Šiuo metu visame pasaulyje organizacijos didina pardavimus visais įmanomais būdais. Nuogas kūnas, kuris yra demonstruojamas reklamose paverčiamas tartum jaukas vartotojams. Nesvarbu kokią prekę ar paslaugą reklamuotų gamintojas, dažnai yra naudojamos nuogybės vien tam, kad atkreiptų vartotojų dėmesį. Didelio vartotojų dėmesio susilaukia reklamos, kuriose demonstruojamas gražus nuogas kūnas, jei jos reklamuoja sportą, ar su sportu susijusias prekes. Taigi tyrimu siekiama išsiaiškinti reklamose demonstruojamo nuogo kūno įtaką vartotojo sprendimui sportuoti. / Nowadays companies are trying to increase their sales in all the possible ways. A naked body, which is being demonstrated in the screens, is becomming a bate for the end users. Whatever item or service promoted - a naked body is used to attract the attention of the users. Often, exposure of a naked body is very successful with commercials of sports equipment or any sports activity. Thus, the aim of the study is to find out the influence of the naked body in commercials to the personal decision to engage in sports.

Naked short selling occurs when a short seller fails to deliver shares on the settlement day. The business press and many corporate managers characterize it as abusive price manipulation, alleging that selling nonexistent shares causes a price decline regardless of fundamentals. To curtail the practice, the SEC issued regulations, first to restrain and later to prohibit all naked short selling (i.e., Reg. SHO in 2004 and its amendment in 2009). Contrary to allegations, I find that the naked short selling component of total short interest is significantly associated with accounting and market fundamentals, indicating proper information usage. Further, naked short interest is highly significant in predicting one-quarter ahead abnormal stock returns, and it dominates covered short interest when both measures are included. I also calculate returns from a zero-investment trading strategy that buys (sells) shares with low (high) levels of both covered and naked short interest. I find abnormal returns are approximately 3.9 times larger than when using only covered short interest. Empirical evidence therefore indicates that recent actions by regulators to eliminate naked short selling are likely to impede arbitrage and thereby reduce market efficiency.

This thesis deals with the design of motorcycle powered by Wankel engine. The motorbike is used in normal road traffic. The work solves the use of unconventional drive unit in combination with modern chassis solution. The aim is a complex koncept of motorbike using modern technology, which takes into account appropriate categorization of this bike and ergonomic requirements. It would be a significant non-traditional bike demonstrating the new possibilities.

The Arabian Peninsula represents a bridge between three continents and two major zoogeographic regions, the Palearctic and Afrotropical (Ethiopian). It is well known for its richness and endemicity not only among geckos, but among squamate reptiles in general. Besides impressive endemic species located in the mountains, there are some, widely distributed across the entire Arabian Peninsula (pan-arabian distribution) and in terms of research they remain neglected. Among Arabian geckos, the genus Bunopus are an excellent example, whose systematics and taxonomy are quite problematic, albeit they are distributed across the entire peninsula. In order to answer the question of possible cryptic diversity of these geckos in the Arabian Peninsula, phylogenetic position of more than 80 samples covering the vast part of their distribution range has been reconstructed based on two mitochondrial (12S rRNA and COI) and two nuclear markers (RAG2 and c-mos). Haplotype networks were reconstructed from nuclear markers in order to show genealogical relationships. Results of the phylogenetic analyses presented herein show that cryptic diversity in the Arabian Peninsula is smaller in comparison to the one that was uncovered in the Iranian Plateau. Almost entire Arabian Peninsula is inhabited by two lineages only, which...

Scleractinian corals represent the foundation species of one of the most diverse and productive ecosystem on earth, coral reefs. Corals not only constitute the trophic basis of these ecosystems, but also provide essential habitats and shelter for a wide variety of marine species, many of which are commercially relevant. They also provide other important ecosystem services such as food provision, shoreline protection and opportunities for ecotourism. Despite the ecological importance of corals, very little is known about how their soft-bodied ancestor evolved the ability to form a calcified skeleton and became the ecosystem builders they are today. Corallimorpharia are closely related to reef-building corals but lack the ability to form calcified skeletons. Here we assembled and annotated two draft genomes of the corallimorpharians, Amplexidiscus fenestrafer and Discosoma sp., and further provided an online interface to facilitate the use of these resources. The two genomes can not only inform on the current evolutionary gap in genomic resources for the subclass of Hexacorallia but also provide important resources for comparative genomic studies aiming at understanding the evolution of coral specific traits. Our broad phylogenomic approach using whole genome data, including phylogenetic analyses of nuclear encoding genes as well as genome-wide presence/absence information and synteny conservation from six hexacorallian species, provides robust evidence that corallimorpharians are a monophyletic sister group of scleractinians, therefore rejecting the “naked coral” hypothesis. Being the closest non-calcifying relative of scleractinian corals, corallimorpharians appear to be the best candidates to understand the evolutionary origin of coral calcification. Molecular divergence analysis of scleractinian coral and Corallimorpharia genes suggests that the soft-bodied ancestor of corals evolved the ability to calcify within approximately 80 million years after the divergence of these two orders. To uncover the molecular basis of coral skeletal formation and growth, we integrate genomic and transcriptomic data as well as skeletal proteomic data, and show that gene and domain duplications have been the main evolutionary mechanisms underlying the evolution of calcification in scleractinian corals.

The naked mole-rat possesses several unique physiological and molecular features that underlie their remarkably and exceptional resistance to tissue hypoxia. Elevated pattern of Epo, an erythropoietin (Epo) factor; c-fos; vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF); and hypoxia-inducible factors (HIF-1α) contribute to the adaptive strategy to cope with hypoxic stress. Moreover, the naked mole-rat has a lower metabolic rate than any other eutherian mammal of comparable size that has been studied. The ability to actively reduce metabolic rate represents a strategy widely used in the face of decreased tissue oxygen availability. Understanding the different molecular and physiological factors that induce metabolic suppression could guide the development of pharmacological agents for the clinical management of stroke patient.

Having an appropriate understanding of the behavioral and physiological impact of a disease requires thoroughly fielded tests and wide-ranging animal models to properly deduce generalized impacts of the disease under investigation. Through novel animal models, we acquire diverse insights into the mechanisms at play so that we may approach the problem at hand with fresh perspective and renewed vigor. Using the naked mole-rat (Heterocephalus glaber), a species becoming increasingly common in the medical sciences, my dissertation aimed to accomplish the aforementioned goals in two parts: 1) take the naked mole-rat through a battery of behavioral tasks to bolster our capabilities of using this animal model in medical research; and 2) introduce the naked mole-rat as an alternative model for the investigation of how loss of dental sensation alters behavior and neuroanatomy. Chapter two describes the many methods with which I tested the naked mole-rat across a variety of typical behavioral tasks for social dominance, learning and memory, anxiety, depression, and sociability. Included herein were tests to determine appropriate motivators for this subterranean species to perform such tasks. Additionally, due to the naked mole-rat’s unique disposition for biting, I measured their biting behaviors and compared them across rodent and other mammalian species. The results show that naked mole-rats exhibit large evolutionary divergence in their sensory capabilities and great consideration needs to be given to the proper behavioral tasks and subsequent evaluations of these behavioral paradigms. In chapter three, I evaluated the impact of tooth extraction on affective behaviors, learning and memory, and sociability. Chapter four sought to uncover underlying neuroplasticity associated with the behavioral tasks performed in chapter three. Additionally, in chapter four, I investigated plasticity of the traditional somatosensory pathway for tooth sensation. Tooth loss decreased neuronal density of contralateral ventral posteromedial nucleus of the thalamus and increased the neuronal density of the contralateral ventral dentate gyrus, indicating that tooth-loss induced neuronal plasticity may be more related to plasticity of pain circuitry or resultant from alterations in the muscles of mastication following tooth loss. Though no significant changes in the hippocampus arose from one year of living with no right incisor, I theorized as to which of the physiological idiosyncrasies exhibited by Heterocephalus glaber may have inhibited any observable plasticity due to tooth loss.

“Naken in - naken ut” är en värderingsprincip som föreskrivs i aktieägaravtal. “Naken in - naken ut” används för att kvalificerade anställda i bolaget ska kunna förvärva aktier och bli delägare i bolaget till ett mycket litet belopp, samtidigt som avyttringen av aktierna sedan sker till samma belopp som förvärvet skedde för. Den enda vinst aktieägaren gör med sitt aktieförvärv är att den utdelning som sker från bolaget efter varje räkenskapsårsslut, kan beskattas mer förmånligt i inkomst av kapital än vanlig inkomstbeskattning. För att värderingsprincipen ska fungera behöver det föreskrivas flera överlåtelsebegränsningar i både bolagsordning och aktieägaravtal, för att aktiernas marknad ska göras i princip obefintlig. “Naken in - naken ut” är av den anledningen tvådelad där den ena delen av värderingsprincipen föreskriver värdet på aktierna, medan den andra delen av värderingsprincipen föreskriver aktiernas marknad. I uppsatsen fastställs vad “naken in - naken ut” är. I uppsatsen analyseras även vilka överlåtelsebegränsningar som behövs, för bolag som tillämpar “naken in - naken ut”. En relevant fråga som analyseras i uppsatsen är om aktierna i ett bolag där “naken in - naken ut” används kan få en annan värdering än den som “naken in - naken ut” föreskriver i aktieägaravtalet. Vidare är frågor av relevans om “naken in - naken ut” alltid gäller inom aktieägarkretsen och om “naken in - naken ut” gäller gentemot tredje man.

As an artist working with the female model, this practice-led research examines concepts of alterity and subjectivity while challenging the dominant role of male subjectivity in the western world. It revolves around the relationship between myself and the female subject, a specific woman who within the context of my work epitomises but at the same time transcends womanhood. This undertaking suggests that my representations of her body grow out of a dialectical tension between the feeling that the female other has almost become a metonymic extension of myself, and the awareness that such a feeling is at the same time illusory. The practical component of my investigations takes the form of body-themed box assemblages which are reminiscent of polyptychs, tabernacles and reliquaries. However, the sacred images which form part of these ecclesiastical items are replaced with others showing close-ups of the fragmented bodies of the model and myself. While this kind of profane artefact acts as a receptacle for our bodies which are broken down and enshrined together with other objects, it constitutes part of an ongoing process whereby the relationship between myself and the female figure is metamorphosed, re-shaped, and re-visioned. The significance of these creations is meant to extend beyond their artefactual existence and become mediums through which I re-visit female sexuality and eroticism and assess them within a spiritual context, albeit in the circumscribed framework of a particular woman. The artefact s ultimate objective is to appease my innate desire to access the other via a self-reflexive process which involves both mirroring and distancing at one and the same time. This process also includes an exploration into the spiritual with the aim of exploiting that which is other in the western theological tradition, namely God and the Divine. The gaze is also deeply involved in this exploration of the other. In fact, while our bodies are subjected to a re-visitation and trans-valuation in parts through multiplication and fragmentation, the gaze is in the process broken down into a series of glances which originate from myself, the viewer or the female subject. This process questions and disrupts the dominance of the male gaze, and its associated precepts, in Western visual culture. Finally, by correlating the model s body with the divine, my artefacts seek to give this woman, as an embodiment of the true other, a trans-corporeal identity. Rather than seeking to exert control over the other, they provide a pious space wherein the self and the other are able to encounter each other in a manner that initiates an equitable relationship, unhindered by presumptive knowledge. This is aided by the aesthetics and dynamics underlying the box assemblage which, while expressing gender fluidity and encouraging disengagement from preconceived dogmas a sort of reverse cognition also enhances the experience of its deific symbolism.

Background: A variety of microbial communities exist throughout the human and animal body. Genetics, environmental factors and long-term dietary habit contribute to shaping the composition of the gut microbiota. For this reason the study of the gut microbiota of a mammal exhibiting an extraordinary life span is of great importance. The naked mole-rat (Heterocephalus glaber) is a eusocial mammal known for its longevity and cancer resistance. Methods: Here we analyzed its gut microbiota by cultivating the bacteria under aerobic and anaerobic conditions and identifying their species by mass spectrometry. Results: Altogether, 29 species of microbes were identified, predominantly belonging to Firmicutes, and Bacteroidetes. The most frequent species were Bacillus megaterium (45.2 %), followed by Bacteroides thetaiotaomicron (19.4 %), Bacteroides ovatus, Staphylococcus sciuri and Paenibacillus spp., each with a frequency of 16.1 %. Conclusion: Overall, the gut of the naked mole-rat is colonized by diverse, but low numbers of cultivable microbes compared with humans and mice. The primary food plants of the rodents are rich in polyphenols and related compounds, possessing anti-microbial, anti-inflammatory, anti-oxidative as well as anti-cancer activity which may contribute to their exceptionally healthy life.