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No. of bitstreams: 1 patriciajobimsantos.pdf: 1162164 bytes, checksum: f558c756c1a0edbc049e5759f15e039e (MD5) Previous issue date: 2012 / Foi com base no método crítico dialético de Marx que analisamos os processos históricos das transformações societárias ocorridos na atualidade e suas implicações para a profissão de Serviço Social a partir do processo de reestruturação produtiva sob o ideário neoliberal, que delineou novos contornos para o mercado de trabalho, incluindo o dos assistentes sociais, com exigências de novas atribuições, funções, bem como requisitos e habilidades, sob novas condições e relações de trabalho. Entender o novo processo de desenvolvimento do sistema capitalista, caracterizado pela mundialização do capital, desenvolvido no contexto de uma grave crise estrutural que se configurou nos anos 1970/1980 provocando mudanças radicais no processo de produção e reprodução do capital e no mundo do trabalho é fundamental. Esse novo período capitalistase desenvolve no bojo de uma profunda crise de superprodução, que neste contexto vai incidir diretamente nas relações entre o Estado e a sociedade, que foram diretamente influenciados “pelas exigências do mercado mundial sob o comando do capital financeiro” (IAMAMOTO, 2008, p. 142). O novo contexto de reestruturação produtiva passa a determinar um conjunto de mudanças no padrão de respostas à questão social, desencadeando um processo expansivo de precarização, mercantilização e refilantropização do atendimento de necessidades sociais, a partir da transferência de responsabilidades do Estado para o âmbito do mercado e do “terceiro setor” ─ este último despontando como espaço sócio-ocupacional para o assistente social, materializando limites, desafios e possibilidades objetivas de trabalho. O objeto de investigação, portanto, a ser analisado nesta pesquisa, é o trabalho do assistente social em Organizações Não Governamentais (ONG’s). O objetivo é apreender os processos e formas pelos quais o trabalho do profissional de Serviço Social é desenvolvido no âmbito destes espaços no município de Juiz de Fora, bem como os desafios que são postos para os profissionais nestes espaços, que vêm ocupando um número expressivo de assistentes sociais nos últimos anos. Esta pesquisa permitirá ampliar os conhecimentos acerca do trabalho dos assistentes sociais em ONG’s, temática atual que expressa a necessidade do posicionamento ético-político dos assistentes sociais. / It was based on Marx's dialectical method critical that we analyze the historical processes of societal transformations occurring today and its implications for the profession of Social Work from the restructuring process under the neoliberal ideology, which drew new boundaries for the labor market including social workers, demanding new powers, duties, and skills requirements and, under new conditions and labor relations. Understanding the new development process of the capitalist system, characterized by the globalization of capital, developed in the context of a serious structural crisis that set in the years 1970/1980 causing radical changes in the production and reproduction of capital and the world of work is fundamental. This new period capitalistase develops in the midst of a profound crisis of overproduction, which in this context will focus directly on the relationship between state and society, which were directly influenced "by the demands of the world market under the command of finance capital" (Iamamoto, 2008, p. 142). The new context of the restructuring process is to determine a set of changes in the pattern of responses to social issues, triggering an expansive process of casualization, commodification and refilantropização of meeting social needs, from the transfer of responsibilities from the state to the extent the market and the "third sector" ─ the latter emerging as space for socio-occupational social worker, materializing limits, challenges and possibilities objective work. The object of investigation, therefore, to be analyzed in this research is the work of social workers in nongovernment organizations (NGOs). The goal is to understand the processes and forms by which the work of professional social work is developed within these spaces in the city of Juiz de Fora, as well as the challenges that are put in these spaces for professionals who have been occupying a significant number of social workers in recent years. This research will expand the knowledge about the work of social workers in NGOs, current issues that expressed the need for ethical-political social workers.

The shift to a human security perspective has put food security on the agenda in development cooperation. In this world private actors are increasing their presence and a larger amount of aid is channeled through these organizations. However, there are little studies made on private actors in development cooperation, especially NGOs. The purpose of this study is therefore to deal with the theoretical uncertainty of NGO assistance and develop existing theory in order to confirm or dismiss previous assumptions. Previous research stress that NGO-projects are adaptable i.e. ability to change and adjust to manage sudden challenges, such as conflict. To what extent are NGO-projects to be classified as having adaptable project structures, and how is that manifested in aid within the area of food security? An ideal type was set up to measure adaptability involving three indicators: flexible, responsive, and inclusive. The empirical material was collected through interviews with project staff and project reports. The projects showed higher levels of adaptability than expected, also when controlling for two other cases. An adaptable project is recognized by its decentralized decision-structure, flexible budget, quick response, and access to remote areas.

The introduction of Grade R (Reception Year) and its curriculum in early childhood education has been a key policy initiative, but despite the importance of this level of education the demands of the transition from Grade R to Grade 1 are not explicitly discussed. Official documents note the likely difficulties and challenges inherent in the transition of children from preschool and home into the primary school environment but they do not explicitly say how these difficulties can be dealt with. This study investigated the implementation of transition policy and existing practices for children transiting from preschool or the home into Grade 1 in South Africa’s schools. A case study of two purposively selected schools, from two different provinces, explored the impact of transition on both children’s adjustment to their new environment and the school itself. Key policy documents were initially analysed, and key informants in government and non governmental organisations (NGOs) were interviewed in relation to aspects of the policy guidelines and practices for transition to school. Participating principals, teachers, parents and children as subjects were interviewed to identify their perspectives about transition and how they deal with it. The social, behavioural and academic adjustment of 6 children from each of the two schools was investigated using the Social Skills Rating Scale (SSRS). The results show that although some differences in the adjustment of children between the two case study schools were noted, it appeared that preschooled children were more likely to make better adjustments than non-preschooled (home) children. The study also revealed that schools’ strategies for dealing with transitions are not informed by the government’s transition policies and guidelines. Instead, the two schools devised their own in-house strategies to deal with transitions and these differed from one school to another. The study also highlights that teachers are not familiar with policies governing their working lives. The schools studied also lamented the lack of continuity in the curricula and the way of life between the school and preschool despite policies enacted to deal with this disjuncture. Whilst the findings show a disparity between the adjustments of preschooled children and their home counterparts a longitudinal study involving more case schools would provide greater insight into preschool grade 1 transition in a developing South Africa. The educational and policy implications of the study are discussed with regard to important processes and structures put in place for the transition process of children entering into primary schools. While case study findings cannot be generalised the results can be beneficial in informing other similar contexts grappling with transitions. The study highlights important processes undertaken in the adjustment of children into primary schools, however it also revealed some shortcomings which have serious implications for policy and practice. “Policy literacy” should be embarked upon to familiarise teachers as end users with what policy entails. Every school should have a transition programme that would help orientate and settle in the new entrants into the school environment. / Thesis (PhD (Education Policy Studies))--University of Pretoria, 2007. / Education Management and Policy Studies / PhD / Unrestricted

Abstract: This research seeks to investigate the possibilities and inadequacies of including wild animals within the justice realm. It bases this research on the reasons and rationales of representatives within environmental non- governmental organizations (ENGOs), non-governmental organizations (NGOs) and public agency working with animal- rights and welfare or environmental protection. These representatives reason from a personal and organizational perspective concerning justice, ethics and morals to wild animals. Environmental Justice (EJ) and Ecological Justice (EcJ) serves as the main theories for this research where EJ is often perceived as anthropocentric and EcJ as a non- anthropocentric amelioration of the former. The results indicate that Animal Rights (AR) and World Animal Protection (WAP) think more of animals in terms of individualism, whilst World Wide Foundation (WWF), Swedish Environmental Protection Agency (SEPA) and Swedish Society for Nature Conservation (SSNC) think in terms of consideration for species and ecosystems holistically. Some respondents perceived justice exclusively as a human term, however with regard to altered paths of reasoning later in the interview as most respondents continuously struggled, to various degrees, to make sense of justice in relation to wild animals. There were occasional uncertainties concerning ethics and morals, however less alien than the justice term and more relevant in relation to other NGOs, i.e. animal- rights and welfare organizations and less outspoken, though not entirely dismissed, within ENGOs and public agency. However, although some respondents occasionally argued that they do not reflect on ethics, morals and justice, these interviews are testament that they do, but with other terms and concepts that could be argued to be synonymous to ethics, morals and justice and perhaps used consciously and/or unconsciously at work. In other words, one can say that a different kind of rhetoric was applied i.e. justice in form of rights, respect. Another finding of the research was a structuration concern: specifically, on whether morals and ethics are reflected in law, or whether the law becomes what constitutes our morals and ethics, given as a majority of the respondents often refer to laws as general guidelines. In other words, does the law reflect reality, or does the law constitute reality? What is the dialectic here? In conclusion, wild animals might never receive full justice, where the researcher analyses it as a sequence of animals not holding moral capacities enough to be moral agents, though with the exception of having rights. As shown in the results, some wild animals can already be said to receive justice, e.g. wild animals as state property and hunting legislation, whilst other wild animals are excluded altogether, e.g. wild animals not being considered in welfare law. In this way, many future challenges include expanding the legal stance of wild animals. Human precedence barricades the opportunities for extending justice which are shown in this study and can be said to link to relational-, aesthetical-, contextual factors and deep cultural values and associations, aspects which overshadow human flourishing, wild animals not having a counterpart, animals as objects and so forth. Though, by giving e.g. wild animals a heightened status in legislation, extending the moral circle to include wild animals the utility of justice may prove helpful in furthering the rights and welfare of animals. Additionally, properties as recognition through, e.g. agency and capabilities could also guide us in giving justice to the natural world, as highlighted by Schlosberg (2007), but also the idea of intrinsic value as highlighted by many respondents. Future research may consider the holistic and individualistic tendencies held within ENGOs, NGOs and public agency to see how it could be mutually considered to a larger extent. As highlighted by one of the respondents, perhaps laws and legislation are not enough and that one could investigate more in how one perceive animals culturally, in other words human dimensions socially and culturally.

The importance of NGOs has been on the rise since the World War II. Amnesty International is one the best-known human rights nongovernmental organizations which has been globally successful in human rights agenda setting. This Diploma thesis analyzes the common features of three selected successful Amnesty International campaigns and aims to determine key attributes that can help to reach the goals of human rights campaigns.

This diploma thesis aims to identify collaboration factors within a joint NGO project called Reconstruction of the State. The goal is to find out the factors that led to the establishment of this joint project as perceived by representatives of the cooperating organizations. Another objective is to discover a possible pattern of collaboration factors within this project. The theoretical part introduces the main theories of interorganizational cooperation and the conceptualization of collaboration factors that have been described in these theories. The conceptualization of the collaboration factors forms the basis of a questionnaire issued to the NGOs' representatives. The results of the survey are used as input in a hierarchical cluster analysis that represents the key part of the empirical part of this thesis. The results of the cluster analysis are thus derived from the responses given by representatives of the 13 NGOs involved in the Reconstruction of the State project and they identify the key collaboration factors as well as their configuration. The final section presents and further interprets the findings resulting from the cluster analysis within the chosen theoretical framework. Key words: collaboration factors, organizational resources, NGOs, interorganizational collaboration, cluster analysis

The aim of this thesis is to find out the extent to which non-profit organizations (NGOs) specialized on Roma inclusion react to their clients' needs. The thesis works with qualitative research method that is based on interviews with NGOs representatives and field researchers, and a questionnaire filled by Roma clients. The research is focused on four main factors which are: communication with Roma clients, efficiency efforts, dependence on funding requirements, and a support of intercultural meetings between Roma people and the majority. According to the results of the analysis there are different strategies amongst the organizations but all of them try to work in compliance with the needs of their clients. The experience of the interviewed field researchers and Roma clients prove that the NGOs' activities are sufficient and correspond with the real needs of their Roma clients to great extent. Key Words: Roma, inclusion, Roma inclusion, NGO, non-profit organizations, needs, efficiency, communication, empowerment

The aim of this Master thesis is to find out whether the lobbying carried out by Amnesty International France as NGO is different from the lobbying carried out by professional lobbying organizations, which means the organizations which promote primarily the interests of its own members. From the general theory of lobbying and theory of lobbying of NGOS the tools for creating pressure on politics was chosen and factors which could influence usage of these tools were identified. Then it was verified if these tools are really used by Amnesty International France and by which factors the tools are picked up. Expected result of this research was that lobbing of Amnesty International France as NGO is specific because of different circumstances, reasons and goals of lobbying from the professional lobbying. From the results of interpretation of Amnesty International France's documents and interviews with persons involved in the lobbying strategy imply that this NGO really choose some different tools from professional lobbying and is influenced by different factors. But there are also similarities.

This thesis explores the relationship between state and civil-society in Lebanon. Earlier research show that there has been a presence of capable local NGOs in Lebanon for many years and that this has shaped the society. There is a gap in the research on the role of local NGOs after the Beirut harbour explosion on the 4th of August 2020. The aim of this research is to shed light on the contribution of local NGOs in Lebanon by exploring the contribution of local NGO Offre Joie and what difficulties they found when taking on some of the emergency response and rebuilding work after the explosion at Beirut Harbour. My theoretical approach states that a state owes a duty to care and protect its citizen and that in this case some of this responsibility was absent and instead taken on by the civil society and NGOs. Qualitative case study on Offre Joie, methods for collecting data include a semi-structured, in-depth interview with one Offre Joie board member, content analysis on a panel discussion that Offre Joies president was a part of and an impact report realised by Offre Joie. I found that they did encounter challenges but that these were not major enough to stop them in their efforts to rebuild and assist the community. They contributed by rebuilding the most affected areas and by utilising volunteers they brought a human side to the crisis. This human relationship and the solidarity between the people affected and the volunteers has been one of the biggest contributions. The role that Offre Joie took on after the explosion points to the reality of mismanaged governmental institutions, and that the role of local NGOs is extremely important at this current time to protect and safeguard the people within Lebanon’s civil society.

Collaborative relationships between business and non-governmental organisations (NGOs), is offering innovative business practices, as a new and emerging concept. The potential of this phenomenon to offer market-orientated solutions to the social and developmental challenges confronting us globally is imminent. The significance of this concept for businesses in post-conflict settings in Africa is particularly relevant for Africa as the next growth market. Critically examining this evolving concept, this study looks at the perceptions and nature of collaborative relationships between business and NGOs in post-conflict settings, the contributory and inhibiting factors, as well as its characteristics towards closing the gap in knowledge.Twenty leaders of businesses and NGOs in Burundi, Sierra Leone and Liberia, involved in collaborative relationships, were interviewed. The concept was scrutinized in a qualitative study, using in-depth interviewing with qualitative and quantitative data collection methods. The methodology allowed innovative practices of collaborative relationships in post-conflict countries to be reflected on.The findings related to the embryonic and evolving nature of collaborative relationships between businesses and NGOs in post-conflict countries reflect a model of innovative cases for enhancing business processes. The model of Business Process Enhancement (BPE) is conceptualised from the results of this study. Concomitantly, the study presents new insights into the strategic potential of collaborative relationships and offers both business and NGOs in post-conflict countries a framework of the benefits, and the contributory and inhibiting factors. / Dissertation (MBA)--University of Pretoria, 2012. / Gordon Institute of Business Science (GIBS) / unrestricted