to reach collectives agreements

A discussão dos elementos políticos, econômicos e financeiros relacionados ao debate sobre bancos multilaterais de desenvolvimento (BMDs) se tornou ainda mais interessante com o surgimento de novas instituições multilaterais, como o Novo Banco de Desenvolvimento do BRICS (NBD). Apesar de ainda não ter realizado empréstimos, o NBD desperta expectativas com relação a mudanças tanto em termos de método operacional como também de resultados. No entanto, pouco se sabe a respeito do significado da criação e da possibilidade de crescimento de um novo BMD governado por esses países emergentes. Quais são os desafios que o NBD irá enfrentar? Qual a sua capacidade de superar essas dificuldades? Quão distinta do Banco Mundial esta nova instituição será? Essas são as questões que norteiam esta dissertação, cujo objetivo geral é identificar e analisar os principais dilemas e obstáculos políticos e institucionais que os BMDs em geral, e em particular o NBD, encontram em suas trajetórias e a capacidade de superação dessas instituições. Esta pesquisa é desenvolvida através de um método que combina elementos teóricos e históricos, e avalia informações extraídas de documentos oficiais e discursos dos líderes dos BMDs estudados. A pesquisa é estruturada em cinco capítulos, além da introdução e das conclusões. A dissertação inicia com uma discussão teórica a respeito dos propósitos e processo decisório dos BMDs. O segundo capítulo é dedicado às questões financeiras referentes à captação de recursos, gestão de riscos e concessão de crédito dos BMDs. No terceiro capítulo, o objetivo é descrever a evolução do capital, da governança e do crescimento do Banco Internacional para Reconstrução e Desenvolvimento (BIRD), mais conhecido como Banco Mundial, durante o período que se estende desde sua fundação até o presente. O quarto capítulo discute a forma como o BIRD administrou os riscos apresentando as principais características das suas políticas financeiras e de crédito ao longo da sua existência. O objetivo do quinto capítulo é analisar a criação do NBD, as características da sua estrutura de capital e de governança, as prováveis políticas financeiras e de crédito e as possibilidades de crescimento desta nova instituição, estabelecendo sempre um paralelo com a discussão anterior sobre os BMDs e com a história do BIRD. Na conclusão, são apresentados resultados que indicam potencial do NBD para crescer e contribuir com o financiamento do desenvolvimento a partir de um modelo diferente do que tem sido praticado historicamente pelo BIRD. / The discussion regarding the political, economic, and financial aspects related to multilateral development banks (MDBs) has become more interesting with the appearing of new multilateral institutions, such as the New Development Bank (NDB). Despite still not having a history with lending, the NDB is expected to bring some changes in terms of operational method and results. Yet, the real meaning about the creation and possibility of growth of this new MDB, governed by emerging countries, is unknown. What are the challenges the NDB is going to face? What is its capacity to overcome the difficulties ahead? How different from the World Bank this new institution will be? These are the questions that guide this dissertation, whose general goal is to identify and analyse the main dilemmas and political and institutional obstacles that MDBs in general, and the NDB in particular, find in their trajectories and the capacity of these institutions to overcome the challenges. This research is developed through a method that combines theoretical and historical elements, and evaluates information gathered from official documents and speeches of leaders of the MDBs studied. The research is structured in five chapters, besides the introduction and the conclusions. The dissertation begins with a theoretical discussion about the purposes and decision process of MDBs. The second chapter is dedicated to financial questions regarding borrowing of resources, risk management, and lending. In the third chapter, the objective is to describe the evolution of the capital, governance, and loans growth of the International Bank for Reconstruction and Development (IBRD), more commonly known as the World Bank, during the period which extends since its origins until the present. The fourth chapter discusses the way the IBRD managed its risks, presenting the main characteristics of its financial and credit policies. The objective of the fifth chapter is to analyse the creation of the NDB, the characteristics of its capital and governance structure, its most probable financial and credit policies, and the chances of growth of this institution, always establishing a parallel with the previous discussion regarding the MDBs and the IBRD. In the conclusion, the results are presented indicating the NDB potential to grow and contribute to development finance with a model that has some differences in relation to the historical practices of the IBRD.

This dissertation focuses on Japanese policy as a whole, internal and external policy priorities and objectives, in order to illustrate the role, and analyze the level of effectiveness of conducted foreign policy tools. This paper explores some of the reasons and factors of conducted internal and external policy tools. Therefore, it shows how effective and in timely manner reaction of Japanese to state's internal policy, has influenced and played a key role during the country recovery and restoration. Moreover, proper policy objectives not only have restored the country but also made Japan one of the most advanced world centers. Japan is in a number of the advanced countries of the world, participating in modern world political process which dynamics has the general laws and the tendencies of development connected with transformation of the Pacific Rim into the center of global activity of the leading countries of the world. Changes in global scale, aftermath of the World War II affect the significant characteristic of foreign policy, official and economic diplomacy of Japan towards peace and security advocating country.