A number of international humanitarian organizations focus on human development and aim to improve the situation of children. In many developing countries, states have not been able to fulfill the educational or basic needs of its children. To fill this void, international actors have stepped in to help with human development. This thesis focuses on answering the question: How are norms diffused to local communities? Looking at the implementation of human development norms, this paper examines the norms-based actions that NGOs take to maximize the development potential of children. Programs aimed at increasing basic education as well as fighting child labor are addressed. When exploring the norm socialization process NGOs use to promote programs in education and child labor, it is clear that a different process is present than is suggested by existing literature. This is due to the locale where norms are implemented: local communities.

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Gegenstand dieser Arbeit sind die (Selbst-)Darstellungen von Gründer_innen von Nichtregierungsorganisationen (NGOs) im Bereich Kinder- und Frauenrechte in Tamil Nadu, Südindien. Um diese (Selbst-)Darstellungen angemessen analysieren zu können, wird zuerst eine analytische Herangehensweise entworfen, die davon ausgeht, dass bestehende soziologische Konzepte, die in erster Linie in Auseinandersetzung mit einem spezifischen (west-europäischen) Kontext entstanden sind, nicht unhinterfragt auf andere Kontexte übertragen werden können. Das erschwert die Verwendung von Begrifflichkeiten wie „Zivilgesellschaft“, „Entwicklung“ oder auch der scheinbar klaren Dichotomie von Moderne und Tradition. Eisenstadt machte diese Problematik in der von ihm begonnenen Debatte um „Multiple Modernities“ deutlich. In der vorliegenden Arbeit wird an diese Diskussion mit handlungstheoretischen Argumenten angeknüpft, um auch Akteursperspektiven angemessen analysieren zu können. Nachdem der theoretische Rahmen und die methodische Grundlage der Arbeit erläutert wurden, wird Kontextwissen erarbeitet, um die Analyse der Interviews einzubetten. Es werden Diskurse um Kaste und den Status von Frauen sowie Aspekte der aktuellen politischen Situation Tamil Nadus betrachtet. Die (Selbst-)Darstellungen lassen sich dann anhand der im Titel angedeuteten Dreiteilung aufschlüsseln: Die Gründer_innen setzen sich zum ersten mit der eigenen Rolle auseinander. Sie beschreiben sich als „social worker“ und greifen in den Selbstbeschreibungen zum Teil auf populistische Elemente des politischen Umfeldes zurück. Zum zweiten beschreiben sie die eigene Position gegenüber ihren „Zielgruppen“. Dabei wird deutlich, dass die Beziehungen zwischen NGO und „community“ zwischen Partizipation und Paternalismus schwanken. Zum dritten formulieren sie Zielsetzungen in Abgrenzung zu anderen (lokalen) politischen Akteuren: Sie grenzen sich zum Beispiel von einem ihrem Verständnis nach „westlichen“ Begriff von Entwicklung ab und formulieren demgegenüber „eigene“ Ziele. Sie reflektieren über lokale Kooperationen, z.B. mit politischen Persönlichkeiten, Kastenassoziationen, aber auch über Abgrenzungen oder Zusammenstöße, die sich dabei ergeben. Insgesamt wird deutlich, dass die (Selbst-)Darstellungen der Gründer_innen sich spannungsgeladen und ambivalent auf unterschiedliche Diskurse, Ideen und soziale Praktiken beziehen. Sie lassen sich insbesondere nicht in eine Perspektive von „Entwicklung“ einordnen, welche auf der Dichotomie von Moderne und Tradition aufbaut. / The subject of this thesis are the (self-)descriptions of founders of children's and women's rights NGOs in Tamil Nadu, South India. To allow an appropriate analysis of these (self-)descriptions, an analytical framework is constructed which is based upon the assumption that sociological concepts which are products of involvement with western-European contexts cannot be transferred to different contexts unquestioned. This complicates the use of existing concepts, as "development", "civil society" or the seemingly simple and evident dichotomy of modernity and tradition. Shmuel N. Eisenstadt started the discussion about the difficulties connected to this dichotomy through the debate about "multiple modernities". The thesis takes its point of departure from this debate and develops action-theoretical arguments to draw a framework for the analysis of the perspectives of actors in the field of NGOs in Tamil Nadu. A discussion of the analytical and methodological framework of this study is followed by a description of selected contextual aspects of the interviewee’s lives. Particularly interesting in the study of Tamil Nadu are discourses about the status of women, the relevance of caste, and facets of the (current) political situation. The analysis of the (self-)descriptions is structured by the tripartion visible in the title of the thesis: Firstly, the founders have to deal with their own position. They describe themselves as "social workers" and are to some extent drawing on elements of the (current) populist political environment in Tamil Nadu to define this role. Secondly, they describe their position towards their "target groups". It becomes clear that the relationship between founders and "communities" fluctuates between participation and paternalism. Thirdly, they formulate their goals in relationship to other (local) political actors: They dissociate themselves from "western" views of development and frame their "own projects" in opposition. They reflect on the possibilities as well as the restrictions of local cooperation, for example with political figures, caste associations, and so on. It becomes clear that the (self-)descriptions of the founders suspensefully and ambivalently draw from different social practices, discourses, and ideas. They especially cannot be classified from the perspective of a (linear) "development" based upon the dichotomy of tradition and modernity.

The study examines the role of social media in non-profit organizations using the case study from the United Nations Development Programme (UNDP) in Thailand Country office. As Social media become a significant channel to raise the visibility and promote the work of the organization. The focus of this research examines what drives organizations adopting social media through a model built round four key factors, 1.) The importance of social media, 2.) The impact to image of the organization, 3.) Communication strategies and, 4.) Characteristics of content on social media channels. The research aims to analyze mediums that affect the behavioral transformation of the four factors by integrated with the existing theoretical perspectives. The research was conducted in the UNDP country office social media channels mainly on Facebook from December 2013 to February 2014, using content analysis and interviewing as main methods. With the adoption of social media, the main conclusion of the study: gradually impact of social media in the enhancement of NGOs images, the changes in the construction of the content, the popularity of the themes in social media influenced by the domestic environments in the country and yet a substantial potential of social media in organizational advocacy.

Worldwide result over internetusers show that Sweden internet users comes at third place. The technological development has been explosive. Individuals can with the help of technology live some, in other cases all their social lifes through social media. Therefore organizations has a lot to gain by using social media to interact and start up dialogue with their audicence. There are different views whether a civic society has developed on internet or not. The focus in our thesis has been on NGO’s, if and how they choose to communicate with their audience on Facebook. The NGO’s in question was WWF, The Red Cross, UNICEF and Greenpeace. Our purpose with our thesis was to examine the communication on Facebook and what phraseology the organizations used on Facebook.   We have done this thesis through our theoretical framework with a Habermasian overhaul, further with Web 2.0, PR 2.0 and interactivity. With quantitative and qualitative methods we examined how the organizations used interactivity and if they opened up to a dialogue with their audience.   Our main findings was that the organizations didn’t use interactivity or opened up to a dialogue on Facebook. WWF was the organization that used interactivity and tried to start a dialogue. The organizations language was often casual and sometimes even personal. This suggests that social media has changed parts of the language organization can use on social media. The discussion whether social media is a new place for civic conversations and what role organizations and corportation can and should play is a discussion in time. Further academic research could focus on how NGO’s use different kinds of social media, also how the audience feel and think regarding interaction and dialogue on social media. These are questions that needs to be further explored.

The 1999 earthquakes revealed serious gaps in the Turkish disaster management system. The lack of coordination and cooperation between governmental and non-governmental organizations, limits in the legal framework and the lack of policies and plans about disaster preparedness and mitigation are basic. It is highly relevant therefore to expose these deficiencies and find which changes are necessary for capacity building in civil initiatives and which policies can be put into practice to form a strong and a sustainable organizational structure between governmental organizations and civil initiatives. This required reconsidering the events of 1999 Marmara earthquakes and civil initiatives&rsquo / activities. The analyses have been made among civil initiatives to expose their objectives, their response to earthquakes and future plans. Futher, this required discussion of the current state of disaster management system and legal structure. Findings are that a number of creative activities of civil initiatives can be observed after the Marmara earthquakes. However, the existing level of collaboration with governmental organizations is inadequate, considering the magnitude of disasters taking place in Turkey and the degree of the people&rsquo / s vulnerability. Efforts such as new draft of law of Turgey Emergency Management General Directorate (TEMGD) seem to provide means to meet the requirements. This draft law could provide the tools to accommodate civil initiatives The law could be revised so as to maintain a legal basis for civil initiatives&rsquo / activities as part of disaster management system indicating that governmental organizations should work together in coordination with civil initiatives. Secondly, to encourage voluntary activities, a number of provisions should be available such as life insurance against accidents for the accredited volunteers. Thirdly, TEGMD should also act to find partners for supporting civil initiatives in their financial, personnel training and management needs. With increasing conviction in the need for participatory approaches and people-oriented developments, civil initiatives are committed to face challenges in mitigating and preparing for the variety of disasters facing Turkey.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-06-02T20:39:18Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 5248.pdf: 2384195 bytes, checksum: 08607247cf2aa287c6db39f8775ea0e5 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2013-04-30 / Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais / Through an ethnographic study with input in the Centro de Acolhida para Refugiados (CAR), assistance program coordinated by Caritas Arquidiocesana de São Paulo Catholic non-governmental organization, attached to the Caritas Internationalis network, that develops and finances projects for humanitarian and social development around the world this research sought to access the mesh of relations established by the government apparatus of refugee populations in Brazil. Connected to organizations such as the United Nations High Commissioner (UNHCR), the Comitê Nacional para Refugiados (CONARE) and other NGOs and civil society organizations, the work of care for refugees and refuge applicants in the CAR is part of a broader management device, which involves, in addition to humanitarian assistance, also simultaneous actions of care, management and control that permeate this specific population. Rather than address the refuge itself, from the category of refugee posted by the juridical normative, I tried to understand the process of subjectivation operated by the ethnographed apparatus and how this creates a certain target group of knowledge, which should receive particular care: a population that needs to be managed. So a general theme that runs through the work are the operatory ways of a government mechanism, here termed the eye of the state, and how it produces, and integrates the power relations composite that is the refugee subject. Above all, it s about, how this mechanism makes these subjects visible, turning them liable to be governed as they become the center of a social and political issue. Thus, analyzing this particular mechanism of government, I sought to describe how these subjects are produced and categorized as refugees and, at the same time, as subjects of rights that may become full citizens whose human dignity still need to be rescued by the apparatus described, as vulnerable subjects and, at the same time, as subject with political demands. From the polysemy of this subject, as evidenced through the ethnography, is established, finally, a refuge social issue , recent in Brazil, which also entails a renewed notion of an universal citizenship , driven by managers and institutions caught up in this government device. In describing this process of subjectivation, so I tried to understand how it to compose a subject graspable to the eye of the state, from the analysis of the mesh of relationships that these subjects have to establish with the several organizations with which they come in contact when apply for refuge the refugee camp without fences . / Através de um trabalho etnográfico com entrada no Centro de Acolhida para Refugiados (CAR), programa assistencial coordenado pela Cáritas Arquidiocesana de São Paulo organização não governamental católica ligada à rede Caritas Internationalis, que desenvolve e financia projetos de ajuda humanitária e de desenvolvimento social em todo o mundo a presente pesquisa procurou acessar a malha de relações estabelecidas pelo aparato de governo das populações refugiadas no Brasil. Conectado a organizações como o Alto Comissariado das Nações Unidas (ACNUR), o Comitê Nacional para Refugiados (CONARE) e outras ONGs e organizações da sociedade civil, o trabalho de atendimento aos refugiados e solicitantes de refúgio no CAR é parte de um dispositivo mais amplo de gestão, que envolve, além da assistência humanitária, também ações simultâneas de cuidado, administração e controle, que perpassam essa população específica. Mais do que abordar a questão do refúgio em si, partindo da categoria refugiado afixada pela normativa jurídica, procurei compreender o processo de subjetivação operado pelo aparato etnografado e como este cria um grupo alvo de determinados saberes, que deve receber um cuidado particular: uma população que precisa ser gerida. Um tema geral que perpassa o trabalho, portanto, são as formas de operação de um mecanismo de governo, aqui denominado de olho do estado, e de como este produz e integra o compósito de relações de poder que é o sujeito refugiado. Trata-se, sobretudo, de como esse mecanismo faz visíveis esses sujeitos, tornando-os passíveis de serem governados na medida em que se tornam o centro de uma questão social e política. Assim, analisando esse mecanismo particular de governo, busquei descrever como esses sujeitos são produzidos e categorizados como refugiados e, ao mesmo tempo, como sujeitos de direitos que podem se tornar cidadãos plenos , cuja dignidade humana precisaria ainda ser resgatada pelo aparato descrito, como sujeitos vulneráveis e ao mesmo tempo como sujeitos com demandas políticas. Da polissemia desse sujeito, evidenciada pela etnografia funda-se, enfim, uma questão social do refúgio, recente no Brasil, que enseja a também renovada noção de uma cidadania universal , acionada por gestores e instituições embrenhados no referido dispositivo de governo. Na descrição desse processo de subjetivação, portanto, procurei compreender como se compõe um sujeito apreensível ao olho do estado, a partir da análise da malha de relações que estes sujeitos têm de estabelecer com as diversas organizações com as quais entram em contato ao solicitarem refúgio o campo de refugiados sem cercas .

This thesis explores how research is implicated in the constitution of post-war environments, and gives an account of being and becoming a researcher in post-war Bosnia. My main contention is that when peace and conflict researchers conduct research in post-war contexts, their presence, practices, and the consequential production of knowledge and representations, have political effects. I argue that the implications of this have not been fully explained, acknowledged, or problematised within Conflict Resolution, which tends to rely on research approaches and assumptions taken from ‘normal’ science. This thesis suggests how reflexivity and alternatives methodologies, including visual research might be used to represent the emotional, sensory, and often intangible elements of post-war realities. It enacts an engagement in the politics of research and uses reflexive writing and visual methods to draw attention to the importance of the relational aspects of research in postwar environments. Visual journeys are also used to argue that visual methods can provide a way of revisiting the epistemological and ontological assumptions about lived experiences and realities in post-war settings. The thesis is based upon one year of ethnographic fieldwork undertaken in Bosnia, and is also informed by eighteen months of volunteer work with a Bosnian Community Centre in Dewsbury, West Yorkshire.

259 p. / Submitted by Santiago Fabio (fabio.ssantiago@hotmail.com) on 2012-12-18T17:11:02Z No. of bitstreams: 1 11.pdf: 1562553 bytes, checksum: 9b531108f21f79f2716f76059131c2d5 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2012-12-18T17:11:02Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 11.pdf: 1562553 bytes, checksum: 9b531108f21f79f2716f76059131c2d5 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2012 / Este trabalho contribui em compreender as mudanças pelas quais a cooperação internacional não governamental para o desenvolvimento foi submetida, a partir da década de 1990, no que concerne às suas estratégias, gestão e finanças. Para tanto, optou-se por analisar as agências eclesiásticas alemãs: Serviço das Igrejas Evangélicas na Alemanha para o Desenvolvimento (EED), MISEREOR e Pão para o Mundo. Norteia a investigação a premissa de que as mudanças na cooperação internacional não governamental estão relacionadas aos ideários de desenvolvimento, marcado, a partir de 1990, pela expansão dos princípios neoliberais. Com o acirramento crescente das contradições sociais, surgiu no seio do ideário neoliberal o paradigma do desenvolvimento humano, amparado num novo consenso social, do qual o não governamental foi convidado a fazer parte compartilhando das diretrizes e agendas das organizações internacionais oficiais da cooperação para o desenvolvimento. Para estudar as mudanças nas agências eclesiásticas alemãs, esta dissertação investiga as diretrizes definidas pelos organismos multilaterais em torno do CAD/OCDE em prol do fortalecimento do consenso em volta do novo ideário de desenvolvimento e combate à pobreza, observando o lugar do nãogovernamental nesses discursos. São analisadas as políticas da União Europeia de cooperação para o desenvolvimento, verificando sua convergência com os princípios e agendas estabelecidos internacionalmente, assim como a relação com os Estados Membros no que tange a essas políticas. Finalmente, analisa-se as peculiaridades do caso alemão, revisitando as características fundamentais do Estado alemão e sua a relação com as células sociais do país. São investigadas as particularidades da relação com as agências eclesiásticas de cooperação ao desenvolvimento, a partir de documentos fornecidos pelo próprio Ministério da Cooperação Alemã (BMZ). A partir de entrevistas com coordenadores das agências, são registradas evidências de mudanças nas estratégicas, gestão e finanças, decorrentes do ideário de desenvolvimento que se consolida no pós 1990 e, principalmente, na primeira década de 2000, no seio da cooperação internacional para o desenvolvimento. / Salvador

Submitted by Tatiana Lima (tatianasl@ufba.br) on 2015-03-23T19:27:29Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Pessina, Maria Elisa Huber.pdf: 1562553 bytes, checksum: 9b531108f21f79f2716f76059131c2d5 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Tatiana Lima (tatianasl@ufba.br) on 2015-03-23T21:45:33Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 Pessina, Maria Elisa Huber.pdf: 1562553 bytes, checksum: 9b531108f21f79f2716f76059131c2d5 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2015-03-23T21:45:33Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Pessina, Maria Elisa Huber.pdf: 1562553 bytes, checksum: 9b531108f21f79f2716f76059131c2d5 (MD5) / Este trabalho contribui em compreender as mudanças pelas quais a cooperação internacional não governamental para o desenvolvimento foi submetida, a partir da década de 1990, no que concerne às suas estratégias, gestão e finanças. Para tanto, optou-se por analisar as agências eclesiásticas alemãs: Serviço das Igrejas Evangélicas na Alemanha para o Desenvolvimento (EED), MISEREOR e Pão para o Mundo. Norteia a investigação a premissa de que as mudanças na cooperação internacional não governamental estão relacionadas aos ideários de desenvolvimento, marcado, a partir de 1990, pela expansão dos princípios neoliberais. Com o acirramento crescente das contradições sociais, surgiu no seio do ideário neoliberal o paradigma do desenvolvimento humano, amparado num novo consenso social, do qual o não governamental foi convidado a fazer parte compartilhando das diretrizes e agendas das organizações internacionais oficiais da cooperação para o desenvolvimento. Para estudar as mudanças nas agências eclesiásticas alemãs, esta dissertação investiga as diretrizes definidas pelos organismos multilaterais em torno do CAD/OCDE em prol do fortalecimento do consenso em volta do novo ideário de desenvolvimento e combate à pobreza, observando o lugar do nãogovernamental nesses discursos. São analisadas as políticas da União Europeia de cooperação para o desenvolvimento, verificando sua convergência com os princípios e agendas estabelecidos internacionalmente, assim como a relação com os Estados Membros no que tange a essas políticas. Finalmente, analisa-se as peculiaridades do caso alemão, revisitando as características fundamentais do Estado alemão e sua a relação com as células sociais do país. São investigadas as particularidades da relação com as agências eclesiásticas de cooperação ao desenvolvimento, a partir de documentos fornecidos pelo próprio Ministério da Cooperação Alemã (BMZ). A partir de entrevistas com coordenadores das agências, são registradas evidências de mudanças nas estratégicas, gestão e finanças, decorrentes do ideário de desenvolvimento que se consolida no pós 1990 e, principalmente, na primeira década de 2000, no seio da cooperação internacional para o desenvolvimento. The present study aims at assessing the changes that non-governmental international cooperation has suffered from the nineties onwards, especially with regards to strategy, management and finance. The focus was the analysis of the German ecclesiastic development agencies EED, MISEREOR and BROT FÜR DIE WELT, important players in the history of Brazilian social organizations. The premise for the investigation is the fact that changes in nongovernmental international cooperation are related to each period’s hegemonic development ideals, with that of the nineties standing out for the expansion in neoliberal principles. With the increasing intensification of social contradictions, emerged within the neoliberal ideology the paradigm of human development, supported by a new social consensus, which the nongovernmental was invited to take part, sharing guidelines and agendas of international organizations official cooperation for development. To study the changes in the German ecclesiastical agencies, this study will look into the principles defined by multilateral organs concerning CAD/OCDE aiming at strengthening the consensus on new ideals for fighting poverty, attending to the role of non-governmental entities in such speeches. European Union cooperation development policies are assessed, checking their convergence with internationally established principles and agendas, as well as the relationship between Member States and the Community with respect to such policies. Finally, it is essential to analyze the German case’s peculiarities, looking into the German State’s fundamental characteristics and its relation with the country’s social cells. The features of the relationship with German ecclesiastic development agencies is assessed through documents supplied by the German Cooperation Ministry (BMZ). Also, through interviews with such agencies’ coordinators, it is possible to verify evidence of changes in strategy, management and finance resulting from the development ideals consolidated after the nineties and mainly on year 2000’s first decade, in the core of international development cooperation.