The Bachelor´s thesis examines the issue of women's representation in the presidency and the premiership in the period 1990-2017. The main purpose of research is a comparison of non-European countries representation of women in their leadership, specifically on the basis of statistically supported indicators that have been analysed. The analytical output of the research is the interpretation and outline of the spatial differences in the area of the monitored issue, as well as the finding of possible causes, with reference to possible geographical regularities and an outline of the prediction for the future of development in the representation of women in presidencies and premierships.

This Diploma Thesis is focused on the history of the elementary education system in the area of Hradec Králové. Special attention is paid to a primary school in Chlumec nad Cidlinou. The History of a particular school in Chlumec nad Cidlinou is the material source used to formulate the project for the primary school pupils in this school. The main approach of the project will be to familiarize pupils with the history of their school and to strengthen the pupils' relationship to the school.

Neste projeto, demonstramos a modulação da enzima NAD(P)H oxidase pela glicose, palmitato e interleucina - 1? através da análise da expressão protéica do componente p47PHOX e pela atividade dessa enzima via produção de superóxido e peróxido de hidrogênio. Demonstramos também a participação da enzima NAD(P)H oxidase no processo de secreção de insulina induzido pela glicose pois a inibição da enzima pelo DPI e oligonucleotídeo anti p47PHOX promoveu uma diminuição da secreção do hormônio. A partir desse dado passamos a avaliar o mecanismo de ação da enzima no processo secretório e demonstramos que a inibição dessa enzima promove uma inibição de genes essenciais no processo de secreção de insulina como GLUT-2 e glicocinase.Assim podemos concluir que a enzima NAD(P)H oxidase é modulada pela glicose, palmitato e interleucina 1? e que essa enzima participa do processo de secreção insulina modulando genes essenciais para o processo secretório como GLUT-2 e glicocinase. / The expression and activity of the componenents of NAD(P)H oxidase in pancreatic islets were described for the first time in our laboratory (OLIVEIRA, HR et ai, 2003). It was shown the gene and protein expression of the components of this enzyme in Seta cells and that enzyme activation is mediated by glucose. Glucose induced insulin secretion was followed by increase in EROS generation and this increase was in part mediated by NAD(P)H oxidase activation (the same mechanism observed in phagocytes). In this study, the modulation of NAD(P)H oxidase activity by glucose, palmitate and interleukin 1ß as investigated through protein expression of p47phox vity of this enzyme through superoxide and hydrogen peroxide production. To determinate the role of NAD(P)H oxidase in the process of glucoseinduced insulin secretion the enzyme was inhibited by DPI and oligonucleotide anti p47phox, in the both cases the enzyme inhibition produced a decrease on insulin secretion. In order to investigated NAD(P)H oxidase mechanism of action in insulin secretion, we shown that the inhibition enzyme by DPI reduced the GLUT-2 and glucokinase gene expression. We can concluded hat NAD(P)H oxidase was modulated by glucose, palmitate and interleukin 1ß and that enzyme participed in process of glucoseinduced insulin secretion through modulation of GLUT-2 and glucokinase gene expression.

O T. cruzi, é o agente causador da doença de Chagas. O estado redox NAD+/NADH intracelular é fundamental na manutenção do metabolismo celular. A GAPDH apresenta a função de proteção do telômero em mamíferos contra degradação, isto por causa de ligar se ao telômero. Aqui, mostramos que a GAPDH recombinante de T. cruzi (rTcGAPDH) interage com o DNA telomérico. A rTcGAPDH liga ao DNA de simples fita. Mostramos que a GAPDH liga ao DNA telomérico in vivo em células epimastigotas, onde a [NADH] é maior que [NAD+], mas a adição de NAD+ exógeno bloqueia esta interação. Corroborando a hipótese de que o equilíbrio NAD+/NADH determina a interação GAPDH-telômero, vimos que o tripomastigota tem maior [NAD+] intracelular que a [NADH] e a GAPDH não é capaz de ligar se ao DNA telomérico. Além disso, o NADH exógeno resgata a interação GAPDH-telómero nesta fase. É importante o equilíbrio NAD+/NADH desta interação em tripanosomas, sugerindo que a proteção do telômero do parasita pode ser regulada pelo estado metabólico das células. / The T. cruzi, is the causative agent of Chagas disease. The redox state of NAD+/NADH intracellular is critical in the maintenance of cellular metabolism. The GAPDH has the protection function of the telomere in mammals against degradation, because it is connecting to the telomere. Here we show the recombinant GAPDH of T. cruzi (rTcGAPDH) interacts with telomeric DNA. The rTcGAPDH binds to single-stranded DNA. We show GAPDH to bind to telomeric DNA in vivo epimastigotes cells, where [NADH] is greater than [NAD+], but the addition of exogenous NAD+ blocks this interaction. Corroborating the hypothesis that the NAD+/NADH balance determines the GAPDH-telomere interaction, we saw that the trypomastigote has higher [NAD+] that intracellular [NADH] and GAPDH is not able to connect to telomeric DNA. In addition, the exogenous NADH recovers the GAPDH-telomere interaction at this stage. It is important the NAD+/NADH balance this interaction in trypanosomes, suggesting that the protection of the telomere of the parasite can be regulated by the metabolic state of the cells.

Porteur redox intervenant dans nombre de processus métaboliques, le NAD (nicotinamide adénine dinucléotide) est central pour les cellules vivantes. Outre son importance dans le métabolisme oxydoréductif, des données récentes suggèrent fortement d’autres rôles importants pour le NAD dans la signalisation cellulaire. Un système inductible d’enrichissement en NAD en surproduisant la quinolinate phosphoribosyltransférase (QPT) d’Escherichia coli chez Arabidopsis thaliana a permis de mettre en évidence l’implication du NAD dans les mécanismes spécifiques de défenses qui régissent les interactions plante-pathogène. Par ailleurs, une dérégulation de la synthèse de NAD sur l’étape enzymatique catalysée par la QPT endogène d’Arabidopsis thaliana souligne le rôle critique du NAD dans la balance C/N des plantes, en particulier en bouleversant l’assimilation de l’azote en conditions photorespiratoires. Ces travaux nous ouvrent à une nouvelle compréhension des mécanismes de signalisation impliquant le NAD dans les grandes fonctions métaboliques des plantes. / Plant development and functions are underpinned by redox reactions which depend on cofactors such as pyridine nucleotides as nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD). Beside its redox properties, NAD has recently been implicated in cellular signalling. An inducible system based on Escherichia coli quinolinate phosphoribosyltransferase (QPT) overproduction in transgenic Arabidopsis thaliana was set up as a convenient experimental technique to raise NAD content. This build-up highlights the involvement of NAD in plant-pathogen specific defense mechanisms. Furthermore, manipulating endogenous Arabidopsis thaliana QPT levels was used to deregulate NAD production. Such an approach points out the critical role of NAD in C/N interactions by shaking up nitrogen assimilation upon photorespiratory conditions. These results pave the way for a new understanding of signalling mechanisms involving NAD in plants major metabolic functions.

Le développement et le fonctionnement harmonieux des plantes dépendentde cofacteurscomme le nicotinamide adénine dinucléotide (NAD). Outre ses rôles dansle recyclage rédox,le NAD est aussi impliqué dans des processus de signalisationcellulaire, particulièrementsollicités en situation de stress. Cela fait du NAD l’un desdéterminants majeurs del’homéostasie énergétique des plantes et donc des rendements descultures. Par uneapproche de génétique inverse ciblant la L-aspartate oxydase (AO),première enzyme de lavoie de biosynthèse du NAD, nous avons obtenu des plantes aux teneursconstitutivementaugmentées et diminuées en nucléotides à pyridine. L’étude de cesplantes a permisd’établir que (1) le NAD stimule la croissance, le développement et laproductivité desplantes, (2) coordonne les métabolismes photosynthétique, respiratoireet azoté, et (3)intervient dans les mécanismes de résistance aux stress biotiques etabiotiques. Les travauxcités ci-dessus font l’objet d’une valorisation industrielle. / The harmonious development and functioning of plants depend on severalcofactors such asnicotinamide adenine dinucleotide. Besides its roles in redox recycling,the NAD is alsoinvolved in cellular signalling processes, which are central actors instress situations. TheNAD is thus one of the main determinants of plant energy homeostasis,and therefore of cropyield. Through a reverse genetics approach targeting the L-aspartateoxidase (AO) – the firstcommitted enzyme of NAD biosynthesis – plants with constitutive eitherincreased ordecreased levels of pyridine nucleotides have been obtained. A furtherstudy of these plantsenabled to show that the NAD (1) can improve the growth, development andproductivity ofplants, (2) coordinates photosynthetic, respiratory and nitrogenmetabolisms, and (3) actsupon biotic and abiotic stress resistance mechanisms. This research isbeing valuedindustrially.

Le nicotinamide est un des deux constituants de la vitamine B3. C’est aussi un agent pharmacologique qui a été testé dans le traitement du HIV chez l’homme, et comme traitement contre diverses pathologies. Il présente également des capacités cytoprotectrices dans plusieurs modèles de stress cellulaire et est considéré comme un agent pharmacologique prometteur dans le traitement des maladies de dégénérescence cérébrale d’origine vasculaire. Il module la réponse innée en inhibant notamment la synthèse de molécules pro-inflammatoires. Toutefois, son influence sur la réponse adaptative n’a pas encore été analysée. <p>Le nicotinamide intervient dans la biosynthèse du NAD comme précurseur dans la voie de « sauvetage ». Le rôle du NAD comme coenzyme dans de nombreuses réactions enzymatiques du métabolisme de la cellule est bien connu. De plus, le NAD peut être dégradé par différentes enzymes impliquées dans différentes modifications post-traductionnelles de protéines (PARPs, Sirtuines et MARTs). Le nicotinamide est un produit de la dégradation du NAD mais également un inhibiteur de ces enzymes et constitue donc un outil permettant d’étudier le rôle de ces enzymes dans la transduction de signaux intracellulaires. <p>Nous avons utilisé le nicotinamide comme un inhibiteur non toxique des différentes enzymes impliquées dans les réactions d’ADP-ribosylation et étudié son effet sur l’activation des lymphocytes B. Le nicotinamide inhibe la prolifération et la différentiation de ces cellules. Il ne module pas les étapes précoces du BCR mais inhibe l’activation des MAPKs et de la kinase Akt. L’inhibition des MAPKs Erk est corrélée avec une réduction de l’expression de la cycline D2 et du marqueur d’activation CD69. L’utilisation d’un inhibiteur des PARPs ne nous a pas permis de reproduire les effets du NAm sur la voie MAPK Erk et CD69. Par contre, le MIBG, un inhibiteur des MARTs inhibe bien la surexpression du CD69 ainsi que la phosphorylation des kinases Erk. Bien que le nicotinamide soit capable d’inhiber l’expression du CD69 in vivo, nos expériences ne nous ont pas permis de moduler la réponse immune adaptative in vivo. <p>Ceci suggère dès lors que l’utilisation de fortes doses de nicotinamide comme traitement pharmacologique de certaines affections chez l’homme ne devrait pas poser de problème au niveau de la réponse adaptative. De plus, notre mise en évidence des MARTs dans le contrôle de l’activation des lymphocytes B ouvre des perspectives encourageantes pour de nouveaux traitements modulant la réponse adaptative. Cette réponse étant particulièrement impliquée dans certaines maladies auto-immunes, il est potentiellement intéressant de trouver des inhibiteurs de ces enzymes plus puissants que le nicotinamide afin de moduler la réponse immune adaptative in vivo<p> / Doctorat en sciences, Spécialisation biologie moléculaire / info:eu-repo/semantics/nonPublished

TITLE: The Transfer of German speaking communities from the village Lučany nad Nisou AUTHOR: Bc. Tereza Buriánková DEPARTMENT: Institute of Czech history SUPERVISOR: PhDr. Jan Randák, Ph.D. ABSTRACT: This diploma thesis is dealing with the expulsion of German speaking citizens from Lučany nad Nisou municipality after the year 1945. It focuses not only on mapping the expulsion process, the various stages and legislation that allowed it, but also on possible conflict of nationalities and acts of individual or group violence. Last part provides an outlook on the issue of certain contemporary stereotypes and describes the co-existence of Czech and German communities with newcomers as well as with original inhabitants. The thesis research is based mainly on archive documents of central and local provenance, secondary literature and contemporary press. KEYWORDS: Transfer, displacement, expulsion, Czech German, Transfer of German, Germany, Lučany nad Nisou, German speaking communities, individual and collective violence

Diploma thesis Anti-Nazi resistance in Rychnov nad Kněžnou region from 1939 to 1945 focuses on anti-Nazi resistance during the Second World War, specifically in eastern Bohemia, in Rychnov nad Kněžnou region. The introductory part of thesis briefly summarize situation in the Protectorate of Bohemia and Moravia and anti-Nazi resistance in general, its main centers including leaders and related events. In the next chapters, the thesis watches situation in Rychnov nad Kněžnou region from 1939 to 1945. Records from chronicles will serve as a main source for these chapters. Next topic is dedicated to resistance groups which operated in this area. Especially their activities, persons and cooperation with other resistence groups. Here, among other things, the written memories of members of the resistance will be used as a source. Next, thesis studies situation after year 1945 - the one of the sources of activity of resistance groups there are written confirmations which were discovered after the end of the Second World War. Established target of the thesis is to introduce organization of anti-Nazi resistance in this area, Rychnov nad Kněžnou region, in the Protectorate Bohemia and Moravia. Demonstrate bravery od ordinary people who were active in the resistance groups even if they know that this decision...

This diploma thesis is built on prediploma project, whose aim was to create a strategy for converting of ground of textile factory Perla in Usti nad Orlici. During prediploma project functional content of the whole area was designed, for diploma thesis it was chosen part of this territory and it was processed in detail. Specifically, it was chosen the southwestern part of the area situated around a factory smokestack. Partly, there is a new use of existing buildings and partly there are designed new objects. Preserved buildings will be newly used as a museum, gallery, IQ center, formal hall, shops and offices. All new buildings in the selected area will be used for commercial purposes, namely for shops, offices, services and a cafeteria. Important city-forming elements are two squares: one smaller around the chimney, which is intimate, and the second square, which is larger, so there is enough room for holding various social events.