Syftet med följande uppsats är att undersöka hur musiklärare uppger att de arbetar med skapande i musikundervisningen, vilka förutsättningar som behövs för att kunna arbeta med skapande i skolan samt vad de tror att skapande kan bidra med för eleverna. Metodlitteratur och tidigare forskning visar att det går att arbeta med skapande på många olika sätt i grundskolan och att skapande kan tillskrivas många olika betydelser. Skapande visar sig också ha betydelse både för elevernas kunskapsutveckling och för utveckling på ett personligt och emotionellt plan. Föreliggande studie utgår från ett sociokulturellt perspektiv, är kvalitativ och bygger på semistrukturerade intervjuer med fyra musiklärare. För att analysera intervjumaterialet har en tematisk analys tillämpats. I studiens resultat presenteras flera olika arbetssätt inom skapande i grundskolans musikundervisning däribland skapande utifrån bilder och berättelser, digitalt skapande och skapande med rytmer. Förutsättningar för att kunna arbeta med skapande är ytterligare något som presenteras. Både materiella förutsättningar som tillgången till instrument och sociala förutsättningar så som klassrumsklimat visar sig vara viktiga för att kunna arbeta med skapande. Vad skapande kan bidra med för eleverna är också något som presenteras i resultatet och aspekter som lyft är bland annat att elevernas kreativitet kan utvecklas och de får uttrycka sina tankar och idéer i det skapande arbetet. I diskussionskapitlet ställs studiens resultat i förhållande till bakgrundslitteratur och tidigare forskning. Studien går att sammanlänka med tidigare forskning och det framgår att skapande kan innebära många olika saker, utföras på många olika sätt och att det kan ha positiva konsekvenser för elevernas utveckling. / The aim of this study is to investigate how music teachers states that they work with creativity in music teaching, which requirements who are needed for working with music creation and how they believe that music creation can contribute to pupil’s development. Method literature and previous research shows that music creation can imply many different meanings and that it is possible to work with music creativity in many different ways. Creation in music also proves to be important both for students' knowledge development and for development in a personal and emotional way. This study is based on a sociocultural perspective, it is qualitative and based on semi-structured interviews with four music teachers. Thematic analysis has been applied to analyze the data from the interviews. The results of the study present different ways to teach in music creation, for example music creation based on pictures and stories, digital music making and music making with rhythms. Requirements needed for working with music creation is also something that is presented. Both material conditions such as access to instruments and social conditions such as the classroom climate prove to be important to be able to work with music creation in school. What music creation can contribute to pupil’s development is also something that is presented in the results and aspects that are presented is for example that pupil´s creativity develops, and they are able to express their thoughts and ideas. In the chapter for discussion the results are compared with previous research. The study can be linked to previous research and it is clear that music creation can mean many different things, be performed in many different ways and that it can have positive consequences for students' development.

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This doctoral thesis is about female rock musicians who are involved in two Swedish non-profit feminist music associations; Rockrebeller, which is situated in Uppsala and She´s Got the Beat in Umeå. The aim of the study is to analyze how the informants describe their lives as rock musicians and as active participants in these feminist music associations. The main issues are musicianship, identity, feminism and gender. The empirical material consists of in-depth interviews with ten informants – five from Umeå and five from Uppsala – and these interviews are complemented by a number of participatory observations. The focus of thesis is on the informants’ self-presentations: their stories and experiences. One central theme is the ways that the informants’ different identities are interlaced and closely knit together in different ways: as feminists, as musicians and as active participants in the associations. Two major themes in my thesis are music and politics and they can be regarded as two sides of the same coin; in order to make it easier for women to play rock music they have become involved in the associations, and this relationship is regarded as a form of political work. The informants have been influenced by punk and Riot Grrrls Movement – a feminist movement that is associated with punk bands and fanzines is sometimes seen as representative of a "third wave feminism". All the informants are members of rock bands, but many are also engaged in other projects, for instance in the role of a singer-songwriter, and these different identities as musicians are often seen as complementary to each other. Rock bands are generally considered to be fascinating but insecure experiences because bands tend to split up with time. Those who are also active musicians outside of the band (most often guitarists) usually regard their own individual identity as musicians as the most important thing; a safe harbor that is always there. Their ideological beliefs are for instance visible in a common vision of the ideal rock band as democratic, anti-hierarchic and where an equality of opportunity exists. Rock music is in some ways used as an expression for an alternative way of life, of rebellion, and is seen as politically subversive. One of the ambivalences of the source material is the kind of identity politics that the associations represent and whose purpose is to improve the gender equality in the field. There is a well-known dilemma involved in this practice; how is it possible to navigate from a marginalized, subordinated position, without using the method of categorizing that may increase the probability of reproducing their own marginalization? Their life as rock musicians is described as enjoyable rewarding, and as a means of expressing their cultural belonging and ideological beliefs, such as feminism. However, the overall picture highlights the pleasures of creating and making music, which serves as an explanation why they strive to make rock music more accessible for women. The descriptions of being in a band and performing on stage are varied and on the whole complex. The group dynamics of the band are portrayed as very meaningful but also trying at times, and playing in front of an audience is described as everything between ecstasy and a nerve-wrecking experience. However, there is an overall adaptation to the norms surrounding rock music; a sense that one has to adjust oneself in order to function as a rock musician. The informants´ statements generally emphasize gender, but from time to time they identify themselves with other male amateur rock musicians.

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Syftet med den här studien är att få en djupare inblick i hur några få svenska folkmusiker resonerar kring begreppen bevarande, förankring och interpretation i den svenska folkmusikaliska traditionen – i det egna musicerandet såväl som i den egna undervisningen. Definitioner av och resonemang kring traditionsbegreppet i relation till begreppen bevarande, förankring och interpretation utgör studiens teoretiska utgångspunkter. För att få svar på mina forskningsfrågor har jag intervjuat fyra av Sveriges, i olika mån erfarna och framträdande musiker och lärare inom den folkmusikaliska genren, med kvalitativ intervju som metod. Genom att analysera resonemang kring dessa begrepp är avsikten att presentera en sammanställning av vad som är av störst betydelse i det egna musicerandet samt i den egna undervisningen för dessa personer.  Samtliga informanter värderar interpretation mycket högt såväl i det egna musicerandet som i den egna undervisningen. Vidare fann jag vissa skillnader i hur informanterna uttryckte sig om värdet av bevarandet och förankringen i den folkmusikaliska traditionen. Samtliga informanter var dock överens om att förankringen i någon mån finns med såväl i det egna musicerandet som i den egna undervisningen. Tankarna som berör traditionsbevarande presenteras och i studien går att få en bild av ett visst avståndstagande från begreppet. Informanterna talar hellre om förankring, förmedling och förvaltande än bevarande av musiken. / The goal with this study is to illuminate the thoughts of a selected number of Swedish folk musicians and teachers regarding conservation, anchoring and interpretation in the Swedish folk music tradition – in their own music making as well as in their own teaching. Definitions of and reasoning around the terms of traditions in relation to the concepts mentioned above, is the basic theoretical principles of the study. In order to get answers to my research questions I have interviewed four Swedish folk musicians and teachers with different experience, with qualitative interview as my method. The intention of analyzing the informants’ thoughts related to these concepts is to present a compilation of what is most significant in their own music making and in their own teaching.  All informants value interpretation very high in their own music making and teaching. Further, I also found certain differences in how the informants express themselves regarding the value of conservation and anchoring in the folk musical tradition. Nevertheless, all informants agreed upon that the anchoring is included in their own music making and their own teaching to some extent. When questions concerning the concept of conserving traditional music is presented to the informants in the study, a certain amount of distancing towards the concept itself is clear; the informants rather talk about anchoring, conveying and preservation of the music.

We have many developmental theories contributing to our understanding of children as they meander steadfastly toward maturation. Yet, none have reported on how young children interpret the qualitative meaning and importance of their own music-making experiences. Music created by average, not prodigious, young children is perceived by adults as “play” music rather than “real” music. But do young children take the same view as adults? When Piaget speaks of the young child’s qualitatively unique view and experience of the world (Ginsberg & Opper, 1988), can we assume that his statement encompasses young children’s predispositions related to music-making? Music is understood to occur when people act intentionally to produce and organize sound into rhythm and form. The guiding questions for this study are, What evidence is there to show that, when following an adult music leader, young children can engage in authentic music-making behavior and produce identifiable musical structures that move beyond random sounds or ‘noise’? What evidence is there to show that children's music-making behavior develops according to developmental stages? trek This qualitative field study observed and videotaped over 100 children between 2 and 7 years old who chose to engage in music-making behavior in a socially-rich school environment during structured activities guided by an adult “music leader.” The data gathered from this study suggest that young children’s motivation to make music derive from predispositions unrelated to notions of cultural and artistic expression thereby differing from adult musical needs and are instead based on more primary responses to their own developmental needs and their social environment. Functioning as “music leader,” the PI appeared to serve as an indispensable interface for assuring authenticity in the children’s music-making at all stages of development. The older children did not introduce any novel behavior specifically related to making music. However, due to the progression of cognitive and social maturity across the range of ages, new extra-musical behavior (EMB) slowly emerged at each developmental stage always seeming to enrich the experience relative to a particular group.