This paper compares two art museums, both created during the French Revolution, that fostered national unity by promoting a cultural identity. By analyzing the use of preexisting architecture from the ancien régime, innovative displays of art and redefinitions of the museum visitor as an Enlightened citizen, this thesis explores the application of eighteenth-century philosophy to the formation of two museums. The first is the Musée Central des Arts in the Louvre and the second is the Musée des Monuments Français, both housed in buildings taken over by the Revolutionary government and present the seized property of the royal family and Catholic Church. Created in a violent and unstable political climate, these museums were an effective means of presenting the First Republic as a guardian of national property and protector of French identity.

Nous partons d'un état des définitions de l'évaluation. Nous verrons comment certaines orientations initiales de l'évaluation mettent en lumière la relation entre cette démarche et la question de l'absence d'un espace critique. Nous aborderons ensuite la question du public des expositions comme élément d'un espace public naissant au XVIIIème siècle en France, puis le retrait de la capacité critique de ce public. La conception éducative des expositions au sein des musées, qui a bénéficié de cette perte de la fonction critique du public, nous amènera à la muséologie des sciences et des techniques et au cas particulier de la Cité des Sciences et de l'Industrie. Le parti-pris thématique, qui se rattache à l'émergence de la muséologie de points de vue, y a suscité la résurgence d'un " besoin du point de vue du public ", et l'essor des études de représentations. Nous abordons ensuite les implications de l'étude des représentations sociales en muséologie, en particulier la manière dont elles ont été adoptées en muséologie, avec des limitations importantes comme la réduction des représentations sociales à la sphère du savoir de sens commun par opposition au savoir du spécialiste. Nous proposons de substituer à la conception de l'entretien comme mode de recueil de données nécessaires à la caractérisation des représentations sociales, une conception de l'entretien comme situation de communication mettant en jeu des positions de parole, des compétences sociales, et des hypothèses qui relèvent de la pensée sociale en acte. Nous détaillons les quatre moments de l'interprétation dans le traitement des études préalables à la Cité des Sciences et de l'Industrie : - la constitution du corpus et l'engagement dans la durée ethnographique, étude après étude; - le passage des thèmes d'expositions qui constituent l'objet des études, aux thèmes des entretiens qui constituent l'objet des représentations sociales; - le statut de membre du public, et le statut de visiteur à travers les situations d'enquête; - les anticipations des modèles d'usage de l'exposition.

Thèse numérisée par la Division de la gestion de documents et des archives de l'Université de Montréal.

Thèse réalisée en cotutelle avec l'Université de Perpignan Via Domitia (UPVD), France. / Cette thèse repose sur une analyse empirique du processus de patrimonialisation de l'ancienne dynamiterie Nobel située dans le département des Pyrénées orientales, en France, devenue site classé ouvert au public depuis le 28 juin 2008. La fermeture de l'unité de production de dynamite, en 1984, a laissé le site à l'abandon et ses ouvriers sans emploi. De plus, cette situation a provoqué de nombreuses convoitises de promotion immobilière et engendré de nombreuses controverses. La recherche effectuée explore les différentes étapes ayant mené à l'acte public de classement au titre de la loi française du 2 mai 1930, elle analyse les jeux d'acteurs divers (associations, ouvriers, médias, collectivités territoriales, agents publics, etc.) et met en évidence les différents vecteurs du processus de patrimonialisation résultant. / This thesis proposes an empirical study of the patrimonialization of the Nobel dynamite factory in southern France. This factory is now a public-open site since June 28th 2008. When it stopped its production in 1984, the company abandoned the factory and left its employees jobless. This situation had many consequences and created numerous controversies, partly because of the real estate interest that was shown for the territory on which the old factory was built. This thesis explores the different steps that led the authorities to declare the Nobel factory a public territory, according to a 1930 French law. This study also analyses the role played and the positions taken by different actors (associations, workers, medias, public agents, territorial communities, etc.) form 1984 to 2008, when the factory was made a public site. By doing so, the author wishes to trace the different processes that led to the patrimonialization of the Nobel dynamite factory.

O museu de arte moderna e contemporânea é uma instituição que possui relações complexas com a arte, com o mercado da arte e, com os públicos. Suas origens remontam ao museu tradicional e, em linhas gerais, mantém suas atribuições básicas e pouco muda ao longo do tempo, mas passa a agregar novas e diferentes funções. Parte-se da hipótese de que, em face às novas manifestações culturais, às práticas das artes, aos hábitos culturais e às novas formas de organização - que se situam num outro registro, em coletivos, trabalhos colaborativos ou agrupamentos assemelhados - o museu necessita rever sua atuação se desejar participar ativamente do processo cultural contemporâneo. Para examinar o problema, partimos da análise do museu desde suas origens, verificando que ele surge na confluência de práticas tradicionais das coleções e gabinetes de curiosidades, e das ideias do Renascimento, que se adensam com o iluminismo buscando autonomia e o exercício da função pedagógica. Em seguida, analisamos o impacto que sofreu com as Exposições Universais e com o modernismo nas artes. Nesse longo percurso, buscamos identificar os diferentes tipos de ações de mediação que o museu realizou com os públicos, desde os catálogos e a expografia, até os seminários, debates e ações educativas. As novas funções que adquire no início do século XX e o processo de revitalização no final desse mesmo século transformam o museu numa das grandes atrações turísticas de nossos tempos. Na contemporaneidade, paralelamente ao museu, e fora dele, surgem propostas em rede de pedagogias coletivas que ampliam e atualizam este campo por meio da construção coletiva de experiências artísticas, de mediação, debates, plataformas de discussão e de documentação, que retiram tais atividades de um certo \'anonimato\' e dispersão, para se tornarem públicas. Sem abandonar tudo o que tem feito e sem, necessariamente, abraçar exclusivamente as práticas mais radicais, o museu pode participar das novas redes que estão se formando e estabelecer relações ricas e produtivas, funcionando simultaneamente como um ponto de emissão e de recepção na qual interagem artistas, instituições e públicos, onde todos são ativos. Dissolve-se, assim, o papel pedagógico nos moldes iluministas que possui o museu. / The museum of modern and contemporary art is an institution that has complex relationships with the art market, the public and the art itself. Its origins date back to the traditional museum and while keeping its basic characteristics with very little change over time it added some new and different functions. The hypothesis is: taking into consideration the contemporary form of cultural manifestations, art practices, cultural habits and organizations such as collectives and collective work, the museum needs to rethink itself if it wants to participate actively in the contemporary cultural process. To examine this problem we analyze the museum history, observing it has originated from the confluence of collections and curiosity cabinets traditional practices and the Renaissance ideas, further emphasized by the Enlightenment concepts, seeking autonomy and the exercise of a pedagogical function. Then we analyze the impact exerted on it by Universal Exhibitions and Modernism in arts. Through this long journey, we try to identify the different types of mediation actions the museum has developed with its audience, from catalogs and expography to seminars, debates and educational actions. The new functions it has acquired in the beginning of the twentieth century and the revitalization process experienced in the late twentieth century transformed the museum into one of the main tourist attractions of our times. In contemporary times, new interrelated, networked pedagogical propositions arise which amplify and update this field through the collective construction of artistic experiences, mediation, debates, discussion platforms and documentation that bring publicity and cohesion to these otherwise unrelated and \'anonymous\' activities. Without necessarily abandoning its legacy and embracing exclusively the more radical alternatives, the museum can participate in the new networks that are forming and establish richer, more productive relationships, acting simultaneously as an emission and reception point where artists, institution and public actively participate, therefore dissolving the Enlightenement-based pedagogical role the museum still holds.

A dissertação aborda as relações entre arquitetura, artes plásticas e teatro da forma como estas aparecem na obra da arquiteta Lina Bo Bardi. Partindo do estudo das arquiteturas cênicas projetadas entre 1960 e 1985, bem como da trajetória dos diretores e grupos teatrais nelas envolvidos, procuramos identificar os procedimentos projetuais acionados pela arquiteta, assim como as relações estabelecidas com o conjunto de sua obra, investigando possíveis articulações com o panorama artístico nacional e internacional. A investigação em torno da dimensão urbana tomada por algumas das montagens teatrais estudadas, bem como da relação destas com o projeto museográfico e atividades dos museus aos quais a arquiteta esteve ligada (especialmente o Museu de Arte de São Paulo, o Museu de Arte Modena da Bahia e o Museu de Arte Popular do Unhão) nos levou a tecer uma série de possíveis relações entre os campos da arquitetura, das artes plásticas e do teatro, abrindo a possibilidade de reflexão sobre os procedimentos projetuais adotados e sobre as perspectivas vislumbradas para a arquitetura no sentido do que Lina chamou de uma \"re-proposição não perfeccionista do racionalismo\". / The dissertation correlates architeture, fine arts and theatre and how these subjects arise in Lina Bo Bardi´s work. Starting from the study of the scenical projects created between 1960 and 1985 and broaching the director´s and theatrical groups involved on it, this treatise tries to identify the projectual proceedings applied by the architect, as well as the relations established with her work and investigating possible links with with the nacional and international artistic panorama. The analysis of the urban dimension reached by some of the studied plays as well as its approach with the project and the activities developed at the museums to which Lina was related (especially to the São Paulo Art Museum - MASP, to the Bahia´s Modern Art Museum and to the Unhão Popular Art Museum) takes us to possible relations between architecture, fine arts and theatre. It also takes us to possible reflexions on the projectual preceedings adopted and the descried perspectives for architecture, or to what Lina called as a \"re-proposition non perfectionist of the rationalism\".

Over the past century the phenomenon of thanatourism, or dark tourism, has become increasingly popular, with tourists now able to encounter death at a wide range of sites across the world. While much scholarship has focused on tourism at sites of disaster and atrocity, less research has taken place into thanatourism in a museum context. This thesis investigates how Gotlands Museum is offering its visitors a dark tourism experience by adopting thanatourism theming in its exhibitions and programmes. It explores the ways the museum presents Gotland’s dark history, asks how and why the museum has adopted thanatourism as a thematisation strategy, and considers whether this strategy is helping the institution achieve future sustainability. This study is based on in-depth interviews with current staff members at the museum, who have been involved with creating exhibitions and presenting programmes related to Gotland’s dark history. Detailed observation of the exhibitions Medieval Gotland and 1361 – The Battle for Gotland, as well as the guided city tour The Bloody Summer, also provide additional data. The study finds that Gotlands Museum has harnessed the ‘purposeful Otherness’ of death through implementing thanatourism theming in both its permanent exhibitions and public programming in order to reach new and wider audiences. It also finds that this is an example of the museum embracing new museology and adopting the customer-centric focus of the tourism industry by presenting thrilling exhibitions and programmes to attract more visitors. The study suggests that by implementing popular thanatourism-themed exhibitions and programmes, Gotlands Museum has been able to be economically, socially and culturally sustainable by attracting visitors, educating diverse groups, telling diverse stories and preserving Gotland’s history for future generations.

[pt] A pesquisa entrelaça memória, espaços educativos não formais e identidade. O objetivo central é analisar a dimensão educativa do Museu da Maré no Rio de Janeiro e suas possibilidades de contribuição para o fortalecimento identitário de grupos populares através da valorização e ressignificação da história e da construção das memórias locais. Abordo o conceito, os pressupostos teóricos e desafios dos museus comunitários como espaços educativos não formais, enfocando como estudo de caso o Museu da Maré. Os museus comunitários e ecomuseus emergem no Rio de Janeiro com o Ecomuseu de Santa Cruz em 1983, porém ganham visibilidade com o Museu da Maré a partir de 2006, por ser este o primeiro museu de favela no Brasil criado pela própria comunidade. O quadro teórico baseou-se para o conceito de memória, principalmente em Paul Ricoeur, Jacques Le Goff e Beatriz Sarlo. Para o de identidade utilizamos Stuart Hall, Manuel Castells, Vera Maria Candau e Tomaz Tadeu da Silva. Para espaços educativos não formais privilegiei Maria Glória Gohn, Jaume Trilla e Elie Ganem. Por fim, para os conceitos da Nova Museologia, museu comunitário e ecomuseu me apoiei basicamente em Mário Chagas e Hugue de Varine. De inspiração etnográfica, meu caminho metodológico baseou-se na história oral. Na pesquisa de campo utilizou-se três tipos de aproximações ao objeto de estudo: observação de diferentes atividades desenvolvidas no Museu e de diversos ambientes da comunidade em geral, entrevistas semiestruturadas feitas aos pescadores da Maré e aos diretores e funcionários do Museu da Maré e análise dos Livros institucionais do Museu, a saber: o Livro de Assinaturas e o Livro de Depoimentos dos visitantes. Como uma das principais conclusões de minha pesquisa sobre a dimensão educativa do Museu da Maré posso afirmar que me deparei de fato com um Museu que tem significado para a região da Maré e dialoga com a cidade, o país e outros lugares, embora não represente totalmente todas as suas comunidades. No entanto, ele se fez comunitário, na medida em que foi criado e tem a participação cotidiana do movimento social e da comunidade local de seu entorno. Além disso, o fato do Museu da Maré apresentar uma linguagem museográfica que suscita referências da história local e permite que seus visitantes reflitam sobre as mesmas, se emocionem e construam memórias locais possibilitando através das mesmas um fortalecimento identitário, torna especialmente evidente e significativa sua dimensão educativa. Por fim, o Museu da Maré gera visões de nós e dos outros estabelecendo um jogo sutil e constante entre identidades e alteridades em suas memórias construídas e histórias narradas. / [en] The research intertwines memory, non-formal educational spaces and identity. The main objective is to analyze the educational dimension of the Maré Museum in Rio de Janeiro and its possible contributions to the strengthening of the group identity related to popular groups through appreciation and reinterpretation of the history and construction of local memories. I approach the concept, the theoretical assumptions and challenges of community museums as non-formal educative spaces, by using the Maré Museum as a case study . The community museums and ecomuseums emerge in Rio de Janeiro with the Eco-museum of Santa Cruz in 1983, but became more visible with the Maré Museum as of 2006, since this is the first museum in Brazil s slums created by the community itself. The theoretical framework related to the concept of memory was essentially based on work of Paul Ricoeur, Jacques Le Goff and Beatriz Sarlo. For the theoretical framework associated with identity development, I have chosen the studies performed by Stuart Hall, Manuel Castells, Vera Maria Candau and Tomaz Tadeu da Silva. For the non-formal educational spaces theoretical basis I have privileged Maria Gloria Gohn, Jaume Trilla and Elie Ganem. Finally, for the concepts of New Museology, community museum and ecomuseum I rely primarily on Mario Chagas and Hugue de Varine. My methodological approach of ethnographic inspiration was based on oral history. In the field research I used three types of approaches to the object of study: observation of different activities in the Museum and of the community at large, semi-structured interviews to fishermen of the Maré and to the directors and staff of the Museum of the Maré and analysis of the institutional books of the Museum, namely the Book of Signatures and the Book of Testimonies from visitors. As one of the main conclusions of my research on the educational dimension of the Mare Museum I can state that this museum does have meaning for the region of Maré and dialogues with the city, the country and elsewhere, although it does not fully represent all its communities. However, this museum has been able to develop a community related feature , as it was created by and has the daily involvement of the social movement and the local community of their surroundings. Moreover, the fact that the Mare Museum display a museographic language which raises references of local history and allows visitors to reflect on them and build local memories enabling a strengthening of identity, makes its educative dimension particularly evident and significant. Finally, the Maré Museum generates visions of ourselves and others by establishing a more subtle and constant dynamic between individuals identities and their constructed memories and narrated stories.

A importância de avançarmos na discussão de como tornar mais eficaz e significativo o uso e a conservação dos rios em nossas cidades, notadamente em trechos urbanos, mostra-se atualmente cada vez mais iminente, tanto pela expansão desordenada das áreas antropizadas, como pelo consequente alto nível de degradação dos cursos d\"água e da vegetação. Tendo como contexto o estudo de caso da Estância Hidromineral de Monte Alegre do Sul, a dissertação busca caracterizar os corpos d\'água como uma paisagem infra-estrutural e multifuncional através da musealização do seu território de borda e das inter-relações deste com os demais elementos do patrimônio cultural da cidade. Orientada por essa base teórica, apresenta-se uma proposta de intervenção urbana que destaca a transformação da paisagem de borda dos corpos d\"agua em um lugar sensível, de qualidade ambiental e com um conteúdo museológico que gere uma apreensão sobre questões locais assim como sobre toda a sociedade. Uma proposta que adota como premissa a interdisciplinaridade, a valorização dos moradores, destacando seus usos e costumes, e a importância da memória como formadora e transformadora da identidade local, com reflexo direto no desenvolvimento social da própria população. / The importance of moving forward on the discussion of how to make more effective and significant the use and conservation of rivers in our cities, in urban areas, it\"s imminent, as much by the disorderly expansion of the anthropized areas, as by the consequent high level of degradation of the water courses and vegetation. Taking as context the case study of the Estância Hidromineral of Monte Alegre do Sul, the dissertation seeks to characterize the bodies of water as an infrastructure and multifunctional landscape through the musealization of its border territory and the relations with the other elements of the cultural heritage of the City. Guided by this theoretical basis, an urban intervention that highlights the transformation of the border landscape of water bodies in a sensitive place, of environmental quality and of museological content that engenders apprehension about local issues and about the society as well. A proposal that adopts as a premise the interdisciplinarity, the valorization of the residents, highlighting their usages and customs, and the importance of memory as a transformation of local identity, with a direct development of the population itself.

Au-delà des outils d’analyse statistique traditionnellement mobilisés par les chercheurs en humanités numériques, il existe de nombreux instruments de visualisation (bases de données 3D, moteurs de jeu vidéo, réalité virtuelle et augmentée, etc.) qui ont gagné ces dernières années une importance croissante, ceux-là permettant de spatialiser les connaissances de façon intuitive, de donner à voir des vestiges en lien avec les enquêtes humanistes ou encore de toucher un public dépassant le strict milieu universitaire. Cette thèse a pour but de préciser sur la base de quels modèles heuristiques et épistémologiques, les ingénieurs travaillant dans le domaine des interactions homme-machine ont pensé ces dispositifs. En Europe et jusqu’à l’époque baroque, plusieurs méthodes, désignées du nom d’arts de la mémoire, reposant sur l’immersion dans des espaces mentaux, avaient été mobilisées pour organiser les connaissances. Leur centralité dans la vie intellectuelle leur a donné une postérité double : elles ont structuré tant la manière de penser l’organisation des savoirs (logique et computation) que de les donner à voir (avènement du paradigme perspectif et de la muséologie). Cet héritage hybride les a constituées comme des repères pour le développement des nouveaux médias, notamment de l’infographie tridimensionnelle. Pour saisir les enjeux socio-économiques et esthétiques liés à l’utilisation de ces technologies dans le champ universitaire, leur mise au point dans les secteurs industriels du cinéma et du jeu vidéo, qui ont nourri leur évolution, est resituée dans la thèse. Cette enquête permet de définir des prescriptions utiles à leur déploiement au sein des humanités numériques. / Beyond the instruments of statistical analysis enlisted by researchers working in the field of digital humanities, a growing number of visual and spatial tools (3D databases, video game engines, virtual and augmented reality, etc.) have gained in interest over the past few years. These new approaches allow for the spatialized presentation of knowledge in novel and intuitive ways that increasingly appeal to a public beyond academia. The goal of this thesis is to pinpoint and explore the various heuristic and epistemological models engineers working in the field of human-computer interaction have used to develop these tools. Up until the Baroque period in Europe, a suite of methods grouped under the rubric of “the arts of memory” relied on similar modes of spatialization of immersive mental spaces in order to activate memory and to organize knowledge. The centrality of these arts in the formation of intellectual life has granted them a double posterity: they at once structured the way one organized knowledge – thus becoming instrumental in the refinement of logic and computation; while also serving as means to exhibit and present knowledge – allowing for the advent of the perspective paradigm and museology. This hybrid heritage establishes the arts of memory as landmarks for the further development of new media, and notably computer-generated images. To understand the stakes involved with the use of these technologies in scholarly practice, this thesis also addresses how the film and video game industries gradually shaped their evolution. Finally, this inquiry provides useful prescriptions for their deployment within the growing interdisciplinary field of digital humanities.