Submitted by Gabriela Lopes (gmachadolopesufpel@gmail.com) on 2017-10-30T12:01:27Z No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) TESE - CATIA DA SILVA SILVEIRA - 2015.pdf: 2653328 bytes, checksum: a8c8295574fd6330227074440735b306 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Aline Batista (alinehb.ufpel@gmail.com) on 2018-01-02T13:12:31Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 2 TESE - CATIA DA SILVA SILVEIRA - 2015.pdf: 2653328 bytes, checksum: a8c8295574fd6330227074440735b306 (MD5) license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2018-01-02T13:12:31Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 TESE - CATIA DA SILVA SILVEIRA - 2015.pdf: 2653328 bytes, checksum: a8c8295574fd6330227074440735b306 (MD5) license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) Previous issue date: 2015-03-12 / O reconhecimento da composição e resposta biológica da Castanha-do-Brasil e de seus produtos, oriundos de Laranjal do Jari (AP), levou ao desenvolvimento do estudo referente à avaliação dos parâmetros físico-químicos incluindo a composição proximal e teor de selênio na amêndoa (A) e farinha da castanha (F); e o perfil de ácidos graxos e o conteúdo de tocoferóis, compostos fenólicos e carotenóides no óleo comercial da castanha (O). A avaliação biológica ocorreu em 70 dias, em duas fases, na primeira, 60 ratos (Wistar), recém-desmamados foram distribuídos em 5 grupos: Controle (C), com 12 ratos e dieta AIN-93G (7% de óleo de soja); 30 ratos com dieta Hipercalórica (H) (15% de banha suína); e outros 3 grupos, de 6 ratos, que receberam as dietas com produtos de Castanha: dietas F e A (7% lipídios intrínsecos), e dieta O (7% de óleo regional de castanha). As dietas (C) e (H) continham 17% de proteínas e os demais segundo a AIN- 93G. Nas duas fases, nas dietas (F), (A) e (O), houve supressão de selênio na mistura mineral. Na segunda fase, de 35 dias, as dietas seguiram a AIN-93M (12% de proteína), e os ratos remanescentes, 6 da dieta (C), permaneceram com a mesma dieta (7% de óleo de soja); e os 24 ratos da dieta (H) foram reagrupados (n=6) em quatro dietas Hipercalóricas - 15% de lipídios - HB (15% da banha suína); HA e HF (8% de banha suína e 7% de lipídio intrínseco) e HO (8% de banha suína e 7% de óleo de castanha). Ao final de cada etapa, os órgãos, coração, fígado e rins foram avaliados em relação ao peso corporal. O sangue foi coletado e determinados os níveis de glicose (Gli), colesterol total (CT) e frações, triacilgliceróis (TG) e proteínas totais (PT). A função hepática foi avaliada pelas determinações séricas de enzimas (LABTEST, 1999). O selênio das dietas, plasma e fígado foi determinado por espectrometria de emissão atômica. Análises histológicas dos órgãos foram realizadas por microscopia ótica e eletrônica. Amêndoa e farinha apresentaram, respectivamente, lipídios totais, 60,66±0,61 g.100g-1 e 46,40±1,34 g.100g-1 e selênio, 43,5±0,70 g.g -1 e 41,5±1,10 g.g-1 . Os ácidos graxos oléico (29,83%) e linoléico (42,36%) predominaram no óleo. Foram identificados teores apreciáveis de tocoferóis totais (193,60 ± 4,41 µg.g-1 ), α tocoferóis (52,24 ± 0,85µg.g-1 ),  tocoferóis (141,37 ± 3,56 µg.g-1 ), compostos fenólicos (189,0 ± 1,46 mgGAE.100g-1 ) e carotenóides (35,67 ± 1,30 mg de -caroteno.Kg-1 ). Nas duas etapas, houve ganho de peso e CEA adequados, assim como aumento dos níveis de selênio no plasma e fígado dos animais com as dietas contendo F e A, além de alteração das provas de função hepática e presença de lipídios nos hepatócitos dos alimentados com dietas experimentais. Na primeira etapa, houve manutenção do CT e PT, redução de VLDL-C e TG. A segunda etapa manteve os padrões de normalidade séricas de LDL-C, HDL-C e PT, diminuição de glicose, VLDL-C e TG. O estudo indica a utilização de amêndoa, farinha e óleo da Castanha-do-Brasil como suplemento alimentar, de forma equilibrada. / The recognition of the chemical composition and biological response of Brazil nut and its products, originating from the Laranjal do Jari region (AP), was the reason of this study. Such study refers to the assessment of physical and chemical parameters including the proximal composition and selenium content in almond (A) and Brazil nut flour (F); and the fatty acid profile and the tocopherols, carotenoids and total phenolic compounds content in commercial oil of Brazil nut (O). For biological evaluation, an experiment was carried out in two steps in 70 days. In the first step in 21 days, 60 rats (Wistar) weaned were divided into 5 groups: control (C) using diet AIN-93G (7% soybean oil) for 12 rats; Hypercaloric diet (H) (15% of swine fat) for 30 rats and other 3 groups of 6 rats were fed with diets containing Brazil nut products: (F) and (A) diets (7% intrinsic lipids) and (O) diet (7% of regional Brazil nut oil). (C) and (H) diets contained 17% protein based on the AIN-93G. In both phases, (F), (A) and (O) diets, there was suppression of selenium in the mineral mix. In the second step involving 35 days, the diets followed AIN-93M (12% protein) and the last six rats of (C) diet remained on the same diet (7% soybean oil); and 24 mice of (H) diet were grouped (n = 6) in four high fat diet - 15% lipids- HB (swine lard 15%); HA and HF (8% and 7% lard swine intrinsic lipid) and HO (8% of swine fat and 7% nut oil). At the end heart, liver and kidneys were evaluated in relation to body weight. Blood was collected and levels of glucose (G) and serum total cholesterol (TC) and fractions, triglycerides (TG) and total protein (TP) were obtained. Liver function by determinations of serum enzymes (LABTEST, 1999), direct and indirect bilirubin, and albumin were analyzed. Also, selenium diets, plasma and liver by atomic emission spectrometry; histological analyzes of the bodies by light and electron microscopy were evaluated. Almond and almond flour presented, respectively, total lipids, 60.66 ± 0,61g.100 g-1 and 46.40 ± 1,3461g.100 g -1 and selenium, 43.5 ± 0,70 g.g -1 and 41.5 ± 1.10 g.g -1 . Appreciable levels of total tocopherols (193.60 ± 4.41 μg.g-1 ), α tocopherol (52.24 ± 0,85 μg.g-1 ),  tocopherols (141.37 ± 3.56 μg.g -1 ), phenolic compounds (189.0 ± 1.46 mgGAE.100g-1 ) and carotenoids (35.67 ± 1.30 mg- caroteno.kg -1 ) have been identified. In both steps, there was weight gain and adequate CEA, as well as increased selenium levels in plasma and liver of animals with diets containing F and A, and change in liver function tests and the presence of lipids in hepatocytes from fed experimental diets. In the first step, there was maintenance of the CT and PT, reduced VLDL-C and TG. The second step was the normal standard serum LDL-C, HDL-C and E, reduced glucose, VLDL-C and TG. The study indicates the use of almonds, almond flour and oil from the Brazil nuts as a food supplement in a balanced way.

Submitted by PPG Engenharia e Tecnologia de Materiais (engenharia.pg.materiais@pucrs.br) on 2018-08-03T11:41:54Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Raiane Valenti Goncalves_Tese de doutorado.pdf: 4511385 bytes, checksum: ab531101c975ccd215f44d53f020cd71 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Sheila Dias (sheila.dias@pucrs.br) on 2018-08-06T13:49:06Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 Raiane Valenti Goncalves_Tese de doutorado.pdf: 4511385 bytes, checksum: ab531101c975ccd215f44d53f020cd71 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-06T14:35:19Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Raiane Valenti Goncalves_Tese de doutorado.pdf: 4511385 bytes, checksum: ab531101c975ccd215f44d53f020cd71 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2018-03-26 / Coordena??o de Aperfei?oamento de Pessoal de N?vel Superior - CAPES / Due to environmetal and social concerns about synthetic polymers, studies on the preparation of polymers based on renewable sources have been explored by academia and industry. In this context, the use of cashew industry residues rich in phenolic compounds, such as cashew nut shell liquid (CNSL) and its derivative, cardanol, in the synthesis of polymeric materials may be a less aggressive alternative to environment. This work aims to prepare polymeric materials using phenols from the CNSL. The influence of phenols in nanostructured polyaniline (PAni) synthesis were evaluated. Hybrid materials based on PAni doped with cardanol and derivatives of graphene, graphene oxide (GO) and reduced graphene oxide (rGO), were also prepared. In addition, the influence of cardanol and PAni doped with cardanol on the thermal properties of benzoxazine resins was investigated. The polymeric materials were characterized by FTIR, UV-vis, FESEM, TEM, XRD, TGA, DSC and four-point methodology for determination of electrical conductivity. From these results, it was found that cardanol and CNSL acted as primary dopants in the synthesis of conductive PAni (electrical conductivity in order 10-1 S.cm-1). CNSL acted as soft template and plasticizer for the conventional synthesis of nanofibers PAni doped with hydrochloric acid. The methodology developed for preparation of cardanol doped PAni combined with both GO and rGO was able to prepare conductive (electrical conductivity in order 100 S.cm-1) and nanostructured hybrid materials. Furthermore, cardanol and PAni doped with cardanol were incorporated into the benzoxazine matrix to form materials with thermal stability and crosslink density greater than those of the benzoxazine resin. / Devido ?s preocupa??es ambientais e sociais relacionadas aos pol?meros sint?ticos, os estudos sobre a prepara??o de pol?meros derivados de fontes renov?veis t?m sido explorados pela academia e ind?stria. Dentro desse contexto, o uso de res?duos da ind?stria do caju ricos em compostos fen?licos, tais como, o l?quido da casca da castanha de caju (LCC) e o seu derivado, o cardanol, na s?ntese de materiais polim?ricos pode ser uma alternativa menos agressiva ao meio ambiente. Este trabalho visa preparar materiais polim?ricos empregando fen?is provenientes do LCC. A influ?ncia da presen?a dos fen?is na s?ntese da polianilina (PAni) nanoestruturada foi avaliada. Materiais h?bridos baseados em PAni dopada com cardanol e derivados do grafeno, ?xido de grafeno (OG) e ?xido de grafeno reduzido (OGR), tamb?m foram preparados. Ainda, foi investigada a influ?ncia do cardanol e da PAni dopada com cardanol nas propriedades t?rmicas das resinas benzoxazinas. Os materiais polim?ricos foram caracterizados por FTIR, UV-vis, MEV-FEG, MET, DRX, TGA, DSC e metodologia de quatro pontas para determina??o de condutividade el?trica. A partir dos resultados, foi constatado que o cardanol e o LCC atuaram como dopantes prim?rios nas s?nteses de PAni condutiva (condutividade el?trica na ordem 10-1 S.cm-1). Al?m disso, o LCC atuou como soft template e plastificante para as s?nteses convencionais de nanofibras de PAni dopadas com ?cido clor?drico. A metodologia desenvolvida para o preparo de PAni dopada com cardanol combinada tanto com OG quanto com OGR foi capaz de preparar materiais h?bridos nanoestruturados e condutores (condutividade el?trica na ordem 100 S.cm-1). Ainda, cardanol e PAni dopada com cardanol foram incorporados a matriz de benzoxazina formando materiais com estabilidade t?rmica e densidade de reticula??o superiores ?quelas t?picas da resina benzoxazina.

Observações feitas pelo próprio autor sugerem potencial ação do Líquido da Castanha de Caju (LCC) na pigmentação da pele, ação esta semelhante a da hidroquinona. O LCC é um líquido contido na casca da castanha de caju, possui característica de resina líquida, bastante viscosa e de odor forte, sua coloração varia de marrom claro, escuro a preto, dependendo do método de extração utilizado, podendo ser denominado de Natural ou Técnico. Este estudo propôs cultivar melanócitos e queratinócitos em cocultura e posteriormente tratálos com LCC. A L-DOPA, agente estimulador da melanogênese, via da produção de melanina, responsável pela pigmentação da pele, foi utilizada na cocultura para avaliar a ação do LCC. A hidroquinona, conhecido inibidor desta via, foi utilizada na cocultura como controle positivo para o LCC, visto que este poderia apresentar ação semelhante a da hidroquinona. Para a utilização do LCC na cocultura, testes de solubilidade do mesmo para posterior dispersão no meio de cultura, foram necessários, bem como a identificação de seu potencial cito e fototóxico in vitro. Para a realização do teste de fototoxicidade foi construída uma câmara específica, atendendo as normas exigidas pelos guias ©ECVAM DB-ALM: INVITTOX protocol e OECD TG-432, sendo esta qualificada por método validado. Os testes realizados com o LCC (natural e técnico) indicaram potencial ação destes na pigmentação da pele, estimulando a proliferação de melanócitos em cocultura. Este perfil apresentado, pelos extratos de LCC, é contrário ao da hidroquinona, e ao esperado inicialmente, sendo necessário aprofundar estes estudos. No entanto, estes resultados são promissores, sugerindo a descoberta de um novo tratamento para hipocromias. / Observations, made by the author, suggest potential action of Cashew Nut Shell Liquid (CNSL) in skin pigmentation, action similar to hydroquinone. The CNSL is a liquid contained inside the shell of the cashew nut, it has features of liquid resin, quite viscous and strong smell. Its color varies from clear or dark brown, to black, depending on the extraction method used, which may be called Natural or Technical. This study aimed to cultivate melanocytes and keratinocytes in co-culture and thus treat them with CNSL. The L-DOPA, stimulating agent of melanogenesis, melanin production pathway, responsible for skin pigmentation, was used to assess the CNSL action in the co-culture. Hydroquinone, known inhibitor of this pathway, was used as positive control for CNSL in the co-culture, since this could provide a similar action to hydroquinone. For use of CNSL in the co-culture, solubility tests, for subsequent dispersion in the culture medium, were necessary, as well as the identification of its cytototoxic and phototoxic potential in vitro. To achievement of the phototoxicity tests a specific chamber was built according to the standards required by the guides ©ECVAM DB-ALM: INVITTOX protocol and OECD TG-432, being qualified by validated method. Tests conducted with the CNSL (natural and technical) indicated their potential actions in skin pigmentation, stimulating the proliferation of melanocytes in co-culture. This behavior presented by the CNSL extracts, is opposite to the hydroquinone, and to the initially expected, being required further studies. However, these results are promising, suggesting the discovery of a new treatment for hypochromia.

As embalagens ativas têm ganhado destaque no mercado mundial, pois possibilitam a interação do alimento com o material da embalagem, permitindo a incorporação de compostos ativos. Dentre os compostos ativos, o extrato etanólico de cúrcuma (EEC) tem chamado atenção, devido suas propriedades antioxidante, antimicrobiana, dentre outras. Assim, os objetivos deste trabalho foram desenvolvimento, caracterização e aplicação de filmes à base de gelatina aditivados com EEC. Os filmes foram produzidos pela técnica de casting (2 g de gelatina/100 g de solução filmogênica (SF), 30 g de sorbitol/100 g de gelatina) e o EEC foi incorporado na SF, nas concentrações de 0, 5, 50, 100, 150 e 200 g EEC/100 g de gelatina. Os filmes foram caracterizados em relação às propriedades mecânicas, conteúdo de água, matéria solúvel, permeabilidade ao vapor de água, parâmetros de cor, opacidade, brilho, microestrutura, espectroscopia de infravermelho com transformada de Fourier (FTIR), barreira UV/Vis, transparência, teor de curcumina, atividade antioxidante e atividade antimicrobiana. O filme com os melhores resultados para as propriedades mecânicas, barreira UV/Vis e atividade antioxidante foi utilizado para embalar noz macadâmia e, as propriedades da noz foram avaliadas em função do tempo de estocagem. A incorporação do EEC melhorou as propriedades mecânicas dos filmes, a tensão de ruptura aumentou de 27,7 MPa (filme controle) para 35,1 MPa (filme com 200 g de EEC/100 g de gelatina) e a elongação na ruptura aumentou de 22,3 % (filme controle) para 36,5 % (filme com 200 g de EEC/100 g de gelatina). O conteúdo de água não foi influenciado pela adição do EEC, porém a matéria solúvel reduziu em relação ao filme controle. A permeabilidade ao vapor de água também reduziu em média 24,1 % para os filmes aditivados. Os parâmetros de cor, opacidade e brilho foram afetados pela incorporação do EEC. As análises de microestrutura indicaram alterações na rugosidade da superfície e um aumento na rugosidade da estrutura interna, em função do aumento da concentração de EEC nos filmes. A análise de FTIR mostrou deslocame ntos dos picos associados às amidas A, I e II para os filmes aditivados. Os filmes com EEC apresentaram reduzida transmitância na região UV/Vis e aumento da transparência. O teor de curcumina aumentou linearmente (y=0,6115x+6,6629, R2=0,9817) com o aumento da concentração do extrato. A capacidade antioxidante aumentou em função do aumento da concentração do EEC e a atividade antimicrobiana (Staphylococcus aureus) foi verificada para concentrações acima de 5 g de EEC/100 g de gelatina. Assim, o filme com concentração de EEC de 200 g de EEC/100 g de gelatina foi utilizado para embalar noz macadâmia. Em relação ao conteúdo de água da noz macadâmia foram observadas diferenças significativas em função do tipo de filme utilizado (com e sem ad ição de EEC) nos primeiros 30 dias de estocagem. Entretanto, para a atividade de água não foram observadas diferenças. Após 60 dias a dureza da noz macadâmia embalada com o filme aditivado foi superior e as substâncias reativas (ácido tiobarbitúrico) fora m inferiores. Pode-se concluir que é possível a utilização desse sistema como embalagem ativa para a noz macadâmia. / Active packaging has been receiving growing attention in the world market because it allows interaction between food and packaging material, thus enabling the incorporation of active compounds. Among active compounds, curcuma ethanol extract (CEE) has been highlighted mainly because its antioxidant and antimicrobial properties. The objectives of this study were the development, characterization and application of gelatin-based films added with CEE. The films were produced by casting technique (2 g gelatin/100 g filmogenic solution (FS), 30 g sorbitol/100 g gelatin) and CEE was added to FS at 6 concentrations (0, 5, 50, 100, 150 and 200 g CEE/100 g gelatin). The films were characterized regarding mechanical properties, water content, soluble matter, water vapor permeability, color parameters, opacity, gloss, microstructure, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), light transmission, transparency, curcumin content, antioxidant activity, and antimicrobial activity. The film with the best results concerning mechanical properties, light transmission and antioxidant activity was selected to package macadamia nut, whose properties were evaluated during the storage time. The addition of CEE improved mechanical properties of the films: tensile strength increased fro m 27.7 MPa (control film) to 35.1 MPa (film with 200 g CEE/100 g gelatin) and the elongation at break increased from 22.3 % (control film) to 36.5 % (film with 200 g CEE/100 g gelatin). Water content was not affected by the addition of CEE, however soluble matter reduced compared to control film. The water vapor permeability for added films also reduced on average 24.1 %. Color parameters, opacity and gloss were affected by the incorporation of CEE. Microstructure analysis indicated changes in surface roughness and increase in roughness regarding the internal structure due to the growing concentration of CEE in the films. FTIR analysis showed peaks displacements associated to amides A, I and II for the added films. Films added CEE showed reduced transmittance for the UV/Vis region and increased transparency. The curcumin content increased linearly (y=0.6115x+6.6629, R2=0.9817) with increasing extract concentration. The antioxidant capacity increased was improved with the increase of extract concentration and antimicrobial activity (Staphylococcus aureus) was verified at concentrations above 5g CEE/100g gelatin. Thus, the film with CEE concentration of 200 g CEE/100 g gelatin was used for macadamia nut packaging. Regarding water content in the macadamia nut, significant differences in the first 30 day of storage were found according to the film (with or without CEE). However, no significant difference concerning water activity was found. After 60 days of storage nuts packaged with added film had their hardness increased and lower reactive substances (thiobarbituric acid). It can be concluded that the utilization of this system as active packaging for macadamia nut is possible.

The semi-classical black hole tunnelling method is a useful technique to calculate black hole temperature and understand black hole thermodynamics. I will investigate the black hole tunnelling method in detail. I will compare two different approaches used to calculate black hole tunnelling. The tunnelling method can be applied to a broad range of spacetimes and I will show this explicitly in order to demonstrate the robustness of the tunnelling technique. In particular, I will apply the tunnelling method to spacetimes including: Rindler (the method can recover the Unruh temperature), and more general spacetimes (such as Kerr-Newman and Taub-NUT). I will also discuss the 5d Kerr-Gödel spacetimes in detail (while showing a previous unobserved property of these spaces). Once the parameter space of Kerr-Gödel is understood in detail, I will show how the tunnelling method can also be successfully applied to the Kerr-Gödel black hole. Finally, the key result of my thesis involves extending the tunnelling method to model fermion emission. The previous tunnelling calculations all involved the emission of scalar particles. I will model the emission of spin-1/2 fermions from various spacetimes including the Rindler spacetime and general non-rotating black holes. I will also model the emission of charged spin-1/2 fermions from the Kerr-Newman spacetime to show that the method is also applicable to rotating spacetimes. In all these cases I show that the correct Hawking temperature (Unruh temperature in the case of Rindler) is recovered for spin-1/2 fermion emission. Although this final result is not surprising, it is an important result because it confirms that Dirac particles will radiate from the black hole at the same temperature as scalar particles. It has always been assumed that this is the case but there is very little literature involving fermion radiation of black holes. So the results of my calculations are twofold, I demonstrate that Dirac particles are emitted at the same temperature as scalar particles from a black hole and it shows how robust the semi-classical tunnelling technique is.

The semi-classical black hole tunnelling method is a useful technique to calculate black hole temperature and understand black hole thermodynamics. I will investigate the black hole tunnelling method in detail. I will compare two different approaches used to calculate black hole tunnelling. The tunnelling method can be applied to a broad range of spacetimes and I will show this explicitly in order to demonstrate the robustness of the tunnelling technique. In particular, I will apply the tunnelling method to spacetimes including: Rindler (the method can recover the Unruh temperature), and more general spacetimes (such as Kerr-Newman and Taub-NUT). I will also discuss the 5d Kerr-Gödel spacetimes in detail (while showing a previous unobserved property of these spaces). Once the parameter space of Kerr-Gödel is understood in detail, I will show how the tunnelling method can also be successfully applied to the Kerr-Gödel black hole. Finally, the key result of my thesis involves extending the tunnelling method to model fermion emission. The previous tunnelling calculations all involved the emission of scalar particles. I will model the emission of spin-1/2 fermions from various spacetimes including the Rindler spacetime and general non-rotating black holes. I will also model the emission of charged spin-1/2 fermions from the Kerr-Newman spacetime to show that the method is also applicable to rotating spacetimes. In all these cases I show that the correct Hawking temperature (Unruh temperature in the case of Rindler) is recovered for spin-1/2 fermion emission. Although this final result is not surprising, it is an important result because it confirms that Dirac particles will radiate from the black hole at the same temperature as scalar particles. It has always been assumed that this is the case but there is very little literature involving fermion radiation of black holes. So the results of my calculations are twofold, I demonstrate that Dirac particles are emitted at the same temperature as scalar particles from a black hole and it shows how robust the semi-classical tunnelling technique is.

In this study production and characterization of activated carbon from an agricultural waste, pistachio-nut shells, was investigated. To determine optimum production conditions by chemical activation method, effect of tempreature (300, 500, 700 and 900 oC) and effect of impregnation ratio (1:1, 2:1 and 3:1 as activation agent:sample) were investigated by applying two different methods (raw material activation and char activation) and with two different activation agents (phosphoric acid and potassium hydroxide). To produce activated carbon, all the impregnated samples were heated to the final activation temperature under a continuous nitrogen flow (100 cm3/min) and at a heating rate of 10 oC/min and were held at that temperature for 1 hour. Pore structures of activated carbons were determined by N2 adsorption and micro-mesopore analysis was made by &ldquo / Non-local Density Functional Theory&rdquo / and &ldquo / Monte Carlo Simulation&rdquo / method (NLDFT-Monte Carlo Simulation Method). BET surface areas of produced activated carbons were found from N2 adsorption data in the relative pressure range of 0.01 to 0.15. BET surface areas of phosphoric acid activated carbons by raw material activation method were found between 880 and 1640 m2/g. The highest value of the BET surface area was obtained in the case of the activated carbon which was produced with an impregnation ratio of 3/1 (g H3PO4/g raw material), at an activation temperature of 500 oC. The repeatibility was also investigated on phosphoric acid activated carbons which were produced with conventional raw matererial activation method. Results showed that, both the BET surface area values and pore size distributions were consistent among themselves. On the other hand char activation experiments with phosphoric acid produced activated carbons having lower BET surface areas than the ones obtained with raw material activation method by creating mesoporous structure. When the same char activation method was tried with potassium hydroxide, it was concluded that elevated temperatures could help in producing activated carbons with high BET surface areas by creating microporous structure. Results also showed that properties of activated carbon such as ash content, slurry pH value, true density, elemental composition, methylene blue number and surface morphology were strongly affected by both production conditions and production method, as pore structure was affected considerably.

This study aimed to investigate the association of three species of arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi (Rhizophagus intraradices; Gigaspora albida and Claroideoglomus etunicatum) with J. curcas, and the effect this symbiosis in developing pre-mycorrhizal seedlings submitted to salt stress at home vegetation. Two experiments were conducted, the first to investigate the association of the fungus to the plant, in a completely randomized design with five treatments (control, isolated species and three inoculated together-MIX) and six repetitions. The second trial was completely randomized blocks in a factorial 4 x 2, with four levels of NaCl (2, 5, 8 and 10 dS / m), and presence or absence of mycorrhizae (MIX), which were evaluated mycorrhizal dependency (MD) and the development of seedlings in salinity soil. The three species of mycorrhizal fungi are associated with J. curcas both in isolation, as when inoculated together. The interaction between these factors showed that the control plants did not differ presence of mycorrhizae, whereas in the saline treatments, pre-mycorrhizal seedlings grew better than non-inoculated. The MD was higher in saline treatments and moderate stress (5 dS / m) provided the best results for this index. Salinity reduced the size of plants, photosynthetic performance, the photosynthetic pigment content, the amount of calcium, potassium, phosphorus and magnesium in the leaves and increased absorption of sodium and chlorine, lipid peroxidation, the activity of antioxidant enzymes and the concentration of proline. Pre-mycorrhizal plants had higher mass, height, stem diameter, number of leaves, leaf area, area ratio pillar, specific leaf area, reduced biomass allocation in leaves and larger, at root, increased root / shoot , higher photosynthetic rate and pigment content, lower activity of antioxidant enzymes, lipid peroxidation reduction, and increased proline content compared to plants not inoculated in the same saline conditions. In seedlings with AMF, high photosynthetic rate, coupled with the large amount of salts in the leaves, the significant increase in proline content and the absence of lipid peroxidation indicates a mechanism mitigating the effect of salinity associated with the presence of mycorrhizae. Therefore, J. curcas seedlings previously mycorrhizal are an alternative to the cultivation of the species under salt stress. / O objetivo deste estudo foi verificar a associação de três espécies de fungos micorrízicos arbusculates (FMAs) (Rhizophagus intraradices; Gigaspora albida e Claroideoglomus etunicatum) com Jatropha curcas L., e o efeito desta simbiose no desenvolvimento de mudas pré-micorrizadas, submetidas a estresse salino, em casa de vegetação. Foram realizados dois experimentos, sendo o primeiro para verificar a associação dos fungos à planta, em delineamento inteiramente casualizado, com cinco tratamentos (controle, espécies isoladas e as três inoculadas em conjunto-MIX) e seis repetições. O segundo experimento foi em blocos inteiramente casualizados, num esquema fatorial 4 x 2, com quatro níveis de NaCl (2, 5, 8 e 10 dS / m), e presença ou não de micorrizas (MIX), onde foram avaliados a dependência micorrízica (DM) e o desenvolvimento das mudas em solo salinizado. As três espécies de FMAs se associam a J. curcas tanto de forma isolada, como quando inoculadas em conjunto. A interação entre os fatores mostrou que plantas do tratamento controle não diferem quanto presença de micorrizas, enquanto que, nos tratamentos salinos, as mudas pré-micorrizadas se desenvolveram melhor que as não micorrizadas. A DM foi maior nos tratamentos salinos e o estresse moderado (5 dS / m) proporcionou o melhor resultado para este índice. A salinidade reduziu o tamanho das plantas, o desempenho fotossintético, o teor de pigmentos fotossintéticos, a quantidade de cálcio, potássio, fósforo e magnésio nas folhas, e aumentou a absorção de sódio e cloro, a peroxidação de lipídios, a atividade das enzimas antioxidantes e a concentração de prolina. As plantas pré-micorrizadas apresentaram maior massa, altura, diâmetro do coleto, número de folhas, área foliar, razão de área filar, área foliar específica, menor alocação de biomassa nas folhas e maior, na raiz, aumento da relação raiz/parte aérea, maior taxa fotossintética e teor de pigmentos, menor atividade de enzimas antioxidantes, redução da peroxidação lipídica e aumento no teor de prolina em relação às plantas não micorrizadas, nas mesmas condições salinas. Nas mudas com FMAs, a alta taxa fotossintética, associada a grande quantidade de sais nas folhas, ao aumento expressivo do teor de prolina e a ausência da peroxidação de lipídios indica que há um mecanismo mitigador do efeito da salinidade associado à presença de micorrizas. Portanto, mudas de J. curcas previamente micorrizadas são uma alternativa para o cultivo da espécie sob estresse salino.

CAVALCANTE, Marcelo Casimiro. Visitantes florais e polinização da castanha-do-brasil (Bertholletia excelsa h. & b.) em cultivo na amazônia central. 2008. 77 f . : Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Federal do Ceará, Centro de Ciências Agrárias, Departamento de Zootecnia, Fortaleza-CE, 2008 / Submitted by Nádja Goes (nmoraissoares@gmail.com) on 2016-08-04T14:35:55Z No. of bitstreams: 1 2008_dis_mccavalcante.pdf: 4677248 bytes, checksum: 4340f234a96bd5d1a31f3324c2e71f87 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Nádja Goes (nmoraissoares@gmail.com) on 2016-08-04T14:36:17Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 2008_dis_mccavalcante.pdf: 4677248 bytes, checksum: 4340f234a96bd5d1a31f3324c2e71f87 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-08-04T14:36:17Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 2008_dis_mccavalcante.pdf: 4677248 bytes, checksum: 4340f234a96bd5d1a31f3324c2e71f87 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2010 / The research was carried out in Aruanã farm, county of Itacoatiara, in the state of Amazonas, Brazil, in an area of 3,600 ha cultivated Brazil nut tree (Bertholletia excelsa). Data were collected from October to December 2007, to investigate floral visitors and the pollination of grafted Brazil nut trees cultivated in Central Amazon Forest, aiming to maximize the crop productivity. Floral biology and pollination requirements of this crop were assessed as well as richness, diversity and abundance of floral visitors in relation to the flowering phase of the trees (5, 25 and 50%); foraging behavior of bees visiting the flowers, initial fruit set and number of seeds set per fruit in hand and bagging pollination experiments (open pollination, restricted pollination, hand cross-pollination, hand self-pollination and hand geitonogamy). Results showed that 19 bee species, belonging to three Families, visited the flowers all-day long collecting nectar and pollen. Richness, diversity and abundance varied according to the blooming stages, showing increments to the former two and decrease in bee abundance per tree as blooming progressed. The most abundant and frequent species in the area during the whole blooming period were Xylocopa frontalis (63%) and Eulaema mocsaryi (12%). Natural pollination levels found showed to be lower than the crop’s potential observed by hand pollination. The Brazil nut tree allows geitonogamy (3.85%) in initial fruit set, but its level is significantly lower (p>0,01) than that of hand cross-pollination (19.33%), which needs biotic pollinators, in this case large-sized bees, to accomplish successful pollination. The number of viable seeds varied significantly (p>0.05) among treatments showing that open pollination and hand cross-pollination produced similar results between them, but greater than geitonogamy. The forging behavior of E. mocsaryi and X. frontalis led to the conclusion that they are the main pollinators of ertholletia excelsa under cultivation in that area. Richness, diversity and abundance of flora visitors and potential pollinators can be related to the surrounding forest which provides adequate environment to keep pollinators in periods of the year when the crop is not blooming / A pesquisa foi realizada na Fazenda Agropecuária Aruanã, município de Itacoatiara, Estado do Amazonas, numa área de 3600 ha de cultivo de castanheira-dobrasil (Bertholletia excelsa). Os dados foram coletados de outubro a dezembro de 2007, investigando os visitantes florais e a polinização da castanheira-do-brasil enxertada em cultivo na Amazônia Central, visando maximizar a produtividade da cultura. Foram estudados a biologia floral e os requerimentos de polinização da espécie em cultivo; a riqueza, diversidade e abundância dos visitantes florais em função do período de florescimento da cultura (5, 25 e 50%); o comportamento de forrageio das abelhas visitantes florais, bem como o vingamento inicial e número de sementes por fruto nos diferentes testes de polinização (polinização aberta, restrita, manual cruzada, geitonogamia manual e autopolinização manual). Os resultados mostraram que 19 espécies de abelhas, de três famílias, coletaram néctar e pólen durante todo o dia. A riqueza, diversidade e abundância de visitantes florais variaram em função do estágio de florescimento da cultura, havendo crescimento das duas primeiras com o aumento do florescimento, e queda em abundância por árvore. As espécies de abelhas mais abundantes e freqüentes na área de estudo, durante todo o período da florada, foram Xylocopa frontalis (63%) e a Eulaema mocsaryi (12%). Os níveis de polinização natural da cultura encontraram-se abaixo do seu potencial de vingamento quando comparados com a polinização induzida manualmente. A castanheira permite pequeno percentual de geitonogamia (3,85%) para o vingamento inicial, porém este é significativamente menor (p>0,01) que a polinização cruzada manual (19,33%), a qual necessita de polinizadores bióticos. O número de sementes viáveis diferiu significativamente (p>0,05) entre os tratamentos, onde a polinização natural e polinização cruzada manual foram semelhantes entre si e superiores à geitonogamia. Conclui-se que, em função do comportamento de forrageio, as espécies E. mocsaryi e X. frontalis podem ser considerados os principais polinizadores de Bertholletia excelsa sob cultivo. A riqueza, diversidade e abundância de visitantes florais e polinizadores potenciais podem estar relacionadas à floresta do entorno que promove ambiente propício para manutenção dos mesmos no período de não florescimento da cultura

Made available in DSpace on 2015-03-26T13:37:52Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 texto completo.pdf: 6115511 bytes, checksum: f9a6de95b1f160207c633c70ff99d635 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2012-07-19 / Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico / A partir da iniciativa do Governo Federal em introduzir o biodiesel na matriz energética brasileira, surgiu a necessidade de se pesquisar plantas oleaginosas potenciais para produção de matéria-prima para este biocombustível. O pinhão manso (Jatropha curcas) tem se destacado por ser uma planta perene, de fácil manejo, além de produzir sementes com alto teor de óleo. A grande expansão das áreas de cultivo tem sido acompanhada pelo surgimento de diversas enfermidades, do qual pouco se conhece sobre os reais agentes etiológicos. Atualmente, em diversas áreas do Brasil, tem-se relatado a ocorrência de uma nova doença que não apenas reduz a produtividade, como tem causado a morte das plantas. Esta doença está associada a uma podridão das raízes e do colo das plantas. Alguns patógenos já foram relatados para essa doença, sendo mais frequente a ocorrência de fungos da família Botryosphaeriaceae, grupo conhecido pela dificuldade de separação das espécies utilizando características morfológicas. Assim, o objetivo deste trabalho foi identificar os possíveis agentes etiológicos, investigar a diversidade de Botryosphaeriaceae associado a essa doença, utilizando características morfológicas aliadas às ferramentas moleculares, bem como provar a potogenicidade dos isolados. Foram realizadas coletas nos estados de Minas Gerais e Espírito Santo. Em adição a estes, foram obtidas amostras dos estados do Piauí e São Paulo. Isolados monospóricos foram obtidos e armazenados. Estes tiveram o DNA extraído e as regiões ITS e TEF1-α sequenciadas. A partir dos resultados das análises filogenéticas, foram separados dois a três isolados de cada espécie para a caracterização morfológica. Nove espécies de Botryosphaeriaceae foram identificadas, sendo Lasiodiplodia theobromae, L. parva, L. pseudotheobromae, L. iraniensis, Neoscytalidium dimidiatum, Macrophomina phaseolina e três a serem propostas como novas espécies (Lasiodiplodia sp.1, Lasiodiplodia sp.2 e Macrophomina sp.1). Todas as espécies distinguiram morfologicamente e filogeneticamente, com exceção de Macrophomina sp.1 que não esporulou em meio de cultura. Até o momento, apenas Lasiodiplodia theobromae, Lasiodiplodia sp.1 e Neoscytalidium dimidiatum tiveram a patogenicidade comprovada. Pelos testes de Blotter foram encontrados associados às sementes: Lasiodiplodia theobromae, Macrophomina phaseolina e Macrophomina sp.1. Espécies de Botryosphaeriaceae ocorrem em uma ampla gama de hospedeiros e ambientes, e são frequentemente referidos como endofíticos, patógenos latentes ou oportunistas, devido a manifestação da doença estar diretamente associada à ocorrência de estresse do hospedeiro. A expansão das áreas de pinhão manso no mundo tem contribuído para o surgimento de várias doenças que até o momento não tinham seus agentes etiológicos conhecidos. Este estudo fornece informações novas para futuros estudos de manejo da doença, programas de quarentena e especialmente para o desenvolvimento de variedades resistentes à podridão do colo e raiz do pinhão-manso. / The introduction of biodiesel in the Brazilian energy matrix by initiative of the Federal Government, encouraged the search for potential oleaginous crops to supply raw material for biofuel production. The physic nut (Jatropha curcas) has been highlighted since it is a perennial plant, easy to manage, and produces seeds with a high oil content. The expansion of areas of Jatropha in the world has contributed to the emergence of various diseases. Currently in Brazil, the occurrence of a new disease that not only reduces the productivity, since it causes death of the plants. This disease is associated with a collar and root rot of plants. A number of pathogens have been associates with this disease, the occurrence of Botryosphaeriaceae fungi being the most frequent, which is a group known to be difficult to delimit species based on morphological characters. Thus, the purposes of this work was to investigate the diversity of Botryosphaeriaceae associated with collar and root rot of J. curcas, with the aid of morphology and molecular tools and to asses the pathogenicity of the species involved. Samples were colleted in states of Minas Gerais and the Espirito Santo. In addition, samples were obtained from Piauí and São Paulo states. Single spore cultures were obtained and stored. These had their DNA extracted and the ITS and TEF1-α regions were sequenced. From the results of the phylogenetic analyses, two to three isolates of each species were separated for the morphological characterization and pathogenicity tests. With the purpose of investigating the association of the pathogens in seeds, Blotter tests were performed. Nine Botryosphaeriaceae species were identified: Lasiodiplodia theobromae, L. parva, L. pseudotheobromae, L. iraniensis, Neoscytalidium dimidiatum, Macrophomina phaseolina and three to be proposed as new species (Lasiodiplodia sp.1, Lasiodiplodia sp.2 and Macrophomina sp.1). All species were distinguished morphologically and phylogenetically, except Macrophomina sp.1 that failed sporulate in culture.Currently, only Lasiodiplodia theobromae, Lasiodiplodia sp.1 and Neoscytalidium dimidiatum have proven to be pathogenic. Lasiodiplodia theobromae, Macrophomina phaseolina and Macrophomina sp.1 were associated with seeds. Botryosphaeriaceae species occur in a wide range of hosts and environments, and are often referred to as endophytes and latent or opportunistic pathogens, because manifestation of the disease is directly linked with host stress. The great expansion of Jatropha areas in the world have contributed to the emergence of several diseases, which so far, the etiological agent have remained unknown. This study will provide new information for future studies of disease management, quarantine programs and especially, the development of resistant varieties for collar and root rot of J. curcas.