Eine der häufigsten viralen Infektionskrankheiten im Kindesalter ist gegenwärtig die Parotitis epidemica. Mit dem Auftreten einer abakteriellen Meningitis bei Kindern als Folge einer Mumpsvirusinfektion ist in über 80% der Fälle zu rechnen. 1. In serologisch bestätigten Mumpsfällen wurden Liquorproben von Kindern mit einer Meningitis immunfluoreszenzoptisch untersucht. In den lympho-monozytären Liquorzellen konnte das Mumpsantigen in 64% der Fälle nachgewiesen werden. 2. Der immunfluoreszenzoptisch Nachweis des Mumpsantigens in Liquorzellen stellt eine Erweiterung der diagnostischen Möglichkeiten bei serösen Meningitiden des Kindes unklarer Äthiologie dar. 3. Während der Prüfung von Mumpsviren reagieren intracerebral infizierte Affen mit einer statistisch gesicherten Erhöhung der Liquorzellzahl. Bei Affen, die mit einer neuropathogenen Variante infiziert waren, sind die Liquorzellzahlen auch 28 Tage p.i. signifikant höher im Vergleich zu mit Impfstoff infizierten Tieren. Der Nachweis des Mumpsantigens in den Liquorzellen beweist die Spezifität der experimentellen Mumpsmeningitis bei Affen. Das virale Antigen wird nur innerhalb der ersten Versuchswoche in den Liquorzellen detektiert, nach 3 – 4wöchiger Versuchsdauer ist das Mumpsvirus im Liquor der Affen nicht mehr nachweisbar. Diese Befunde sind mit den Befunden bei natürlichen Mumpsmeningitiden der Kinder vergleichbar. 4. Minischweine und Katzen reagieren auf intracerebral appliziertes Mumpsvirus mit charakteristischen liquorzytologischen Veränderungen, die mit den Befunden beim Affen korrelieren. Sie reagieren auf intracerebral inokuliertes Mumpsvirus bereits in der ersten Woche mit einer deutlichen Liquorpleozytose. Die Höhe der Zellzahl im Liquor ist bei Mumpswildviren (α = 0,05) bedeutend größer als bei den Impfviren. Die Zellzahlerhöhung ist nach 8 Wochen nicht auf die Normalwerte zurückgegangen. 5. Der immunfluoreszenzoptische Nachweis des Mumpsantigens in den Liquorzellen der Minischweine und Katzen ist zeitlich begrenzt. Es ergaben sich Unterschiede zwischen Mumpsviren vom Wild- und Impftyp. Der Nachweis des viralen Antigens in den Liquorzellen war 4 Wochen p.i. nicht mehr möglich. 6. Das Differentialzellbild des Liquors ist bei allen Tiermodellen durch lympho-monozytäre Zellen gekennzeichnet, wobei monozytäre Zellformen zu jedem Zeitpunkt der Infektion überwiegen. 7. Vor der Anwendung von Lebendimpfstoffen beim Menschen ist eine tierexperimentelle Sicherheitsprüfung notwendig. Die Einbeziehung der Liquordiagnostik (Verlauf der Pleozytose und der fluoreszenzoptische Antigennachweis in den Liquorzellen) ist eine wesentliche Ergänzung zur Charakterisierung der neurotropen Eigenschaften des viralen Mumpsantigens. / One of the most common viral infectious diseases in childhood is currently parotitis epidemica. The occurrence of abacterial meningitis in children as a result of mumps virus infection can be expected in more than 80% of cases. 1. In serologically confirmed mumps cases, cerebrospinal fluid samples from children with meningitis were examined by immunofluorescence. Mumps antigen was detected in the lympho-monocytic cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) cells in 64% of cases. 2. Immunofluorescence detection of mumps antigen in CSF cells represents an extension of diagnostic possibilities in serous meningitis of the child of unclear etiology. 3. During mumps virus testing, intracerebrally infected monkeys respond with a statistically confirmed increase in CSF cell count. In monkeys infected with a neuropathogenic variant, CSF cell counts are significantly higher even 28 days p.i. compared with vaccine-infected animals. Detection of mumps antigen in CSF cells demonstrates the specificity of experimental mumps meningitis in monkeys. The viral antigen is detected in the CSF cells only within the first week of the experiment; after 3 - 4 weeks of the experiment, the mumps virus is no longer detectable in the CSF of the monkeys. These findings are comparable to the findings in natural mumps meningitis of children. 4. Minipigs and cats respond to intracerebrally applied mumps virus with characteristic liquor cytologic changes that correlate with the findings in monkeys. They respond to intracerebrally inoculated mumps virus with marked CSF pleocytosis as early as the first week. The level of cell number in CSF is significantly greater in wild mumps virus (α = 0.05) than in vaccine virus. The cell count increase did not return to normal values after 8 weeks. 5. Immunofluorescence detection of mumps antigen in CSF cells of minipigs and cats is temporal. Differences were found between wild-type and vaccine-type mumps viruses. Detection of viral antigen in CSF cells was no longer possible 4 weeks p.i.. 6. The differential cell pattern of CSF is characterized by lympho-monocytic cells in all animal models, with monocytic cell forms predominating at each time point of infection. 7. Animal safety testing is required prior the use of live vaccines in humans. The inclusion of CSF diagnostics (course of pleocytosis and fluorescence antigen detection in CSF cells) is an essential addition to characterize the neurotropic properties of the viral mumps antigen.

Diss. (sammanfattning) Stockholm : Karolinska institutet, 2006. / Härtill 4 uppsatser.

Thesis (M.S.P.H.)--University of South Florida, 2008. / Title from PDF of title page. Document formatted into pages; contains 58 pages. Includes bibliographical references.

Thesis (Ph.D. in Epidemiology) -- University of Colorado at Denver and Health Sciences Center, 2005. / Typescript. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 114-126).

Made available in DSpace on 2016-03-04T13:55:10Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 9.pdf: 3952596 bytes, checksum: cfcd87da861ff1eb06b00de845149fc4 (MD5) license.txt: 1748 bytes, checksum: 8a4605be74aa9ea9d79846c1fba20a33 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2015 / Fundação Oswaldo Cruz. Instituto de Tecnologia em Fármacos/Farmanguinhos. Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brasil. / A caxumba é uma doença infecto-contagiosa imunoprevinível por vacinação. A imunogenicidade vacinal é avaliada através de testes sorológicos que detectam anticorpos neutralizantes, que são considerados correlatos de proteção. O Teste de Neutralização (PRNT) apresenta vantagens frente a outros testes por ser mais específico na detecção desses anticorpos neutralizantes. O presente estudo visou padronizar e validar a técnica. Durante a padronização foram definidos o M.O.I de 0,001 e o melhor dia de pico de vírus infeciosos (3 dias), para definir um protocolo de produção viral. A partir do vírus produzido foram avaliados qualitativamente o fenótipo da placa de lise e a diluição viral em diferentes condições analíticas. Os seguintes parâmetros foram definidos: diluição viral de 1:1600 para obter 30 placas de lise/poço, bicarbonato de sódio como tampão no meio de cultura, meio semi-sólido com carboximetilcelulose (CMC) 1,5%, tempo de adsorção de 3 horas e tempo de incubação final de 4 dias. Para avaliar o impacto do tempo de neutralização na potência viral e no de título de anticorpos neutralizantes, dois intervalos de tempo (1 e 2 horas) foram testados e a neutralização por 2 horas se demonstrou mais adequada ao ensaio. Posteriormente, foi definido um ponto de corte de 23, utilizando um painel sorológico contendo 126 soros pré e pós-vacinais de crianças imunizadas com a vacina tríplice viral. O ponto de corte foi determinado como a área sob a curva ROC usando os resultados de ELISA previamente avaliados em comparados com os resultados de PRNT. Dentre os resultados analisados, 35% foram concordantes na positividade dos resultados em ambos os testes. Valores preditivos positivos de 95,373 e valores negativos 97,680 determinam a real presença ou não da doença. Critérios de aceitação para o teste foram estabelecidos como: faixas de variação do end point do vírus (13 a 22) e faixas de variação dos controles (baixo, médio e alto). Também foi estabelecido como as amostras indeterminadas devem ser tratadas. Posteriormente, o PRNT foi submetido ao processo de validação, avaliando os parâmetros de linearidade, especificidade, exatidão e precisão, conforme preconizado pela RDC 27 da ANVISA. Nas análises de precisão foram obtidos coeficientes de variação a 15% para o limite inferior de quantificação do método (LIQ) e 20% para as demais concentrações. O mesmo ocorreu nas análises de exatidão. Quanto a seletividade, não foi detectada reação cruzada nas amostras quando desafiadas com o vírus de sarampo. / Mumps is an infectious disease preventable by an available vaccine. Vaccine immunogenicity is evaluated by serological tests for detection of neutralizing antibodies, which are considered the correlate of protection. Plaque Reduction Neutralization Test (PRNT) shows advantages for neutralizing antibodies’ dosage because of its better specificity when compared to other tests. The present study aims to standardize and validate this technique. During the standardization process, it was defined the multiplicity of infection of 0,001 and the viral peak production on the third day, for defining a viral production protocol. From the virus lot produced, it were qualitatively evaluated the plaque phenotypes and viral dilutions under different analytical conditions. The following parameters were defined: viral dilution of 1:1600 to achieve 30 plaques per well; sodium bicarbonate as buffer of the culture media, semisolid overlay media content of 1,5% of carboxymethylcellulose (CMC); adsorption time of 3 hours and final incubation of 4 days. In order to evaluate the impact of incubation time for neutralization step on viral potency and neutralizing antibodies’ titers, two intervals (1 and 2 hours) were evaluated and the 2-hour neutralization time was considered more appropriate. After that, a cutoff value of 23 was defined using a serological panel containing 126 pre and post- vaccination sera of children immunized with MMR vaccine. The cutoff value was defined from the area under the ROC curve using ELISA data previously analyzed in comparison with PRNT results. Among the results, there were 35% of positive results in agreement in both tests. Positive predictive value of 95.373 and negative predictive value of 97.680 determine the actual presence or absence of disease. Acceptance criteria for the test were established such as: viral endpoint range (13 to 22) and titer variation ranges for control samples (low, medium and high titer). It was also determined how indeterminate samples should be treated. Finally, PRNT were submitted to validation regarding linearity, specificity, accuracy and precision as recommended by RDC 27 of ANVISA. Regarding the precision analyses, coefficient of variations lower than 15% were achieved for the sample with the lower limit of quantification, and lower than 20% for the other sample concentrations tested. The same occurred in the accuracy analyses. Regarding specificity, no cross reaction was detected in the samples when challenged with measles virus.

Analysis of Spontaneous Adverse Events Reports of Measles, Mumps, and Rubella Vaccine Author: Jana Kulhavá Supervisor: PharmDr. Eva Zimčíková, Ph.D. Charles University in Prague, Faculty of Pharmacy in Hradec Králové, Department of Social and Clinical Pharmacy Keywords: vaccination, measles, mumps, rubella, adverse events reports Introduction: The MMR vaccine is a combined vaccine used to vaccinate children against measles, mumps and rubella. Spontaneous reporting of adverse reactions is an important source of information to identify potential risks of medicinal products. Objective: The aim of this diploma thesis is the analytical evaluation of spontaneous reports of suspected adverse reactions after vaccination with MMR vaccine registered in the database of the State Institute for Drug Control during the period 2004 to 2017. Methods: The data were analyzed in Microsoft Excel spreadsheet software using descriptive statistics methods. The reported adverse reactions were classified into appropriate organ system classes according to the MedDRA Glossary of Medical Terminology. The expectability and severity of adverse reactions were assessed. Results: A total of 805 cases of suspected adverse reactions were reported between 2004 and 2007, which included 2,812 adverse reactions. Most suspected adverse...

A deeper understanding of human development and disease is made possible partly through the study of genetically modified model organisms, such as the common mouse (Mus musculus). By genetically modifying such model organisms, scientists can activate, deactivate, or highlight particular characteristics. A genetically modified animal is generated by adding exogenous (foreign) genetic material to one or more embryonic cells at their earliest stages of development. Frequently, this exogenous genetic material consists of specially engineered DNA, which is introduced into a fertilized egg cell (zygote). When successfully introduced into the zygote, the exogenous DNA will be incorporated into the cell's own genome, and the animal that develops from the zygote will exhibit the genetic modification in all of its cells. The current devices and methods for generating genetically modified animals are inefficient, and/or difficult to use. The most common and efficient method for inserting new DNA into zygotes is by directly injecting a DNA solution through a tiny glass tube into the cell in a process called microinjection. Unfortunately, microinjection is quite inefficient (success rates are commonly between 1 and 5%), but often it is the only method for inserting DNA into eggs, zygotes, or early stage embryos. This thesis presents the design and testing of a micrometer sale, pumpless microelectromechanical system (MEMS) nanoinjector. Rather than use pumps and capillaries, the nanoinjector employs electrostatic charges to attract and repel DNA onto and off of the surface of a solid lance. The nanoinjector also includes a mechanical system for constraining the target cells during injection. Initial testing indicates the nanoinjector does not decrease cell viability, and it has a very high initial success rate (up to 90%). With the addition of an on-chip actuator, the nanoinjector could be packaged as an inexpensive, fully automated system, enabling efficient, high volume genetic modification of developing animals. Such a device would greatly increase the ease and speed of generating the model organisms needed to study such critical diseases such as Alzheimer's disease, cancer, and diabetes.

Le nombre de virus détectés chez les chauves-souris est en augmentation, la plupart étant des virus à ARN. L'identification chez différentes espèces de chauves-souris, de virus ayant été responsables d'épidémies voire de pandémies chez l'homme (coronavirus agent du SRAS, virus Nipah et Hendra, filovirus Ebola et Marburg) a fait prendre conscience du risque que peuvent présenter ces animaux pour la santé humaine, ainsi que des possibilités réelles d'émergence de nouvelles pathologies dans les années futures. Ce travail avait donc pour objectifs: (i) d'identifier et caractériser les virus circulant au sein des populations de chauves-souris d'Afrique Centrale et (ii) d'explorer et d'identifier des déterminants bioécologiques, qui pourraient expliquer la richesse virale observée chez certaines espèces de chauves-souris rencontrées en Afrique tropicale forestière. A partir d'un total de 3472 individus testés, représentant 16 espèces provenant du Gabon, de la République du Congo et de la République Centrafricaine, nous avons confirmé la présence du virus Marburg chez les roussettes d'Egypte (Rousettus aegyptiacus) au Gabon, et mis en évidence des séquences virales de paramyxovirus très proches de virus zoonotiques émergents (les virus Nipah et Hendra) et réémergents (virus des oreillons) chez des chauves-souris frugivores. Des séquences de nouveaux coronavirus, flavivirus et paramyxovirus ont été également identifiées. Par ailleurs, la fragmentation de l'aire de distribution et le type de gîte ont été identifiés comme des déterminants de la richesse virale chez 15 espèces de chauves-souris d'Afrique Centrale. Les chauves-souris en Afrique Centrale seraient donc des réservoirs de virus apparentés à des virus pathogènes pour l'homme. Ces animaux pourraient donc être à l'origine de l'émergence des encéphalites à hénipavirus en Afrique et de la réémergence de certaines maladies humaines comme les oreillons, la rougeole. Des recherches futures s'orienteront vers la poursuite de la caracterisation génétique des virus détectés chez les chauves-souris d'Afrique Centrale et la détermination du risque zoonotique associé à ces virus. Des études écologiques seront également réalisées pour identifier les facteurs de risque d'émeregence des virus de chauves-souris potentiellement pathogènes pour l'homme. / The number of viruses détected in bats is growing, the most common are RNA viruses. The identification in different bat species of viruses that cause major epidemics or pandemics in human such as SARS coronavirus, Nipah and Henda viruses, the filoviruses Ebola and Marburg has raised awareness of potential risk that these animals may present to human health, as well as real possibilities of development of new diseases in future years. This work had two objectives: (i) to identify and characterize the viruses circulating in populations of bats in Central Africa and (ii) to explore and identify bioecological factors that could explain the viral richness observed in some bats species seen in tropical Africa forest. From 3472 individuals tested accounting for 16 species from Gabon, Congo and the Central African Republic, we established the presence of Marburg virus in Egyptian fruit bats (Rousettus aegyptiacus) in Gabon and identified viral sequences of paramyxoviruses close related to emerging and re-emerging zoonotic paramyxoviruses (Nipah virus, Hendra viruses and mumps virus) in fruit bats. Sequences of novel coronaviruses, paramyxoviruses and flaviviruses have also beenidentified. Moreover, the fragmentation of the range and roost type have been identified as determinants of viral richness in 15 bats species of Central Africa. Bats in Central Africa thus would be reservoirs of viruses related to viruses pathogenic for humans. These animals would lead to the emergence of encephalitis Henipavirus in Africa and the reemergence of certain human diseases such as mumps, measles. Further research will be conducted to continue the genetic characterization of viruses detected from bats in Central Africa and to determine the zoonotic risk associated with these viruses. Ecological studies will also be performed to identify the risk factors for the emergence of bats viruses potentially pathogenic for humans.

Age stratified seroepidemiological studies play a crucial role in the design and assessment of vaccination strategies. An existing multiplex bead immunoassay for measles, mumps, rubella and varicella zoster virus antibodies together with a newly developed multiplex bead immunoassay for herpes simplex virus type 1 and type 2 antibodies were used to investigate the age-related seroepidemiology of these viruses in England during 2012.To develop the HSV-1 and HSV-2 antibody assay, attempts were made to produce full length of HSV-1 and HSV-2 glycoprotein G using a baculovirus vector expression system. While HSV-1 gG protein was produced, the proteins were extensively aggregated. Native glycoprotein G molecules undergo partial removal of HSV-1 signal sequence and HSV-1 short membrane anchor sequence during post translational modification. It is possible that such post translational modification is not performed when protein is processed in insect cell culture. Attempts to produce an HSV-2 glycoprotein G were not successful. It is possible that the high GC-content of HSV-2 glycoprotein G led to poor fidelity of copying the PCR amplification sequence. Commercially available truncated HSV-1 gG and HSV-2 gG were therefore used to develop a duplex microbead immunoassay for the simultaneous detection of specific HSV antibodies in human sera. The resultant assays performed with low sensitivity and specificity (HSV-1 of 89% and 66%, respectively and for HSV-2 of 79% and 85%, respectively) compared to the reference HerpeSelect ELISA.The MMRV multiplex bead immunoassay proved rapid, and required minimal sample volume to semi-quantify MMRV specific antibodies. The seroepidemiology of MMR results was compared with previous seroepidemiological studies performed in 1996 in England. The comparison showed an increase in the proportion of individuals who were positive for mumps and measles antibodies in the 2012 survey. The proportion of individuals positive for rubella was essentially unchanged. The increase in the proportion of individuals positive for mumps and measles antibodies in 2012 show the effectiveness of the change in MMR vaccination policy for England from 1996 onward. For VZV, the proportion of individuals who were positive for varicella antibodies between the 1996 and 2012 serological surveys were essentially unchanged. The comparison showed that most young children are susceptible to VZV. At this level of immunity, it can be expected that varicella will continue to produce epidemics of infection in the population, unless varicella vaccination is implemented as a part of routine childhood vaccination.

Le syndrome fébrile, une des principales causes de consultation dans les services de pédiatrie en Afrique Subsaharienne, reste dans la majorité des cas liée à une maladie infectieuse (parasitaire, virale, bactérienne). Dans cette thèse, nous avons identifié les agents infectieux non bactériens responsables de la survenue des fièvres chez l'enfant afin de développer des outils moléculaires permettant l'amélioration de la surveillance épidémiologique. Pour ce faire, ce travail est divisé en 2 parties essentielles. Dans la première partie une étude transversale a été réalisée pour analyser l'infection plasmodiale dans une population d'adultes et d'enfants fébriles par microscopie et PCR.Dans la deuxième partie une autre enquête transversale a été conduite pour déterminer les principales causes étiologiques des fièvres non bactériennes chez l'enfant. Sur 203 enfants recrutés, 111 ont été diagnostiqués positifs à P. falciparum, par microscopie et par PCR (ISM). Concomitamment, des cas cliniques d'oreillons et de rougeole ont été observés respectivement sur les 203 enfants fébriles. Le génome complet de la souche responsable d'oreillons a été séquencé et compte 15263 nucléotides. Enfin, le virus responsable de la rougeole a été détecté par PCR et le génotypage a révélé que cette souche était celle qui était responsable de l'épidémie de Libreville.En conclusion, le syndrome fébrile chez l'enfant à Franceville est essentiellement dû aux infections à P. falciparum et Paramyxovirus. Ces résultats montrent que les infections submicroscopiques (ISM)à P. falciparum peuvent non seulement servir de réservoir mais aussi initier une symptomatologie sévère chez l'enfant. / Febrile syndrome, the main cause of consultation in pediatric wards from Sub-Saharan Africa remains in great majority associated with infectious diseases (parasites, viruses, bacteria). In this thesis, we identified the infectious agents associated with childhood fever in order to develop suitable molecular tools allowing the epidemiological surveillance. This work is divided into two main parts. Firstly, we analyzed the prevalence of Plasmodium infection in febrile patients (children and adults) by combined microscopy and PCR to determine the rate of P. falciparum submicroscopic infection (SMI).Secondly, another cross-sectional survey was conducted at pediatric ward of HASG in which the main etiological causes of febrile illness in children were investigated. Of 203 children recruited, 111 were diagnosed positive for P. falciparum by microscopy and PCR (SMI). Concomitantly, clinical cases of Mumps and Measles viruses were diagnosed respectively. The whole genome of mump virus strain isolated has been sequenced and composed of 15,263 nucléotides. Finally, Measles virus has been diagnosed by PCR and genetic analysis revealed that this strain associated with the outbreak of Libreville. In conclusion, febrile syndrome in childhood at Franceville is essentially caused by P. falciparum and Paramyxovirus infections. These results show that submicroscopic infection of P. falciparum can serve as a reservoir and also able to initiate a severe symptomatology in children.