Master thesis titled "Kocian Violin Competition in Usti nad Orlici" outlines in brief the life of violinist Jaroslav Kocian. Usti nad Orlici native. It concerns the competition beginnings, ongoings of all recent yearly undertakings, international participants, winning participants, obligatory compositions, influence of external and internal factors on KVC participants. The analysis was based on personal survey, future trends and changes which occured in KVC. The purpose of the thesis was to summarize the ongoings and progress of KVC, in detail analyze and compare international and local participation, selection of compulsory composition and also to characterize KVC laureates in terms of age and gender. Also, the aim of the thesis was to analyze the purpose, quality, origin and overal competiton character in relation with Jaroslav Kocian personality within Usti nad Orlici culturel environment. Master thesis informs about artistic paths of Czech KVC winners who with their art of playing violin achieved worldwide success. This success was also a proof of very high level of this violin competition.

A doença de Chagas, causada pelo parasita Trypanosoma cruzi, acomete entre 6 a 8 milhões de pessoas em todo o mundo. Conhecida como tripanossomíase americana, por ter sido considerada endêmica apenas na América Latina, esta doença, se espalhou para outros continentes devido aos movimentos migratórios se tornando um problema de sáude mundial. Estima-se que 56.000 novos casos e cerca de 12.000 mortes por complicações relacionadas à doença de Chagas anualmente. A quimioterapia disponível para o tratamento é composta apenas por dois fármacos, nifurtimox e benznidazol, no entanto são pouco eficazes na fase crônica da doença. Estes fármacos apresentarem, ainda, efeitos adversos graves e resistência por parte de algumas cepas do parasita. Diante deste panorama, é iminente a necessidade da busca de novos fármacos contra T. cruzi. Para a busca racional de novos quimiterapicos antiparasitários é fundamental a identificação e caracterização de vias metabólicas essenciais à sobrevivência dos parasitas. Assim, a enzima sirtuína 2 - Silent Information Regulator 2 (Sir2), tem importante papel para a infecção por T. cruzi, pois está totalmente envolvida no seu ciclo celular do parasita. Esta é uma enzima NAD+ dependente da classe III histona desacetilases, e se mostra como um interessante alvo bioquímico para o desenvolvimento de antichagásicos. A disponibilidade do sequenciamento genômico da Sir2 nos permite utilizar estratégias de planejamento de fármaco baseado no receptor (SBDD - Structure Based Drug Design) na identificação de candidatos a fármacos para essa doença. Entre as técnicas modernas de SBDD utilizadas, a triagem virtual possibilita identificar e selecionar inibidores enzimáticos potentes e seletivos para o alvo escolhido. Assim, neste trabalho, foi construído por meio da técnica de modelagem comparativa o modelo da enzima Sir2 de T. cruzi. Uma simulação por dinâmica molecular de 200ns, foi realizada para averiguar a estabilidade do modelo obtido. Diante da estabilização do modelo a partir de 100ns, o mesmo foi validado utilizando análise de clusters, RMSD (Root-mean-square Deviation) e análises de frequência de ligações de hidrogênio com o Cofator (NAD+) e os aminoácidos do sítio de catálise foram observadas, estes passos de simulação e validação foram realizados no programa DESMOND. Com o modelo robusto, os campos de interações moleculares (MIFs) foram gerados no programa GRID (Molecular Discovery v2.1) com o intuito de elucidar as regiões favoráveis a interação com a enzima em relação a propriedades físico-químicas da Sir2. A partir dos MIFs favoráveis a Sir2 de T. cruzi foi possível a construção de dois modelos farmacofóricos, o qual se baseou nas interações do Cofator (NAD+) e o sítio de catálise (Nicotinamida). O mesmo foi apliacdo como filtro para Triagem Virtual no programa UNITY da plataforma SYBYL X 2.0, utilizando os bancos de dados ZINC15 e GSK. A triagem resultou na seleção de 8 compostos candidatos a inibidores. Destes foram adquiridos 6 compostos por serem considerados mais promissores devido a complementariedade molecular. Estes foram testados contra a enzima de T. cruzi Sri2. Após o ensaio foi possível avaliar a potência de 4 compostos, sendo o composto CDMS-01 (IC50 = 39,9uM) o mais promissor que será submetido à processos de otimização molecular. / Chagas disease, caused by the parasite Trypanosoma cruzi, affects between 6 and 8 million people worldwide. Also known as American trypanosomiasis, because it is considered endemic only in Latin America, but has spread to other continents due to migratory movements. It is estimated that 56,000 new cases and about 12,000 deaths from complications related to Chagas disease annually. The chemotherapy available for treatment consists of only two drugs, nifurtimox and benznidazole, however these are poorly effective in the chronic phase. These drugs also have serious adverse effects and resistance from strains of the parasite. Faced with this scenario, the need to search for new drugs against T. cruzi is imminent. For the drug planning for new antiparasitic chemotherapics, the identification and characterization of metabolic pathways essential to the survival of parasites is fundamental. Therewith, the sirtuin 2 - Silent Information Regulator 2 (Sir2) enzyme has an important role for T. cruzi infection, since Sir2 in the parasite is totally involved in its cell cycle. This is an NAD+-dependent enzyme of class III histone deacetylases, and it shows an interesting biochemical target for the development of antichagasic. The availability of Sir2 genomic sequencing allows us to use SBDD (Structure Based Drug Design) strategies in identifying drug candidates for this disease. Among the modern techniques of SBDD used, virtual screening makes it possible to identify and select potent and selective enzyme inhibitors for the chosen target. The model of the T. cruzi Sir2 enzyme was constructed using the comparative modeling technique. A molecular dynamics simulation of 200ns was performed to ascertain the stability of the obtained model. Considering the stabilization of the model from 100ns, it was validated using cluster analysis, Root-mean-square Deviation (RMSD) and hydrogen bond frequency analyzes with Cofator (NAD+) and the amino acids of the catalysis site were observed, these simulation and validation steps were performed in the DESMOND program. With the robust model, the molecular interaction fields (MIFs) were generated in the GRID program (Molecular Discovery v2.1) in order to elucidate the regions favorable to the interaction with the enzyme in relation to the physicalchemical properties of Sir2. From the MIFs favorable to Sir2 of T. cruzi it was possible to construct two pharmacophoric models, which was based on the interactions of Cofator (NAD+) and the catalysis site (Nicotinamide). It was also applied as a Virtual screening filter in the UNITY program of the SYBYL X 2.0 platform, using the ZINC15 and GSK databases. Screening resulted in the selection of 8 inhibitor candidate compounds. Six compounds were obtained from the screening, because they were considered more promising, and were tested against T. cruzi Sri2 enzyme. After the assay it was possible to evaluate the potency of 4 compounds, the most promising compound being CDMS-01 (IC50 = 39.9 µM) that will be submitted to molecular optimization processes.

A doença de Chagas, causada pelo parasita Trypanosoma cruzi, acomete entre 6 a 8 milhões de pessoas em todo o mundo. Conhecida como tripanossomíase americana, por ter sido considerada endêmica apenas na América Latina, esta doença, se espalhou para outros continentes devido aos movimentos migratórios se tornando um problema de sáude mundial. Estima-se que 56.000 novos casos e cerca de 12.000 mortes por complicações relacionadas à doença de Chagas anualmente. A quimioterapia disponível para o tratamento é composta apenas por dois fármacos, nifurtimox e benznidazol, no entanto são pouco eficazes na fase crônica da doença. Estes fármacos apresentarem, ainda, efeitos adversos graves e resistência por parte de algumas cepas do parasita. Diante deste panorama, é iminente a necessidade da busca de novos fármacos contra T. cruzi. Para a busca racional de novos quimiterapicos antiparasitários é fundamental a identificação e caracterização de vias metabólicas essenciais à sobrevivência dos parasitas. Assim, a enzima sirtuína 2 - Silent Information Regulator 2 (Sir2), tem importante papel para a infecção por T. cruzi, pois está totalmente envolvida no seu ciclo celular do parasita. Esta é uma enzima NAD+ dependente da classe III histona desacetilases, e se mostra como um interessante alvo bioquímico para o desenvolvimento de antichagásicos. A disponibilidade do sequenciamento genômico da Sir2 nos permite utilizar estratégias de planejamento de fármaco baseado no receptor (SBDD - Structure Based Drug Design) na identificação de candidatos a fármacos para essa doença. Entre as técnicas modernas de SBDD utilizadas, a triagem virtual possibilita identificar e selecionar inibidores enzimáticos potentes e seletivos para o alvo escolhido. Assim, neste trabalho, foi construído por meio da técnica de modelagem comparativa o modelo da enzima Sir2 de T. cruzi. Uma simulação por dinâmica molecular de 200ns, foi realizada para averiguar a estabilidade do modelo obtido. Diante da estabilização do modelo a partir de 100ns, o mesmo foi validado utilizando análise de clusters, RMSD (Root-mean-square Deviation) e análises de frequência de ligações de hidrogênio com o Cofator (NAD+) e os aminoácidos do sítio de catálise foram observadas, estes passos de simulação e validação foram realizados no programa DESMOND. Com o modelo robusto, os campos de interações moleculares (MIFs) foram gerados no programa GRID (Molecular Discovery v2.1) com o intuito de elucidar as regiões favoráveis a interação com a enzima em relação a propriedades físico-químicas da Sir2. A partir dos MIFs favoráveis a Sir2 de T. cruzi foi possível a construção de dois modelos farmacofóricos, o qual se baseou nas interações do Cofator (NAD+) e o sítio de catálise (Nicotinamida). O mesmo foi apliacdo como filtro para Triagem Virtual no programa UNITY da plataforma SYBYL X 2.0, utilizando os bancos de dados ZINC15 e GSK. A triagem resultou na seleção de 8 compostos candidatos a inibidores. Destes foram adquiridos 6 compostos por serem considerados mais promissores devido a complementariedade molecular. Estes foram testados contra a enzima de T. cruzi Sri2. Após o ensaio foi possível avaliar a potência de 4 compostos, sendo o composto CDMS-01 (IC50 = 39,9uM) o mais promissor que será submetido à processos de otimização molecular. / Chagas disease, caused by the parasite Trypanosoma cruzi, affects between 6 and 8 million people worldwide. Also known as American trypanosomiasis, because it is considered endemic only in Latin America, but has spread to other continents due to migratory movements. It is estimated that 56,000 new cases and about 12,000 deaths from complications related to Chagas disease annually. The chemotherapy available for treatment consists of only two drugs, nifurtimox and benznidazole, however these are poorly effective in the chronic phase. These drugs also have serious adverse effects and resistance from strains of the parasite. Faced with this scenario, the need to search for new drugs against T. cruzi is imminent. For the drug planning for new antiparasitic chemotherapics, the identification and characterization of metabolic pathways essential to the survival of parasites is fundamental. Therewith, the sirtuin 2 - Silent Information Regulator 2 (Sir2) enzyme has an important role for T. cruzi infection, since Sir2 in the parasite is totally involved in its cell cycle. This is an NAD+-dependent enzyme of class III histone deacetylases, and it shows an interesting biochemical target for the development of antichagasic. The availability of Sir2 genomic sequencing allows us to use SBDD (Structure Based Drug Design) strategies in identifying drug candidates for this disease. Among the modern techniques of SBDD used, virtual screening makes it possible to identify and select potent and selective enzyme inhibitors for the chosen target. The model of the T. cruzi Sir2 enzyme was constructed using the comparative modeling technique. A molecular dynamics simulation of 200ns was performed to ascertain the stability of the obtained model. Considering the stabilization of the model from 100ns, it was validated using cluster analysis, Root-mean-square Deviation (RMSD) and hydrogen bond frequency analyzes with Cofator (NAD+) and the amino acids of the catalysis site were observed, these simulation and validation steps were performed in the DESMOND program. With the robust model, the molecular interaction fields (MIFs) were generated in the GRID program (Molecular Discovery v2.1) in order to elucidate the regions favorable to the interaction with the enzyme in relation to the physicalchemical properties of Sir2. From the MIFs favorable to Sir2 of T. cruzi it was possible to construct two pharmacophoric models, which was based on the interactions of Cofator (NAD+) and the catalysis site (Nicotinamide). It was also applied as a Virtual screening filter in the UNITY program of the SYBYL X 2.0 platform, using the ZINC15 and GSK databases. Screening resulted in the selection of 8 inhibitor candidate compounds. Six compounds were obtained from the screening, because they were considered more promising, and were tested against T. cruzi Sri2 enzyme. After the assay it was possible to evaluate the potency of 4 compounds, the most promising compound being CDMS-01 (IC50 = 39.9 µM) that will be submitted to molecular optimization processes.

Vários fatores são responsáveis pelo desenvolvimento de doenças cardiovasculares, dentre eles o alto consumo de colesterol. Segundo a AHA, o consumo recomendado de colesterol é de 300mg/dia. No entanto esses valores nem sempre são respeitados. Na maioria das vezes a consequência do alto consumo de colesterol é o desenvolvimento da dislipidemia, a qual favorece o desenvolvimento da disfunção endotelial. É descrito que o alto consumo de colesterol pode levar ao risco do desenvolvimento de doenças cardiovasculares antes mesmo do desenvolvimento da dislipidemia, uma vez que, em alguns casos o consumo recomendado de colesterol na dieta diária é ultrapassado, e mesmo em estágios crônicos desse consumo não se observa o seu desenvolvimento. Dessa forma o consumo crônico de altas concentrações de colesterol poderia favorecer alterações no sistema vascular, antes mesmo da instalação do processo dislipidêmico. O objetivo desse trabalho foi estudar os efeitos da ingestão de altas concentrações de colesterol por camundongos sobre as repostas de angiotensina II (Ang II) em aorta torácica, bem como avaliar a participação da NAD(P)H oxidase nesse processo. Os animais foram divididos em grupo tratados com ração colesterol 1% (RC) ou ração colesterol padrão (RP), durante 1 mês ou 3 meses. O tratamento com RC não alterou o peso dos animais nem foram observadas alterações morfológicas em aorta torácica, sugerindo que a alteração na funcionalidade deste tecido não foi decorrente de modificações estruturais. O tratamento com RC acarretou no aumento dos níveis basais de O-2 produzido em parte pela NOX-1 e NOX-4, além do aumento da expressão proteica de NOX-1 em aorta torácica de animais tratados 3 meses. No estudo funcional foi observado um aumento do Emax da Ang II em animais tratados durante 1 mês e 3 meses, uma reposta independente de endotélio. Esse aumento foi restaurado na presença de Tiron, mostrando a contribuição de O-2 no aumento do Emax de Ang II em aorta torácica. Na presença de inibidores de NOX-1 e NOX-4 também foi observada à restauração do Emax observada na ausência dos mesmos, mostrando a participação das subunidades na produção de O-2. Os animais tratados com RC não apresentaram alterações no perfil lipídico, esse fato deve-se principalmente pela falta do ácido cólico na dieta. O Emax da Ang II foi aumentado em aorta torácica de camundongos tratados com RC em decorrência de aumento nos níveis basais de O-2 produzido pela NOX-1 e NOX-4. Os níveis basais de O-2 aumentados possivelmente devem esta reagindo com o NO diminuindo sua disponibilidade, aumentando assim os efeitos contrateis da Ang II em aorta torácica. Algumas hipóteses são levantadas para explicar o aumento basal de O-2 em aorta torácica. 1º Aumento na concentração de colesterol nos bolsões lipídicos presente nas caveolas. 2º Formação de oxisterois, 3º formação de micropartículas. Os resultados obtidos e as hipóteses levantadas nesse trabalho, como, aumento na produção de oxisterois e micropartículas podem servir como possíveis alvos de estudos para o desenvolvimento de novos marcadores, e no diagnostico precoce de alterações vasculares decorrentes do consumo excessivo de colesterol iniciada em indivíduos jovens. / Several factors are responsible for the development of cardiovascular disease, including high cholesterol intake. According to AMH, the recommended intake of cholesterol is 300 mg/ daily, however these values are not always respected. Most often the consequence of high cholesterol consumption is the development of dyslipidemia, which favors the development of endothelial dysfunction. It is described that a high intake of cholesterol can lead to the risk of developing cardiovascular disease even before the development of dyslipidemia, since in some cases the recommended daily intake of cholesterol in the diet is exceeded, and even chronic stages of consumption not observing the development. Thus, chronic exposure to high concentrations of cholesterol could promote changes in the vascular system, even before the installation process dyslipidemic. The aim of this work was to study the effects of ingestion of high concentrations of cholesterol in mice on the responses to angiotensin II (Ang II) in the thoracic aorta, as well as evaluate the involvement of NAD(P)H oxidase in this process. The animals were divided into groups treated with 1% cholesterol diet (CD) or standard chow (SC) for 1 month or 3 months. Treatment with SC did not change the weight of the animals was not observed morphological changes in the thoracic aorta, suggesting that the change in the functionality of this tissue was not due to structural changes. Treatment with SC resulted in increased basal levels of O-2, produced in part by NOX- 1 and NOX- 4, in addition to increased protein expression of NOX- 1 in the thoracic aorta of animals treated three months . In the functional study, we observed an increase in the Emax of Ang II in animals treated for 1 month and 3 months, an independent response of endothelium. This increase was restored in the presence of Tiron, showing the contribution of O-2 in increasing the Emax of Ang II in the thoracic aorta. In the presence of inhibitors of NOX-1 and NOX-4 was also observed Emax restoration observed in the absence thereof, showing the involvement of subunits for the production of O-2. The animals treated with CD showed no changes in lipid profile, this is due largely to the lack of cholic acid in the diet. The Emax of Ang II was increased in the thoracic aorta of mice treated with CD as a result of an increase in basal levels of O-2, produced by NOX- 1 and NOX- 4. The basal levels of O-2 increased this should possibly reacting with NO decreasing its availability, thereby increasing the contractile effects of Ang II in thoracic aorta. Some hypotheses were proposed to explain the increased basal O-2 in the thoracic aorta. 1º Increase in the concentration of cholesterol in lipid pockets present in caveolae. 2º Formation of oxysterols; 3º microparticle formation . The results obtained and the hypotheses in this work, as an increase in the production of oxysterols and microparticles can serve as potential targets for the development of studies of new markers, and early diagnosis of vascular alterations caused by excessive consumption of cholesterol began in young individuals.

Suaugusio organizmo miogeninės kamieninės ląstelės yra potencialus šaltinis širdies raumens audinio regeneravimui po išemijų. Dėka šių kamieninių ląstelių daugelis raumeninių organizmo audinių turi galimybę regeneruoti. Tam, kad šias ląsteles būtų galima naudoti gydymo tikslais, reikia patvirtinti ląstelių diferenciaciją į raumenines ląsteles. Tam naudojami brangūs, daug laiko atimantys imunofluorescenciniai metodai, kurie yra invaziniai ir ardantys ląsteles, tačiau tikslingiausia būtų naudoti neinvazinius ir ląstelių neardančius metodus. Yra žinoma, kad diferenciacijos metu kinta daugelis ląstelės struktūrų. Šio darbo tikslas buvo įvertinti triušio miogeninių Fr3 linijos kamieninių ląstelių morfologinius ir biocheminius pokyčius, atsirandančius diferenciacijos metu. Todėl šiame darbe buvo tiriamas Fr3 kamieninių ir tos pačios linijos diferencijuotų ląstelių mitochondrijų išsidėstymas ląstelėse, įvertinti branduolių ir bendro baltymų kiekio, mikroskopinio vaizdo dydžio, formos bei morfologiniai pokyčiai, išmatuota NAD(P)H būdingoji ir nuo NADH priklausoma fluorescencija diferenciacijos eigoje. Atlikus tyrimus nustatėme, kad kamieninių ląstelių mitochondrijos yra linkusios išsidėstyti šalia branduolio, o diferencijuotose - tolygiai pasiskirstyti citoplazmoje. Taip pat pastebėjome, kad nediferencijuotose ląstelių kultūrose yra 6 % ląstelių, turinčių daugiau nei vieną brandulį, o po diferenciacijos tokių ląstelių aptinkama jau 25%. Ląstelių dydis po 7 dienų diferenciacijos... [toliau žr. visą tekstą] / Myogenic stem cells of adult organism are the potential source of cells for tissues repairing. One of the applications is the cell transplantation for the repair of the injured myocardium after ischemia. The use of stem cells in the medicine has a high potential but first it must be proved that isolated stem cells differentiate in to the muscle cells. To prove the differentiation, invasive, cell-destroying, time-consuming and expensive imunofluorescence methods are used. The best method would be noninvasive and nondestroying to the cells. The fact, that cells are changing morphologically and biochemically during differentiation, can be used to establish easier and cheaper methods to assess the differentiation level. The aim of this study was to evaluate the morphologic and biochemical changes in miogenic Fr3 stem cells during differentiation. In the present study, myogenic stem cells derived from rabbit femur muscle Fr3 were analyzed. We have studied the changes in mitochondrial distribution, number of multinuclear cells, cell size, shape, protein amount during differentiation. We have also evaluated NAD(P)H and NADH fluorescence in undifferentiated and differentiated stem cells. We have found that mitochondria in undifferentiated stem cells have perinuclear localization, and mitochondria of differentiated stem cells are even scattered in the cytoplasm. The number of multinuclear cells in undifferentiated stem cells culture was 6 %, and in differentiated cells culture was 25... [to full text]

Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD) is a key regulator of several metabolic and signaling pathways that are relevant in cancer cell survival. Cancer cells have an increased energy demand associated with an increased NAD turnover. Nicotinamide phosphoribosyltransferase (NAMPT), a key enzyme of the NAD salvage pathway, plays a crucial role in maintaining the intracellular NAD levels and in regulating the activity of NAD-dependent enzymes, such as sirtuins (SIRTs). The inhibition of NAMPT activity and the use of phytochemicals, such as resveratrol, represent novel therapeutic approaches in cancer therapy. Based on these facts, this thesis aimed to investigate (1) the chemotherapeutic potential and molecular mechanisms of FK866, a specific NAMPT inhibitor, and resveratrol on hepatocarcinoma cells and to find out whether there are differences compared to primary human hepatocytes; (2) to address the impact of NAMPT inhibition on the energy metabolism in cancer cells; and (3) to investigate the roles of NAMPT and SIRT1 in resveratrol´s mode of action and chemotherapeutic effects. This work demonstrates that FK866 and resveratrol possess potent chemotherapeutic effects in hepatocarcinoma cells which were absent in human hepatocytes. Hepatocarcinoma cells display a dysregulation in the AMP-activated kinase (AMPK)/mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) signaling as well as in the NAMPT-mediated NAD salvage pathway compared to human hepatocytes. FK866-induced NAMPT inhibition induces ATP depletion associated with AMPK activation and mTOR inhibition whereas resveratrol induces caspase3-mediated apoptosis that is not dependent on NAMPT and SIRT1 function. NAMPT and SIRT1 are differentially regulated by resveratrol in hepatocarcinoma cells and human hepatocytes. This work also reveals that resveratrol activates p53-induced cell cycle arrest in hepatocarcinoma cells which is partly mediated by SIRT1 inhibition. In summary, this thesis provides new insight into the role of the NAMPT-mediated NAD salvage pathway in energy metabolism and characterized FK866 and resveratrol as promising potential chemotherapeutic agents for treatment of hepatocellular carcinoma.

La calmoduline (CaM) est une protéine modulatrice de la réponse cellulaire chez les eucaryotes composée de quatre domaines de liaison au calcium et d'une hélice centrale flexible. Elle peut interagir avec d'autres protéines en présence de calcium, entraînant l'activation et l'inhibition d'enzymes, l'ouverture de canaux membranaires et modulant le trafic intracellulaire. L'identification de protéines parternaires de la CaM requière la mise au point de techniques permettant de mesurer les paramètres de la liaison pour un grand nombre de protéines dans des conditions variables mimant l'environnement cellulaire (par exemple en présence de ligands ou d'autres protéines). Le premier objectif de cette thèse a été de développer une technique de mesure des interactions CaM-parternaire reposant sur des mesures d'anisotropie de fluorescence. Les tests ont été ensuite utilisés pour caractériser de manière quantitative l'interaction préalablement mise en évidence de deux protéines chloroplastiques (NADK2 et Tic32) avec la CaM. Afin d'identifier d'autres cibles chloroplastiques de la CaM nous avons alors effectué une analyse à haut-débit en couplant une purification par affinité à des analyses protéomiques. La validation des interactions a été réalisée grâce à l'utilisation de méthodes biochimiques complémentaires. Nous avons ensuite focalisé notre attention sur la protéine ceQORH dont la très forte affinité pour la CaM a pu être confirmée. Nos résultats fournissent par ailleurs de nouveaux éléments pour la compréhension de ces interactions. Afin de vérifier la présence de CaM ou de CaM-like (CML) dans le chloroplaste nous avons utilisé une approche biochimique et protéomique. Nous avons d'autre part étudié la localisation de CMLs potentiellement chloroplastiques fusionnées à la GFP dans des protoplastes d'Arabidopsis. A ce jour ces deux approches ne nous ont pas permis d'identifier ce type de protéines dans le chloroplaste. / Calmodulin (CaM) is an important modulator of cell responses of eukaryotes. This protein is composed of four calcium (Ca2+)-binding sites and a flexible central helix. CaM can interact with other proteins in a Ca2+-dependent way. This leads to a wide variety of effects, such as activation/inhibition of enzymes, opening of membrane channels and regulation of protein trafficking. The identification of high-affinity CaM targets requires techniques allowing the study of the CaM-binding parameters of a large number of protein, and in several conditions mimicking the cell environment (e.g. presence of ligands or other proteins). The first objective of this PhD was to develop flexible and quantitative assays of CaM-partners interactions based on measurements of fluorescence anisotropy. these tests were used to perform a quantitative characterization of the interaction between CaM and two previously identified targets located in Arabidopsis chloroplast (NADK2 and Tic32). We then performed a high-throughput analysis (CaM-affinity chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry) in order to detect new potential plastidial CaM targets. We validated our approach with several biochemical techniques. We finally focused our attention on the ceQORH protein, whose high CaM affinity was confirmed by several tests. Our results confirm the Ca2+-dependent CaM affinity of NADK2, Tic32 and ceQORH and provide new elements for understanding the effects of these interactions. In addition, in order to verify the presence of CaMs or CaM-like proteins in the chloroplast, we used a biochemical and proteomic approach. We also studied the intracellular localization of some putative plastidial CMLs tagged with GFP in Arabidopsis protoplasts. For the moment, these approaches did not allow identifying such proteins in the chloroplast.

In my diploma thesis I have mainly focused on the transferred authority - it is that agenda which was delegated by the state. By this way I have extended my bachelor thesis where I especially wrote about the separate authority of the area and the elections for the local authority. I have pointed out the related problems, as the questions of finance and cooperation on particular levels of the civil service. In the beginning of my thesis I have engaged the theoretical part about the origins of the local and district administration, the development of the political administration and finally I have engaged some biograms about the famous representatives of the area. The next main part of my thesis is dedicated to the laws that were issued for the area in provincial and of the empire codes of law. Then I have completed the elections to the local school council and to the particular departments of the local authority. I have mainly derived from the methods of the school in Brno which is leaded by Lukáš Fasora, Jiří Malíř and Jiří Hanuš.

Vários fatores são responsáveis pelo desenvolvimento de doenças cardiovasculares, dentre eles o alto consumo de colesterol. Segundo a AHA, o consumo recomendado de colesterol é de 300mg/dia. No entanto esses valores nem sempre são respeitados. Na maioria das vezes a consequência do alto consumo de colesterol é o desenvolvimento da dislipidemia, a qual favorece o desenvolvimento da disfunção endotelial. É descrito que o alto consumo de colesterol pode levar ao risco do desenvolvimento de doenças cardiovasculares antes mesmo do desenvolvimento da dislipidemia, uma vez que, em alguns casos o consumo recomendado de colesterol na dieta diária é ultrapassado, e mesmo em estágios crônicos desse consumo não se observa o seu desenvolvimento. Dessa forma o consumo crônico de altas concentrações de colesterol poderia favorecer alterações no sistema vascular, antes mesmo da instalação do processo dislipidêmico. O objetivo desse trabalho foi estudar os efeitos da ingestão de altas concentrações de colesterol por camundongos sobre as repostas de angiotensina II (Ang II) em aorta torácica, bem como avaliar a participação da NAD(P)H oxidase nesse processo. Os animais foram divididos em grupo tratados com ração colesterol 1% (RC) ou ração colesterol padrão (RP), durante 1 mês ou 3 meses. O tratamento com RC não alterou o peso dos animais nem foram observadas alterações morfológicas em aorta torácica, sugerindo que a alteração na funcionalidade deste tecido não foi decorrente de modificações estruturais. O tratamento com RC acarretou no aumento dos níveis basais de O-2 produzido em parte pela NOX-1 e NOX-4, além do aumento da expressão proteica de NOX-1 em aorta torácica de animais tratados 3 meses. No estudo funcional foi observado um aumento do Emax da Ang II em animais tratados durante 1 mês e 3 meses, uma reposta independente de endotélio. Esse aumento foi restaurado na presença de Tiron, mostrando a contribuição de O-2 no aumento do Emax de Ang II em aorta torácica. Na presença de inibidores de NOX-1 e NOX-4 também foi observada à restauração do Emax observada na ausência dos mesmos, mostrando a participação das subunidades na produção de O-2. Os animais tratados com RC não apresentaram alterações no perfil lipídico, esse fato deve-se principalmente pela falta do ácido cólico na dieta. O Emax da Ang II foi aumentado em aorta torácica de camundongos tratados com RC em decorrência de aumento nos níveis basais de O-2 produzido pela NOX-1 e NOX-4. Os níveis basais de O-2 aumentados possivelmente devem esta reagindo com o NO diminuindo sua disponibilidade, aumentando assim os efeitos contrateis da Ang II em aorta torácica. Algumas hipóteses são levantadas para explicar o aumento basal de O-2 em aorta torácica. 1º Aumento na concentração de colesterol nos bolsões lipídicos presente nas caveolas. 2º Formação de oxisterois, 3º formação de micropartículas. Os resultados obtidos e as hipóteses levantadas nesse trabalho, como, aumento na produção de oxisterois e micropartículas podem servir como possíveis alvos de estudos para o desenvolvimento de novos marcadores, e no diagnostico precoce de alterações vasculares decorrentes do consumo excessivo de colesterol iniciada em indivíduos jovens. / Several factors are responsible for the development of cardiovascular disease, including high cholesterol intake. According to AMH, the recommended intake of cholesterol is 300 mg/ daily, however these values are not always respected. Most often the consequence of high cholesterol consumption is the development of dyslipidemia, which favors the development of endothelial dysfunction. It is described that a high intake of cholesterol can lead to the risk of developing cardiovascular disease even before the development of dyslipidemia, since in some cases the recommended daily intake of cholesterol in the diet is exceeded, and even chronic stages of consumption not observing the development. Thus, chronic exposure to high concentrations of cholesterol could promote changes in the vascular system, even before the installation process dyslipidemic. The aim of this work was to study the effects of ingestion of high concentrations of cholesterol in mice on the responses to angiotensin II (Ang II) in the thoracic aorta, as well as evaluate the involvement of NAD(P)H oxidase in this process. The animals were divided into groups treated with 1% cholesterol diet (CD) or standard chow (SC) for 1 month or 3 months. Treatment with SC did not change the weight of the animals was not observed morphological changes in the thoracic aorta, suggesting that the change in the functionality of this tissue was not due to structural changes. Treatment with SC resulted in increased basal levels of O-2, produced in part by NOX- 1 and NOX- 4, in addition to increased protein expression of NOX- 1 in the thoracic aorta of animals treated three months . In the functional study, we observed an increase in the Emax of Ang II in animals treated for 1 month and 3 months, an independent response of endothelium. This increase was restored in the presence of Tiron, showing the contribution of O-2 in increasing the Emax of Ang II in the thoracic aorta. In the presence of inhibitors of NOX-1 and NOX-4 was also observed Emax restoration observed in the absence thereof, showing the involvement of subunits for the production of O-2. The animals treated with CD showed no changes in lipid profile, this is due largely to the lack of cholic acid in the diet. The Emax of Ang II was increased in the thoracic aorta of mice treated with CD as a result of an increase in basal levels of O-2, produced by NOX- 1 and NOX- 4. The basal levels of O-2 increased this should possibly reacting with NO decreasing its availability, thereby increasing the contractile effects of Ang II in thoracic aorta. Some hypotheses were proposed to explain the increased basal O-2 in the thoracic aorta. 1º Increase in the concentration of cholesterol in lipid pockets present in caveolae. 2º Formation of oxysterols; 3º microparticle formation . The results obtained and the hypotheses in this work, as an increase in the production of oxysterols and microparticles can serve as potential targets for the development of studies of new markers, and early diagnosis of vascular alterations caused by excessive consumption of cholesterol began in young individuals.

Dans le cadre des recherches menées au sein du laboratoire de Physiologie Animale le gène codant pour la nicotinamide phosphorybosyltransférase (NAmPT) à été identifié et cloné. Au cours de ce travail, nous avons étudié le rôle de cette enzyme du métabolisme du Nicotinamide Adénine Dinucléotide ainsi que celui des enzymes dépendantes du NAD (PARP et sirtuines) dans le contrôle de la réponse inflammatoire. / Doctorat en Sciences / info:eu-repo/semantics/nonPublished