Made available in DSpace on 2015-03-04T21:01:06Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 22 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / A liberdade humana de escolha, pressuposta pela ética, exige que haja contingência. Se aceitarmos um sistema filosófico sem contingência, estaremos defendendo um sistema necessitario. Como tal, nele não há espaço para o exercício da liberdade. Sem liberdade não há espaço para a ética, para o direito ou para a história. Não obstante a acusação de que Hegel defenda uma concepção de mundo necessitarista, seu sistema filosófico corretamente interpretado deixa espaço para a contingência e assim para a liberdade do homem. Hegel coloca na verdade, no segundo livro da Ciência da Lógica, contingência e necessidade como duas faces de uma mesma moeda. / Man’s freedom of choice, presupposed by ethics, requires contingency. If we accept a philosophic system without contingency, we will be defending a necessitarian system. And in it there is no place for the exercise of freedom. Without freedom there is no place for ethics, for rights, for history. Despite Hegel’s statement defending a necessitarian conception of the world, his philosophical system correctly interpreted leaves place for contingency and therefore for Man’s freedom. In fact, Hegel states in his second book Science of Logic that contingency and need are two sides of the same coin.

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Made available in DSpace on 2016-04-29T14:16:31Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Paula Nathalia Galindo da Costa.pdf: 379368 bytes, checksum: 786fc13391002a51fd5d33aadcd37c43 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2014-02-21 / Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico / This dissertation aims to analyze art as a means of professional intervention of Social Work. For this purpose it is necessary to understand its social function, based on the praxis concept and the relationship that art maintains with the conception of the generic human, because it is in this context that it constitutes a fundamental part of human life and act as a significant intercession in the job of the social worker. Building on the work of Adolfo Sanchez Vázquez e Agnes Heller to understand the concepts of praxis and generic human , we conducted an empirical study of qualitative nature, obtaining accounts of social workers who resorted to art as a resource for their professional practice. From this perspective we seek to clarify in what way art can or cannot corroborate as an intercession in the job of the social worker / A presente dissertação visa analisar a arte como mediação da intervenção profissional do Serviço Social. Para tanto, é necessário compreender sua função social partindo do conceito de práxis e a relação que a arte mantém com a concepção de humano-genérico, pois é neste contexto que ela constitui componente fundamental da vida humana e significativa mediação para o trabalho do assistente social. Tomando por base Adolfo Sanchez Vázquez e Agnes Heller para compreender os conceitos de práxis e de humano genérico , realizamos um estudo empírico de natureza qualitativa, obtendo relatos de assistentes sociais que se utilizaram da arte como recurso para suas práticas profissionais. Nessa perspectiva, procuramos verificar de que modo a arte pode ou não corroborar como uma mediação ao trabalho do assistente social

Made available in DSpace on 2016-04-25T20:20:49Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Wanderley Todai Junior.pdf: 814624 bytes, checksum: 01a958c6d4849c0164bd9fab10c5182d (MD5) Previous issue date: 2012-10-08 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / This dissertation aims think about the historic-ontologic content, contained in the relation between the realm of necessity and the realm of freedom, exposed by Karl Marx in book three of his work The Capital. Search examine their fundamental relations in the historical processes that creates social being, according as the being of freedom, as Marx says, have be sought in your own "root". Verifies that the work activity appears, in this historic processuality, as constitutive, but too formed in own jump that give origin to being social, containing insuperable determinations of development of freedom face to necessity. This way, comes up divers activities that are not work activities, but, keeping it how preponderant moments for who have to answer realm necessity , are activities that make feed the individual creativity and define the own purposes realm of freedom. Marx demonstrated that capitalist social relations are boosters the productive forces, expanding unprecedented the capacities and possibilities for to construction of a realm of universal freedom, but their antagonisms effectively tends to turn in realm of necessity. Only overcoming the capitalism for a upper economic formation can accomplish the possibilities of freedom created by him / Esta dissertação tem como objetivo a reflexão sobre o conteúdo histórico ontológico presente na relação entre o reino da necessidade e o reino da liberdade, exposta por Karl Marx no livro terceiro da obra O Capital. Trata-se de buscar suas relações fundamentais nos processos históricos constituintes do ser social, na medida em que o ser da liberdade, conforme adverte Marx, deve ser buscado na própria raiz humana. Verifica-se que a atividade do trabalho aparece, nesta processualidade histórica, como constitutiva, mas, também, constituída no próprio salto que dá origem ao ser social, contendo em si determinações fundamentais inafastáveis do desenvolvimento da liberdade em face da necessidade. Neste caminho, aparecem atividades diversificadas que não são apenas atividades de trabalho, mas que, mantendo-o como momento predominante ao qual têm de responder reino da necessidade , são atividades capazes de nutrir a criatividade individual e definir os próprios fins reino de liberdade. Marx demonstrou que as relações sociais capitalistas impulsionaram as forças produtivas, ampliando, de modo inédito, as capacidades e possibilidades de construção dum reino de liberdade universal, mas seus antagonismos tendem efetivamente a transformá-las em reino de necessidade . Apenas a superação do capitalismo para uma formação econômica superior pode realizar as inéditas possibilidades de liberdade por ele criadas

Made available in DSpace on 2016-04-26T14:53:47Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Wanderley Todai Junior.pdf: 814624 bytes, checksum: 01a958c6d4849c0164bd9fab10c5182d (MD5) Previous issue date: 2012-10-08 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / This dissertation aims think about the historic-ontologic content, contained in the relation between the realm of necessity and the realm of freedom, exposed by Karl Marx in book three of his work The Capital. Search examine their fundamental relations in the historical processes that creates social being, according as the being of freedom, as Marx says, have be sought in your own "root". Verifies that the work activity appears, in this historic processuality, as constitutive, but too formed in own jump that give origin to being social, containing insuperable determinations of development of freedom face to necessity. This way, comes up divers activities that are not work activities, but, keeping it how preponderant moments for who have to answer realm necessity , are activities that make feed the individual creativity and define the own purposes realm of freedom. Marx demonstrated that capitalist social relations are boosters the productive forces, expanding unprecedented the capacities and possibilities for to construction of a realm of universal freedom, but their antagonisms effectively tends to turn in realm of necessity. Only overcoming the capitalism for a upper economic formation can accomplish the possibilities of freedom created by him / Esta dissertação tem como objetivo a reflexão sobre o conteúdo histórico ontológico presente na relação entre o reino da necessidade e o reino da liberdade, exposta por Karl Marx no livro terceiro da obra O Capital. Trata-se de buscar suas relações fundamentais nos processos históricos constituintes do ser social, na medida em que o ser da liberdade, conforme adverte Marx, deve ser buscado na própria raiz humana. Verifica-se que a atividade do trabalho aparece, nesta processualidade histórica, como constitutiva, mas, também, constituída no próprio salto que dá origem ao ser social, contendo em si determinações fundamentais inafastáveis do desenvolvimento da liberdade em face da necessidade. Neste caminho, aparecem atividades diversificadas que não são apenas atividades de trabalho, mas que, mantendo-o como momento predominante ao qual têm de responder reino da necessidade , são atividades capazes de nutrir a criatividade individual e definir os próprios fins reino de liberdade. Marx demonstrou que as relações sociais capitalistas impulsionaram as forças produtivas, ampliando, de modo inédito, as capacidades e possibilidades de construção dum reino de liberdade universal, mas seus antagonismos tendem efetivamente a transformá-las em reino de necessidade . Apenas a superação do capitalismo para uma formação econômica superior pode realizar as inéditas possibilidades de liberdade por ele criadas

The purpose with this paper is to analyze the temporal scope of the doctrine of Unwilling or Unable and focus on when the right to use force in self-defense ends. According to the doctrine a State has a right to use force in self-defense towards a non-state actor on another States territory, if the harboring state is Unwilling or Unable to suppress the non-state actor. This paper will first analyze which factors governs the right to use force in self-defense according to the Unwilling or Unable doctrine and secondly the findings will be applied to the situation in Syria, where the United States are using force in collective self-defense on Iraq’s request, towards ISIL. The conflict will be analyzed in three different time periods, 2014, 2016 and 2018 to identify for how long the United States has a right to use force in self-defense in Syria. The conclusion in this paper is that in 2014 and 2016 the United States has a right to use force in self-defense towards ISIL on Syria’s territory according to the doctrine, but in 2018 the circumstances has changed and the United States’ right to use force in self-defense in Syria has ended.

This thesis traces the changing conceptions and uses of myth in the poetry and prose of Percy Shelley. Its main argument is framed from a critical-theoretical perspective inspired by Dialectic of Enlightenment by Theodor Adorno and Max Horkheimer. From this methodological standpoint, the study of myth can be related to other aspects of Shelley’s work, like his understanding of history and the problem of necessity and agency. The body of the dissertation is divided into three main parts, each of which is constituted by a series of shorter chapters. The first part deals with the mutually constituting negation of myth by enlightenment, where simultaneously several different but related conceptions of myth are produced and the preliminary principles of enlightenment advanced. Shelley’s earlier conceptions and uses of myth are identified (personification, euhemerism, and allegory), and compared to those of his probable sources as well as of useful analogues, among whom David Hume, William Godwin, the Baron d’Holbach, and John Frank Newton are given special attention. These conceptions of myth are also situated in their intellectual contexts in the fields of eighteenth- and early-nineteenth-century mythography and theological debate. At the same time, the philosophical underpinnings of Shelley’s earlier writings (naturalism, scientism, and necessitarianism) are brought to light, and interpreted as having been strategically advanced in his critique of myth and religion. The main subject of the second part is the partial reification of enlightenment as a narrative of natural history. The interaction of theological debate and natural history of religion is explored in the light of literary form and pragmatic situation. Shelley’s political and social writings are described as a natural history of civil society based on political economy, and are situated within the historiographical tradition developed in the Scottish Enlightenment by authors like William Robertson, Adam Smith, Adam Ferguson, and John Millar. These narratives contained embedded within themselves an early concept of sociological necessity, and developed in opposition not only to sacred history but also to the classical narratives of individual political agency. I argue that this historiographical framework became problematic for Shelley in the wake of the Manchester massacre, since it was at odds with his pacifist values and utopian expectations. The final part treats of the reincorporation of some elements originally suppressed in the critique of myth. Shelley’s later mythical dramas are read as an alternative representation of history to that of natural history, where a new conception of collective political agency was developed. Simultaneously, a new concept of truth as praxis is identified as emerging in some of Shelley’s political writings, whereby the truth value of myth and poetry could be reassessed as that of a guide for political action. Finally, I argue that Shelley’s debate with Thomas Love Peacock concerning the social function of poetry catalysed the process by which the attributes of myth were transferred to poetry, and the latter was set against science and other expressions of the calculating faculty.

Problem- In the townships and rural areas of the Western Cape province of South Africa unemployment can be as high as 60%. For many, starting a business is the only viable option to survive. There are many organizations seeking to help entrepreneurs to successfully start and manage a business, but services are significantly lacking. We therefore wish to determine what business service providers in the Western Cape are doing today to help necessity entrepreneurs succeed, and what can be done better in the future to facilitate entrepreneurship in the region. Purpose- The purpose of our research is to identify measures necessary to facilitate successful entrepreneurial start-up activities in the Western Cape province of South Africa for necessity entrepreneurs. Method- To address our purpose we have used snowball sampling to conduct six in-depth interviews with necessity entrepreneurs and eight with Business Service Providers using semistructured interviews. In addition, we have utilized convenience sampling to interview 27 necessity entrepreneurs with whom we conducted brief interviews. Results- From our research it can be concluded that the most important measure necessary to facilitate entrepreneurship for necessity entrepreneurs in the Western Cape is to increase the entrepreneurial capacity of the people. People must be provided with the resources to develop the skills and mindsets necessary to succeed as an entrepreneur and see entrepreneurship as a way of making a career. Secondly, resources must be diverted so that those necessity entrepreneurs with a viable business plan and necessary capacities are provided financial assistance to establish their business. Thirdly, the provincial government must make significant improvements in the abilities of entrepreneurs to access markets. Currently entrepreneurs cannot efficiently access markets and are thereby withheld from valuable business opportunities. Fourthly, the services offered by business service providers must be made more effective and achieve a much greater standard of quality in order to help those most in need better. We are optimistic with regards to development of entrepreneurship in the Western Cape, but must emphasize the fact that there is a significant need for change with regards to services offered to necessity entrepreneurs.

The main objective of this study is to shed light on some difficulties involved in the formulation of the problem of contingency in Leibniz&rsquo / s philosophical system. Leibniz&rsquo / s mature philosophy is characterized by the solutions he proposes for this problem, and the ontological ideas underlying or assisting them. &lsquo / The problem of contingency&rsquo / refers to the tension between his conceptual containment theory of truth and his claim that true existential propositions &ndash / that is, propositions which concern actual individuals &ndash / are all contingent. Though Leibniz does not seem to have one definite theory of contingency, two general lines of thought can nevertheless be discerned from his fragments on propositions and propositional truth. The first one is the infinite analysis theory, which is regarded in general as Leibniz&rsquo / s real theory of contingency, and the other is a theory of necessity, providing a division between absolute and hypothetical modalities. This thesis is not a study on the question whether Leibniz did really manage to solve the problem, but rather an attempt to trace the problem to its logical and ontological origins, and redefine it under a relatively simple form. It is first shown that Leibniz&rsquo / s theory of propositions relies heavily on his ontological conception of modalities, which covers the idea of a division between pure possibility and actuality / and then this idea is shown to be reflected on the logical level as a division between essential and existential truths. Finally it is argued that the two lines of thought and some peculiar characteristics of Leibniz&rsquo / s conception of modalities bring us to the conclusion that his real problem is the (deliberate) inability of his propositional calculus to express the difference between truths of reason (essential truths) and truths of fact (existential truths) as a logical structural one.

<p>Problem- In the townships and rural areas of the Western Cape province of South Africa unemployment can be as high as 60%. For many, starting a business is the only viable option to survive. There are many organizations seeking to help entrepreneurs to successfully start and manage a business, but services are significantly lacking. We therefore wish to determine what business service providers in the Western Cape are doing today to help necessity entrepreneurs succeed, and what can be done better in the future to facilitate entrepreneurship in the region.</p><p>Purpose- The purpose of our research is to identify measures necessary to facilitate successful entrepreneurial start-up activities in the Western Cape province of South Africa for necessity entrepreneurs.</p><p>Method- To address our purpose we have used snowball sampling to conduct six in-depth interviews with necessity entrepreneurs and eight with Business Service Providers using semistructured interviews. In addition, we have utilized convenience sampling to interview 27 necessity entrepreneurs with whom we conducted brief interviews.</p><p>Results- From our research it can be concluded that the most important measure necessary to facilitate entrepreneurship for necessity entrepreneurs in the Western Cape is to increase the entrepreneurial capacity of the people. People must be provided with the resources to develop the skills and mindsets necessary to succeed as an entrepreneur and see entrepreneurship as a way of making a career. Secondly, resources must be diverted so that those necessity entrepreneurs with a viable business plan and necessary capacities are provided financial assistance to establish their business. Thirdly, the provincial government must make significant improvements in the abilities of entrepreneurs to access markets. Currently entrepreneurs cannot efficiently access markets and are thereby withheld from valuable business opportunities. Fourthly, the services offered by business service providers must be made more effective and achieve a much greater standard of quality in order to help those most in need better. We are optimistic with regards to development of entrepreneurship in the Western Cape, but must emphasize the fact that there is a significant need for change with regards to services offered to necessity entrepreneurs.</p>