<p>During sleep the majority of the body’s production of anabolic hormones is produced and sleep is a general anabolic state of being. It has been to our recognition that a powernap is 4-6 times more effective when it comes to sleep intensity than the last 1-2 hours of a traditional eight hour sleep. </p><p>With this in mind, and that elite athletes worldwide often sleeps in between their training sessions. This study has tried to prove a hypothesis which comes from the assumption that you can recover and perform better during times with intensive periods with better distribution of your sleep.</p><p>We have in this study let three test subjects take part of a six week long program with two different training periods for legs. During training period one they followed a schedule with two shorter strength training sessions per day and a training weight corresponding 65 % of 1RM. Also 8hour sleep per night was used. During training period two they follow the same schedule, the difference is that sleep is controlled to 7hours per night and one 1hour powernap per day (8hour total sleep). During both training periods the power output is registered with the help of musclelab to see how alert the leg muscles are, also tests of 1RM has been done.</p><p>The results shows that power output during period two is more positive than the one in period one with higher shown values of watt at the ending of the week. However, the positive trend starts a little bit later than the one in period one. </p><p>No actual conclusions can be made from this study and should only be seen as a pilot for a science area with few specific articles who are made from hypothesis like the one in this study.</p>

During sleep the majority of the body’s production of anabolic hormones is produced and sleep is a general anabolic state of being. It has been to our recognition that a powernap is 4-6 times more effective when it comes to sleep intensity than the last 1-2 hours of a traditional eight hour sleep. With this in mind, and that elite athletes worldwide often sleeps in between their training sessions. This study has tried to prove a hypothesis which comes from the assumption that you can recover and perform better during times with intensive periods with better distribution of your sleep. We have in this study let three test subjects take part of a six week long program with two different training periods for legs. During training period one they followed a schedule with two shorter strength training sessions per day and a training weight corresponding 65 % of 1RM. Also 8hour sleep per night was used. During training period two they follow the same schedule, the difference is that sleep is controlled to 7hours per night and one 1hour powernap per day (8hour total sleep). During both training periods the power output is registered with the help of musclelab to see how alert the leg muscles are, also tests of 1RM has been done. The results shows that power output during period two is more positive than the one in period one with higher shown values of watt at the ending of the week. However, the positive trend starts a little bit later than the one in period one. No actual conclusions can be made from this study and should only be seen as a pilot for a science area with few specific articles who are made from hypothesis like the one in this study.

Most children discontinue daytime napping by the age of five. This study investigated the role of nap status and gender in executive functioning of Korean four-year olds, about half of whom have transitioned out of naps. Thirty-seven children living in the Gyeonggi-do area in South Korea participated in this study. A sleep diary filled out by parents was used to identify their nap habits and their executive function was assessed using the Fish Flanker Task involving three phases (standard, reverse, mixed). Looking at speed, reaction-time analyses suggested that girls take longer to warm up on the standard flanker task compared to boys a difference that diminishes by the next phase when children encounter the reverse flanker task. Looking at accuracy, children were slow to warm up. Although there were no differences in initial exposure to the standard flanker task, children were more accurate on congruent than incongruent trials in the the mixed phase regardless of nap status or gender. When shifting from the standard flanker to the reverse flanker task, habitual nappers were more accurate on incongruent trials in the reverse-flanker task compared to non-habitual nappers. There were no statistically significant differences in duration of nighttime sleep for habitual and non-habitual nappers supporting the idea that the advantage in accuracy on incongruent trials for habitual nappers was due to the nap. The results suggest that four-year olds may still receive a cognitive benefit from habitual naps, especially when they must shift between tasks.

Le génome des bactéries vivantes n’est pas une entité statique mais au contraire c’est quelque chose très dynamique évoluant avec le temps. Les bactéries évoluent en acquérant par transfert horizontal des gènes du matériel génétique. C’est le cas des EPEC qui ont acquis l’îlot LEE via ce mécanisme. La protéine H-NS joue un rôle important dans la reconnaissance de cet ADN étranger, dans la liaison à cet ADN et dans la répression de son expression quand ce n’est pas en profit du « fitness » de la bactérie. Comme résultat H-NS régule la majorité des gènes associés à la virulence chez les entérobactéries Salmonella, Yersinia et les EPEC. Les EPEC possèdent une protéine paralogue à H-NS et codée dans le premier opéron de leur îlot LEE, il s’agit de la protéine Ler. Une fois exprimée Ler induit l’expression des 4 opérons restant de la région parmi lesquels LEE5. Ler partage une grande homologie avec H-NS surtout au niveau de leurs domaines de reconnaissance de l’ADN. Malgré cette homologie H-NS réprime LEE5 tandis que Ler l’active. De plus si H-NS est un régulateur global agissant sur plus de 500 gènes chez E. coli Ler est une protéine spécifique qui ne va agir que sur un petit nombre de promoteurs tous impliqués dans la virulence L’étude qualitative et quantitative de l’interaction de H-NS et de Ler avec la région promotrice de LEE5 montre qu’elles partagent globalement les mêmes sites de fixation sur des régions étendues en amont et en aval du +1 de la transcription. Ces sites de fixation sont bien définis d’une dizaine de paires de bases. L’affinité de ces sites pour H-NS est variable. Trois sites de haute affinité pour H-NS ont été identifiés. La séquence de ces sites est similaire à celle du site consensus élaboré en étudiant le promoteur proU(Bouffartigues et al - 2007). Des différences dans l’interaction de ces deux protéines avec le promoteur LEE5 résident surtout autour du +1 et des boîtes -10 et -35. Il s’agit de la première étude comparant la fixation de H-NS et de Ler sur des régions étendues de ce promoteur dans le but d’expliquer la régulation différentielle de ces deux protéines paralogues. L’étude de l’expression de LEE5 in vivo nous a permis de proposer que le mécanisme essentiel d’action de Ler est dirigé contre la répression induite par H-NS et que le taux maximum d’expression du promoteur LEE5 wtobservé dans la souche mutante pour hnsen présence de Ler (en comparaison avec la souche double mutante où Ler est absente) n’est pas dû à une activation directe par Ler mais plutôt à une répression par StpA, sensible à la mutation des sites de haute affinité de H-NS. / The genes of the LEE5 operon of enteropathogenic E.coliencode for proteinsthat are essential for their virulence. Their expression istightlyregulated, with H-NS silencing the transcriptional expression of LEE5 while Ler, product of the first operon of thispathogenicityislandcancounteract the silencing of H-NS. We show that H-NS and Ler use the samebinding sites on the LEE5 promoterin vitro. However, around the transcription start site differences in DNA constraints are detectabledepending on the presence of H-NS or Ler. Modification of the central AT bases, characteristic of H-NS consensus binding sites, affect the binding of bothproteinsin vitro and the expression in vivo of the LEE5 promoter. Additionallywe show that an additionalrepressor, the H-NS homologue StpA, isimplicated in the LEE5 regulationleading to a new model of how Ler canrelieve the H-NS imposedrepression on the LEE5 promoter

La NAP-XPS est un nouvel outil révolutionnaire permettant d'utiliser les avantages d'une analyse XPS (Sensibilité aux différents éléments chimiques ainsi que leurs états) à une pression proche de l'ambiante (de l'ordre du mbar) ouvrant ainsi la voie aux études in situ en se rapprochant des conditions réels et. Deux domaines profitent de cette nouvelle machine : la chimie environnementale et la catalyse. Dans le domaine de la chimie environnementale je m'intéresse à l'étude de l'hydratation des argiles dites gonflantes. J'ai ici démontré qu'il est effectivement possible de suivre l'hydratation des contre-ions en mettant en évidence différents comportement en fonction de leurs natures. De plus j'ai pu mettre en évidence un phénomène de radiolyse sous faisceau de la pyridine en présence d'eau dans ces milieux confinés. Concernant la catalyse, j'ai étudié l'oxydation du CO sur des nanocatalyseurs composés notamment de platine un excellent catalyseur, mais sensible aux problèmes d'empoisonnement au CO. Cette réaction est pour nous une réaction prototype permettant de tester le comportement des nanocatalyseurs (Pt, Zn et PtZn). J'ai pu déterminer la température de début de la réaction d'oxidation du CO, de plus en ajoutant du zinc au platine et pour former un nanocatalyseur bimétallique, j'ai démontré qu'on améliore sa résistance à l'oxidation et il montré que le zinc seul est lui aussi capable de catalyser l'oxidation du CO sous forme de création/destruction de carbonate. / The NAP-XPS is a revolutionary new tool that makes possible to use the advantages of a standard XPS analysis (sensitivity to the different chemical elements as well as their states) at a near-ambient pressure (mbar range) thus enabling in situ studies closer to real conditions. Two fields fully benefit from this new machine: environmental chemistry and catalysis. In our case for the field of environmental chemistry we are interested in studying the hydration of so-called swelling clays. I have here demonstrated that it is indeed possible to follow the hydration of counter-ions and highlighted different behavior according to their natures. Moreover, I have been able to demonstrate a beam induced pyridine photolysis phenomenon in the presence of water in these confined media. Concerning catalysis, I studied the oxidation of CO on nanocatalysts composed in particular of platinum an excellent catalyst but sensitive to the CO poisoning. This reaction is for us a prototypical reaction to test the behavior of Pt, Zn, PtZn nanocatalysts. Here, I have been able to determine the onset temperature of the CO oxidation reaction. Moreover, by adding zinc to platinum and forming a bimetallic nanocatalyst, I have improved its resistance to oxidation and proved that zinc alone is also capable of catalyzing the oxidation of CO in the form of creation / destruction of carbonate.

The thesis focuses on the issue of spatial neglect and its neuropsychological diagnostics. The theoretical part of the thesis first summarizes recent knowledge about the neglect and offers its classification, which maps the heterogeneous nature of the disorder. Furthermore, two areas of diagnostic methods aimed at neglect detection are discussed, which are the classic "paper-pencil" tests and functional tests. Finally, these methodological areas are put into relationship, the work discusses their possible complementarity and also their use in clinical practice. In the empirical part we focus on selected classic methods and their ability to diagnose mild neglect in the Czech population. For 64 patients, we compared the sensitivity of the Bells test, the line bisection test, and the scene copying test using different criteria. We also examined double dissociations and relationships between tests, and then the relationships between the ability of instruments to detect neglect and the characteristics of probands. The results mostly confirmed the findings of the theoretical part of the thesis. The sensitivity of the methods was low and variable, there were double dissociations between the line bisection test and the other tests, and there were practically no statistically significant correlations...

Opioids are powerful analgesics. Despite their high efficacy for the management of moderate to severe pain, their clinical utility is limited due to the occurrence of adverse effects. The main problem associated with opioid use is the differential rate of tolerance development to the various pharmacological effects of opioids, with tolerance to respiratory depression occurring at a slower rate than analgesic and euphoric effects. The development of analgesic tolerance, where the efficacy of the drug progressively diminishes with repeated administration, requires higher doses of the drug to achieve a maximum effect. Reports have implicated inflammation as a major driver of analgesic tolerance development. With surmounting evidence that the prototypical opioid, morphine induces pro-inflammatory cytokine release in the brain, spinal cord, and gastrointestinal tract, a question arises of whether pro-inflammatory cytokine release in the gut as a result of chronic morphine treatment is paralleled with the development of morphine antinociceptive tolerance. This dissertation investigated the rate at which antinociceptive tolerance to various doses of morphine developed to a different degree in the presence of colonic inflammation. Using a mouse model, colonic inflammation was induced with 2,4,6-Trinitrobenzenesulfonic acid (TNBS) and then the mice were pelleted with 25 mg, 50 mg (2x25), or 75 mg morphine pellet. Antinociceptive tolerance to morphine was determined in a warm-water tail-immersion assay upon an administration of a morphine challenge dose (10 mg/kg). Inflammatory cytokine expressions and protein levels were measured from whole colon using qPCR and ELISA, respectively. Morphine antinociceptive tolerance was significantly enhanced in the presence of colonic inflammation in a dose and time dependent manner. With a daily injection of 0.5 mg/kg peripheral opioid receptor antagonist 6β-N-heterocyclic substituted naltrexamine derivative (NAP), mice pelleted with 25 mg, 50 mg (2x25), or 75 mg morphine pellets were tested on day 5, 4, or 3, respectively. Tolerance to morphine as well as the enhanced tolerance observed in the presence of colonic inflammation was prevented with daily NAP treatment. However, NAP did not block morphine-induced or TNBS-induced inflammation. Collectively, our findings indicate that inflammation is a major modulator of morphine antinociceptive tolerance and peripheral opioid receptors may be responsible for mediating antinociceptive tolerance.

The main objective for this degree project was to analyze the Endpoint Security Solutions developed by Cisco, Microsoft and a third minor company solution represented by InfoExpress. The different solutions proposed are Cisco Network Admission Control, Microsoft Network Access Protection and InfoExpress CyberGatekeeper. An explanation of each solution functioning is proposed as well as an analysis of the differences between those solutions. This thesis work also proposes a tutorial for the installation of Cisco Network Admission Control for an easier implementation. The research was done by reading articles on the internet and by experimenting the Cisco Network Admission Control solution. My background knowledge about Cisco routing and ACL was also used. Based on the actual analysis done in this thesis, a conclusion was drawn that all existing solutions are not yet ready for large-scale use in corporate networks. Moreover all solutions are proprietary and incompatible. The future possible standard for Endpoint solution might be driven by Cisco and Microsoft and a rude competition begins between those two giants.

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Nous étudions dans cette thèse l’algèbre de Hopf H associée à l’opérade pré-Lie. L’espace des éléments primitifs du dual gradué est muni d’une structure pré-Lie à gauche notée ⊲ définie par l’insertion d’un arbre dans un autre. Nous retrouvons la relation de dérivation entre le produit pré-Lie ⊲ et le produit pré-Lie de greffe → sur les éléments primitifs du dual gradué de l’algèbre de Hopf de Connes Kreimer HCK. Nous mettons en évidence un coproduit sur le produit tensoriel H ⊗HCK, qui en fait une algèbre de Hopf dont le dual gradué est isomorphe à l’algèbre enveloppante du produit semi-direct des deux algèbres de Lie considérées. Nous montrons que l’espace engendré par les arbres enracinés qui ont au moins une arête, muni du produit d’insertion, est une algèbre pré-Lie (non libre) engendrée par deux éléments. Nous mettons en évidence deux familles de relations. De plus nous montrons un résultat similaire pour l’algèbre pré-Lie associée à l’opérade NAP. Finalement on introduit les opérades à débit constant et on montre que l’opérade pré-Lie s’obtient comme déformation de l’opérade NAP dans ce cadre. / We investigate in this thesis the Hopf algebra structure on the vector space H spanned by the rooted forests, associated with the pre-Lie operad. The space of primitive elements of the graded dual of this Hopf algebra is endowed with a left pre-Lie product denoted by ⊲, defined in terms of insertion of a tree inside another. In this thesis we retrieve the “derivation” relation between the pre-Lie structure ⊲ and the left pre-Lie product → on the space of primitive elements of the graded dual H0CK of the Connes-Kreimer Hopf algebra HCK, defined by grafting. We also exhibit a coproduct on the tensor product H⊗HCK, making it a Hopf algebra the graded dual of which is isomorphic to the enveloping algebra of the semidirect product of the two (pre-)Lie algebras considered. We prove that the span of the rooted trees with at least one edge endowed with the pre-Lie product ⊲ is generated by two elements. It is not free : we exhibit two families of relations. Moreover we prove a similar result for the pre-Lie algebra associated with the NAP operad. Finally, we introduce current preserving operads and prove that the pre-Lie operad can be obtained as a deformation of the NAP operad in this framework.