The product of the snail1 gene (SNAIL1) is a transcriptional repressor required for triggering the epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT). SNAIL1 transcription is induced when epithelial cells are forced to acquire a mesenchymal phenotype. Furthermore, ectopic expression of snail1 in epithelial cells promotes resistance to apoptosis. In this study, we demonstrate that this resistance to ã radiation-induced apoptosis caused by Snail1 is associated with the transcriptional inhibition of PTEN phosphatase. The binding of Snail1 to PTEN promoter increases after ã radiation, correlating with the stabilization of snail1 protein that prevents the association of p53 to PTEN promoter. These results stress the critical role of Snail1 in the control of apoptosis and demonstrate the regulation of PTEN phosphatase by this transcriptional repressor.In this work we also demonstrate that snail1 protein modulates its own expression in tumor cells in a bimodal fashion. Snail1 binds to an E-box present in its promoter and represses its activity. However, in tumor cell lines with low levels of E-cadherin, snail1 stimulates its own promoter. This positive effect prevails on the inhibitory effect, does not require the E-box, and is independent on the SNAG box in snail1 protein. Transcriptional stimulation of SNAIL1 promoter by snail1 is dependent on the activation of NFêB and is negatively modulated by E-cadherin transfection. These results indicate that the expression of snail1 gene can be regulated by its product and by the levels of E-cadherin, and evidence the existence of a fine-tuning feed-back mechanism of regulation for snail1 transcription. / El producte del gen snail1 (SNAIL1) és un repressor transcripcional requerit per a la transició epiteli-mesénquima (TEM). La seva transcripció s'indueix quan les cèl·lules epitelials són forçades a adquirir un fenotip mesenquimal. A més, l'expressió ectòpica d'snail1 en cèl·lules epitelials promou resistència a apoptosi. En aquest estudi varem demostrar que la resistència a apoptosi, induïda per radiació gamma, en aquestes cèl·lules és causada per snail1 i està associada a la inhibició transcripcional de la fosfatasa PTEN. La unió de snail1 al promotor de PTEN augmenta després de la radiació gamma, es correlaciona amb l'estabilització de la proteïna snail1 i impedeix l'associació de p53 al promotor de PTEN. Aquests resultats expliquen el paper crític de snail1 en el control de la apoptosi i demostren la regulació de la fosfatasa PTEN per aquest repressor transcripcional. En aquest treball també varem demostrar que la proteïna snail1 modula la seva pròpia expressió en cèl·lules tumorals d'una manera bimodal. Snail1 s'uneix a una caixa E present en el seu promotor i reprimeix la seva activitat. No obstant això, en cèl·lules tumorals amb nivells baixos d'E-cadherina, snail1 estimula el seu propi promotor. Aquest efecte activador preval sobre l'efecte inhibitori, no requereix de la caixa E i és independent del domini SNAG en la proteïna snail1. L'estimulació transcripcional del promotor SNAIL1 per snail1 és depenent de l'activació de NFκB i és modulada negativament per la transfecció d'E-cadherina. Aquests resultats indiquen que l'expressió del gen snail1 es pot regular pel seu propi producte i pels nivells d'E-cadherina, i evidencien l'existència d'un fi mecanisme de control en la regulació transcripcional de snail1. / El producto del gen snail1 (SNAIL1) es un represor transcripcional requerido para la transición epitelio-mesénquima (TEM). Su transcripción se induce cuando las células epiteliales son forzadas a adquirir un fenotipo mesenquimal. Además, la expresión ectópica de snail1 en células epiteliales promueve resistencia a apoptosis. En este estudio demostramos que la resistencia a apoptosis, inducida por radiación gamma, en estas células es causada por snail1 y está asociada a la inhibición transcripcional de la fosfatasa PTEN. La unión de snail1 al promotor de PTEN aumenta después de la radiación gamma, se correlaciona con la estabilización de la proteína snail1 y previene la asociación de p53 al promotor de PTEN. Estos resultados explican el papel crítico de snail1 en el control de la apoptosis y demuestran la regulación de la fosfatasa PTEN por este represor transcripcional. En este trabajo también demostramos que la proteína snail1 modula su propia expresión en células tumorales de una manera bimodal. Snail1 se une a una caja E presente en su promotor y reprime su actividad. Sin embargo, en células tumorales con niveles bajos de E-cadherina, snail1 estimula su propio promotor. Este efecto activador prevalece sobre el efecto inhibitorio, no requiere de la caja E y es independiente del dominio SNAG en la proteína snail1. La estimulación transcripcional del promotor SNAIL1 por snail1 es dependiente de la activación de NFκB y es modulada negativamente por la transfección de E-cadherina. Estos resultados indican que la expresión del gen snail1 se puede regular por su propio producto y por los niveles de E-cadherina, y evidencian la existencia de un fino mecanismo de control en la regulación transcripcional de snail1.

Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / ExoU, uma citotoxina produzida pelo patógeno oportunista Pseudomonas aeruginosa e translocada para o citossol de células hospedeiras via sistema de secreção do tipo III, é associada à gravidade de infecções agudas. Estudos anteriores realizados em nosso laboratório relataram a potente atividade pró-inflamatória de ExoU, responsável por um intenso recrutamento de neutrófilos para o sítio de infecção. No presente trabalho, o efeito de ExoU na modulação da ativação do fator transcricional NF-κB e na regulação da expressão e da secreção da quimiocina para neutrófilos IL-8 foi avaliado em culturas de células epiteliais respiratórias e endoteliais humanas infectadas com a cepa PA103 de P. aeruginosa (produtora de ExoU) ou com a mutante deletada no gene exoU, PA103κexoU. Análises por RT-PCR semi-quantitativo mostraram que a infecção pela cepa produtora de ExoU levou ao aumento dos níveis de mRNA de IL-8, enquanto ensaios de alteração da mobilidade eletroforética (EMSA), supershift e com gene repórter mostraram que ExoU induziu a translocação nuclear do heterodímero transativador p65/p50 de NF-κB e a ativação da transcrição de genes dependente deste fator transcricional. Adicionalmente, o tratamento das culturas celulares com um inibidor de NF-κB antes da infecção bacteriana reduziu significativamente os níveis de mRNA de IL-8 e da secreção desta quimiocina. Em conjunto, estes resultados mostram que ExoU ativa NF-κB e, consequentemente, estimula a expressão e a secreção de IL-8 por células epiteliais respiratórias e células endoteliais infectadas com P. aeruginosa / ExoU, a cytotoxin produced by the opportunistic pathogen Pseudomonas aeruginosa that is translocated into host cell cytosol by the type three secretory system, has been associated with severity of acute infections. We have previously described the potent ExoU proinflammatory activity, which accounts for a market recruitment of neutrophils to infected tissues. In this present study, the effect of ExoU on the activation of the transcriptional factor NF-B and on the regulation of the expression and secretion of the chemokine IL-8 was investigated in human epithelial respiratory and endothelial cell cultures infected with the ExoU-producing PA103 P. aeruginosa or with the bacterial mutant with the deletion of the exoU gene PA103exoU. By semi-quantitative RT-PCR, ExoU was shown to significantly increase the expression of IL-8 mRNA. By electrophoretic mobility shift assay (EMSA), supershift and reporter assay ExoU was shown to induce the nuclear translocation of the NF-κB p65/p50 transactivator heterodimer as well as the NF-κB-dependent transcriptional activity. In addition, treatment both the IL-8 mRNA expression and the protein secretion. Together, our results show that ExoU activates NF-B and stimulates IL-8 expression and secretion by P. aeruginosa-infected human epithelial respiratory and endothelial cells

Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / ExoU, uma citotoxina produzida pelo patógeno oportunista Pseudomonas aeruginosa e translocada para o citossol de células hospedeiras via sistema de secreção do tipo III, é associada à gravidade de infecções agudas. Estudos anteriores realizados em nosso laboratório relataram a potente atividade pró-inflamatória de ExoU, responsável por um intenso recrutamento de neutrófilos para o sítio de infecção. No presente trabalho, o efeito de ExoU na modulação da ativação do fator transcricional NF-κB e na regulação da expressão e da secreção da quimiocina para neutrófilos IL-8 foi avaliado em culturas de células epiteliais respiratórias e endoteliais humanas infectadas com a cepa PA103 de P. aeruginosa (produtora de ExoU) ou com a mutante deletada no gene exoU, PA103κexoU. Análises por RT-PCR semi-quantitativo mostraram que a infecção pela cepa produtora de ExoU levou ao aumento dos níveis de mRNA de IL-8, enquanto ensaios de alteração da mobilidade eletroforética (EMSA), supershift e com gene repórter mostraram que ExoU induziu a translocação nuclear do heterodímero transativador p65/p50 de NF-κB e a ativação da transcrição de genes dependente deste fator transcricional. Adicionalmente, o tratamento das culturas celulares com um inibidor de NF-κB antes da infecção bacteriana reduziu significativamente os níveis de mRNA de IL-8 e da secreção desta quimiocina. Em conjunto, estes resultados mostram que ExoU ativa NF-κB e, consequentemente, estimula a expressão e a secreção de IL-8 por células epiteliais respiratórias e células endoteliais infectadas com P. aeruginosa / ExoU, a cytotoxin produced by the opportunistic pathogen Pseudomonas aeruginosa that is translocated into host cell cytosol by the type three secretory system, has been associated with severity of acute infections. We have previously described the potent ExoU proinflammatory activity, which accounts for a market recruitment of neutrophils to infected tissues. In this present study, the effect of ExoU on the activation of the transcriptional factor NF-B and on the regulation of the expression and secretion of the chemokine IL-8 was investigated in human epithelial respiratory and endothelial cell cultures infected with the ExoU-producing PA103 P. aeruginosa or with the bacterial mutant with the deletion of the exoU gene PA103exoU. By semi-quantitative RT-PCR, ExoU was shown to significantly increase the expression of IL-8 mRNA. By electrophoretic mobility shift assay (EMSA), supershift and reporter assay ExoU was shown to induce the nuclear translocation of the NF-κB p65/p50 transactivator heterodimer as well as the NF-κB-dependent transcriptional activity. In addition, treatment both the IL-8 mRNA expression and the protein secretion. Together, our results show that ExoU activates NF-B and stimulates IL-8 expression and secretion by P. aeruginosa-infected human epithelial respiratory and endothelial cells

A desnutrição é uma condição nutricional que ainda constitui um grande problema de saúde publica e acomete grande parte da população mundial. Atualmente, sabe-se que vários aspectos da resposta imunológica podem estar alterados na decorrência da desnutrição, dentre eles alterações funcionais como redução da migração celular, fagocitose, atividade bactericida, bem como alterações na produção de espécies reativas do oxigênio e nitrogênio, além de comprometimento da expressão de importantes receptores de reconhecimento de patógenos e alteração na produção de citocinas pró-inflamatórias, dentre elas o TNF-α. O TNF-α é uma citocina, produzida principalmente por macrófagos, que participa de uma ampla gama de atividades biológicas, incluindo os processos de inflamação, crescimento, diferenciação e apoptose, essa citocina exerce seus efeitos através da ligação a dois receptores distintos, TNFR-I e TNFR-II. A ativação via receptor TNFR-I, no entanto, é responsável pela maioria dos efeitos do TNF-α, e desencadeia uma série de eventos intracelulares que resultam, principalmente, na ativação do fator de transcrição NFκB. Considerando a relevância dessa via de sinalização mediada por TNF-α, avaliamos em um modelo de desnutrição protéica a via de sinalização de ativação do fator de transcrição NFκB mediada pelo TNF-α via TNFR-I. Sendo assim, utilizamos camundongos Balb/c, machos adultos, submetidos à desnutrição protéica, após perda de aproximadamente 20% do peso corpóreo, foram coletadas macrófagos peritoneais e cultivados ou não com TNF-α, o sobrenadante foi utilizado para avaliação da produção de citocinas (IL-1α, IL-1β, IL-6, IL-12, IL-10) e as células utilizadas para avaliação da expressão do TNFR-I, bem como a expressão de proteínas da via de sinalização (TRADD, TRAF, RIP, IKK, IKBα, p IKBα, NFκB e p NFκB). Os resultados obtidos mostraram que os animais desnutridos apresentaram anemia, leucopenia, diminuição da celularidade medular e da cavidade peritoneal. Os resultados demonstraram redução da expressão de TNFR-I, além de diminuição da expressão das porções fosforiladas de IKBα e NFκB, associado a uma diminuição na produção de IL-1β e IL-12. Nesse trabalho compreendemos aspectos relacionados a resposta imune inata e nosso dados permitem inferir que o estado nutricional interfere no estado de ativação de macrófagos e na capacidade de resposta dessas células. / Malnutrition is a nutritional condition that consists in a major public health issue and affects a considerable part of the global population. Currently, It is known that many aspects of the immunological response can be altered due to the malnutrition impairment, among them functional changes, for instance, cell migration reduction, phagocytosis, bactericidal response, as well as changes in the reactive oxygen and nitrogen species production, besides, substantially cell receptors expression impaired, responsible for the recognition of pathogens and changes in the production of proinflammatory cytokines, such as TNF-α. This cytokine is primarily produced by macrophages, and it is associated to a wide range of biological activities, including the inflammation processes, growing, differentiation, and apoptosis. The TNF-α act through the linkage to distinct receptors, TNFR-I and TNFR-II. The TNFR-I receptor activation, however, is responsible for most TNF-α effects, and triggers a series of intracellular events that mainly result in the activation of the NFκB transcription factor. Regarding the relevance of this signaling pathway mediated by the TNF-α, we evaluated through a protein malnutrition model the signaling pathway for the NFκB transcription factor mediated by the TNF-α through TNFR-I. Adult male Balb/c mice, were submitted to a protein malnutrition and after a loss of nearly 20% body weight, peritoneal macrophages were collected and cultivated, or not with TNF-α. The supernatant was collected for cytokine production evaluation (IL-1α, IL-1β, IL-6, IL-12, and IL-10) and the cell for TNFR-I expression evaluation, as well as the proteins of the signaling pathway (TRADD, TRAF, RIP, IKK, IKBα, p IKBα, NFκB, and p NFκB). The compiled results highlights that the malnourished animals present signs of anemia, leukopenia, and decrease of bone marrow cellularity and peritoneal cavity. The results presented reduction of the TNFR-I expression, in addition to the phosphorylated portions of the IKBα and the NFκB expression, associated to a decrease in the production of IL-1β and IL-12. In this essay we perceive the aspects related to the innate immune response, and the outcome data allowed us to conclude that the nutritional status interferes on the macrophages activation and the response capabilities of these cells.

Hormônios glicocorticóides (GCs), através do receptor de glicocorticóide (GR), bloqueiam o processo de inflamação, suprimem a ativação do sistema imune e atuam como agentes inibidores do crescimento, in vitro e in vivo. GR interage com outros fatores de transcrição, como AP-1 e NF-κB. Para estudar o mecanismo de ação de GCs, utilizamos o modelo celular ST1, variante da linhagem C6 de glioma de rato, que é hiper-sensível a GCs. O tratamento hormonal induz completa reversão fenotípica tumoral-normal, bem como inibição dos níveis basal e induzido por TNF-α da atividade de ligação a DNA do fator de transcrição NF-κB. O papel de NF-κB na reversão fenotípica de células ST1, induzida por GCs, foi analisado por: (1) bloqueio da expressão da subunidade RelA de NF-κB através de construções \"antisense\"; (2) inibição da atividade NF-κB com o anti-oxidante curcumina. Após transfecção estável, foram isolados 12 clones transfectados com o vetor pOPI3-RelA(as), expressando o mRNA de RelA na orientação reversa, e 9 clones transfectados com o vetor parental pOPI3CAT. A proliferação destes clones foi analisada através de curvas de crescimento e eficiência de plaqueamento em suspensão de agarose. Não foi possível correlacionar a expressão de RelA com a proliferação celular, pois tanto os clones ST1-RelA(as) como alguns clones ST1-pOPI3CAT apresentaram menor taxa de crescimento e eficiência de plaqueamento em agarose, quando comparados com a célula parental ST1. Curcumina foi capaz de inibir a proliferação e a atividade de ligação a DNA do fator de transcrição NF-κB, indicando que este fator é importante no controle da proliferação das células ST1. A atividade de AP-1 também é modulada negativamente por GC, sugerindo que a inibição da proliferação mediada por GC em células ST1 se dá através da inibição conjunta de NF-κB e AP-1. / Glucocorticoid hormones (GC) bind to their receptor (GR), which acts as a transcription factor in the nucleus, blocking the inflammation process, suppressing activation of the immune system and acting as a growth-repressor and as anti-tumor agent both in vivo and in vitro. GR interacts with other transcription factors, such as AP-1 and NF-κB. To study the mecanism of action of GC, we have been using the ST1 cell model, a variant of the C6 glioma cell line, which is hyper-responsive to GC. Hormonal treatment leads ST1 cells to a dramatic tumoral-normal phenotypic reversion. We previously showed that GCs are able to repress both the basal and the TNF-α-induced levels of NF-κB DNA binding activity in ST1 cells. The role of NF-κB in the tumoral-normal phenotypic reversion induced by GC in ST1 cells was analysed by: (1) blocking the RelA subunit of NF-κB by expression of an antisense construct; (2) inhibition of NF-κB activity by treatment with curcumin (antioxidant). Upon stable transfection, we isolated 12 clones transfected with pOPI3-RelA(as) vector, which express reverse RelA mRNA, and 9 clones transfected with the empty pOPI3CAT vector. Cell proliferation of isolated clones was evaluated by growth curves and soft-agar assays. It was not possible to correlate RelA expression with cell proliferation since both types of clones (transfected with the pOPI3-RelA vector or with the empty vector) displayed a lower growth rate in monolayer culture, and decreased capacity to form colonies in semi-solid substrate, when compared to the non-transfected parental ST1 cell line. Curcumin was able to inhibit ST1 cell proliferation, as well NF-κB DNA-binding, indicating the importance of NF-κB in ST1 cells\' growth control. AP-1 activity is also downregulated by GC, suggesting that GC-mediated inhibition of cell proliferation in ST1 cells is results from concomitant inhibition of NF-κB and AP-1.

Colorectal cancer is the 4th most widespread cause of cancer mortality. One of the pathways that are involved in the development of colorectal cancer is the arachidonic acid metabolizing lipoxygenase (LOX) pathway. Inflammatory molecules formed from this pathway exert profound effects that may exacerbate the development and progression of colon and other cancers. 15 lipoxygenase-1 (15-LOX-1) is a member of LOX protein family that metabolizes primarily linoleic acid to 13-(S)-HODE. Several lines of evidence support an antiangiogenic role for 15-LOX-1, especially through 13-(S)-HODE. The expression of 15-LOX-1 is lost in colon cancer cells. Our aim in this thesis was to study whether 15-LOX-1 expression has an anticarcinogenic role, particularly on the metastatic and angiogenic potential of colon cancer cells. For this purpose, 15-LOX-1 was introduced into HCT-116 colon cancer cell lines. Having confirmed 15-LOX-1 expression and activity it was observed that expression of 15-LOX-1 significantly decreased cell proliferation, cell motility, anchorage-independent growth, migration and invasion across Matrigel, the expression of the metastasis-related MTA-1 protein, neoangiogenesis and induced apoptosis. Mechanistically, most of these effects were arbitrated by the 15-LOX-1 mediated inhibition of the inflammatory transcription factor NF-&kappa / B via the orphan nuclear receptor PPAR&gamma / . In conclusion, we propose that 15-LOX-1 has anti-tumorigenic properties and can be exploited for therapeutic benefits.

Colorectal cancer is the 4th most widespread cause of cancer mortality. One of the pathways that are involved in the development of colorectal cancer is the arachidonic acid metabolizing lipoxygenase (LOX) pathway. Inflammatory molecules formed from this pathway exert profound effects that may exacerbate the development and progression of colon and other cancers. 15 lipoxygenase-1 (15-LOX-1) is a member of LOX protein family that metabolizes primarily linoleic acid to 13-(S)-HODE. Several lines of evidence support an antiangiogenic role for 15-LOX-1, especially through 13-(S)-HODE. The expression of 15-LOX-1 is lost in colon cancer cells. Our aim in this thesis was to study whether 15-LOX-1 expression has an anticarcinogenic role, particularly on the metastatic and angiogenic potential of colon cancer cells. For this purpose, 15-LOX-1 was introduced into HCT-116 colon cancer cell lines. Having confirmed 15-LOX-1 expression and activity it was observed that expression of 15-LOX-1 significantly decreased cell proliferation, cell motility, anchorage-independent growth, migration and invasion across Matrigel, the expression of the metastasis-related MTA-1 protein, neoangiogenesis and induced apoptosis. Mechanistically, most of these effects were arbitrated by the 15-LOX-1 mediated inhibition of the inflammatory transcription factor NF-&kappa / B via the orphan nuclear receptor PPAR&gamma / . In conclusion, we propose that 15-LOX-1 has anti-tumorigenic properties and can be exploited for therapeutic benefits.

Intestinal epithelial differentiation entails the formation of highly specialized cells with specific absorptive, secretory, digestive and immune functions. Cell-cell and cell-microenvironment interactions appear to be crucial in determining the outcome of the differentiation process. Using the Caco-2 cell line that can undergo spontaneous differentiation when grown past confluency, we observed a loss of VCAM1 (vascular cell adhesion molecule-1) expression while ICAM1 (intercellular cell adhesion molecule-1) expression was seen to be stable in the course of differentiation. Protein kinase C theta (PKC&theta / ) acted downstream of PKC to inactivate Inhibitor of kappa B (IB) and activate NF-&kappa / B in the undifferentiated cells and this axis was inhibited in the differentiated cells. The increase in ICAM1 expression in the differentiated cells was due to a transcriptional upregulation by C/EBP. The protein expressions of both ICAM-1 and VCAM-1, however, were found to decrease in the course of differentiation, with both proteins getting post-translationally degraded in the lysosome. Functionally, a decrease in adhesion to HUVEC cells was observed in the differentiated Caco-2 cells. Thus, the regulation of ICAM-1 and VCAM-1, although both NF-B target genes, appear to be different in the course of epithelial differentiation. microRNAs are known to regulate many cellular pathways. miR-146a, which is known to target NF-&kappa / B, was shown to be highly upregulated in differentiated Caco-2 cells. As a predicted target of miR-146a, mRNA and protein expression of MMP16 was inversely correlated with miR-146a during differentiation of Caco-2 cells. miR-146a could bind to the 3&rsquo / UTR of MMP16 and ectopic expression of miR-146a resulted in a decreased mRNA and protein expression of MMP16 in the undifferentiated Caco-2 and HT-29 cells. Functionally, decreased gelatinase activity determined by gelatin zymography and reduced invasion and migration through Transwells was observed. In the final part of the thesis, the inhibition of NF-&kappa / B via PPAR&gamma / in 15-Lipoxygenase-1 (15LOX1) expressing cells was investigated. The expression of 15LOX1, a member of the inflammatory arachidonate cascade, could lower phosphorylation of I&kappa / B&alpha / and NF-&kappa / B DNA binding activity which was reversed with a 15LOX1 inhibitor. This inhibition was mediated by phospho-PPAR&gamma / , which in turn was phosphorylated by ERK1/2.

No description available.

No description available.