Throughout history women have been subject to oppression by patriarchal society. However, there have always been those who have tried to rise against it. This study will shed light upon one example: a female artist who personally defies the patriarchal norms at the same time as her music encourages others to do the same. The musician in question is Christina Aguilera, and the album studied is Stripped. What this study shows is that Stripped can be read as a feminist statement. The lyrics deal with two main themes: patriarchal society’s objectification and oppression of women, and the struggles of love and relationships. What these two themes have in common is that they both encourage women to stand their ground and believe in themselves. However, the lyrics on the album also suggest that Aguilera is aware of the fact that her message will not suit everyone. She knows that she works within an industry whose goal is to make money out of its artists, and therefore she has to keep repeating like a mantra to herself and to others that she, and her music, is not just a product of this industry. The message her music brings actually matters. To come to this conclusion I have examined Aguilera’s lyrics in terms of what messages they bring and who their narratees might be, all in accordance with feminist narratology. Secondary sources from the fields of popular music studies, media studies and gender studies as well as interviews with and about Aguilera and biographies have been consulted.

This essay investigates the narration in Charlotte Brontë’s Jane Eyre by applying narratologist Great Olson’s model of unreliable narration to Jane, the novel’s narrator. Further, the novel discusses how Jane’s reliability affects the portrayal of the character Bertha Mason. The essay argues that the narrator’s characterization of Bertha Mason is deliberately misleading.

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This dissertation attempts to investigate the relationship between certain narrative strategies and meaning(s), and presents a narratological analysis of Golding&rsquo / s three novels. It primarily refers to the terminology offered by Genette and Rimmon-Kenan and, considering the mode of narration (voice) and the mode of focalization (mood), it tries to unearth narrative elements in narrative fiction. This dissertation argues that the implied author employs narrative agents and strategies of perspectivisation in order to affect, manipulate, determine or change the meaning(s), and that storytelling authority can be violated or balanced by monitority of perceiving. In The Inheritors, the implied author plays with shifting perspective to portray the other from within / in Pincher Martin, s/he explores temporality and timelessness to reveal post-mortem individual consciousness / unconsciousness, and in Free Fall, s/he produces a first-person retrospective narration where the protagonist deals with the act of story-telling and attempts to reconstruct his identity through manipulating subnarratives and perspectives.

This essay focuses on the way in which three narrative devices expand upon three types of love depicted in Toni Morrison’s novel The Bluest Eye. The three narrative devices examined in this essay are narrator, paratext and the irony of the Breedlove family name. These devices all serve the purpose of conveying different types of love in Morrison’s novel and how these types of love affect the characters of the novel, especially the protagonist Pecola Breedlove. Narrator plays an important role because the narrative voice changes throughout the novel, shifting between Claudia MacTeer and a third-person omniscient narrator. This shifting perspective shows the reader how the types of love affect Pecola both through a child’s perspective and as well as through third-person narration. The Dick and Jane paratext contrasts the Breedlove family to white American ideals of familial love and happiness. Finally, the lack of familial love within the Breedlove family truly shows the irony of the Breedlove family name. The lack of love forces Pecola to internalize her self-hatred while the destructive, distant and judgmental relationship between Mrs. Breedlove and Pecola causes both characters to become delusional and dissatisfied with their sense of self. Friendship is the only place where Pecola finds love, shown to her by Claudia and Frieda; however, Pecola has already descended too far into madness for their love to help her. Although Pecola should find solace in the three types of love that are presented through the novel’s narrative devices, they all contribute to her disillusionment and, ultimately, her descent into madness.

Pasakojamasis diskursas siejamas su Gerard‘u Genette‘u, jo naratologiniai tyrinėjimai aštuntajame dešimtmetyje padarė didelį posūkį literatūrologijos moksle. Iš esmės keičiamas mąstymas apie pasakojimą. Todėl svarbiausia ne tai, kas papasakota, o tai, kaip pasakojama. Ši problema labai mažai, tiksliau visiškai netyrinėta, todėl nusprendėme darbo temą pasirinkti būtent tokią „Pasakotojo funkcijos Sigito Parulskio romane „Murmanti siena“. Darbo objektas – pasakotojos funkcijos, jų kaita romane. Pasakotojas išryškėja kaip adresantas, vertybių saugotojas, veiksmo skatintojas ir vertintojas, kuris tam tikrą momentą įgauna atitinkamą galėjimą, kompetenciją atlikti vieną ar kitą veiksmą. Naratorius atlieka ne vien pasakotojo funkciją, kuri yra privaloma, bet tuo pat metu ir kitokias. Pirmoji, svarbiausioji, funkcija vadinama naratyvine, kitos keturios(ideologinė, liudijimo, komunikacinė, valdymo), jomis pasakotojas pasitelkia tik tam tikrais atvejais. Šiuo darbu siekiame atskleisti, kaip keičiasi pasakotojo funkcijos romane, parodyti, kaip jomis naudojasi, pagrįsti tokį elgesį. Pasitelkdamas vieną ar kitą pasakotojo funkciją, naratorius pateikia kuriamos tikrovės įvykius. Tai atlieka sąmoningai, organizuotai, pagal situacija liudija, vertina, komentuoja. Išanalizavę visą tekstą, galime teigti, jog naratorius plačiąją prasme, nėra tik stebėtojas ar įvykių fiksuotojas, jis adekvačiai reaguoja į pateikiamą diskursą, personažus, modeliuoja jų veiklą ir pats yra ne ką menkesnė figūra... [toliau žr. visą tekstą] / The narrative discourse is related to Gerard Genette. In the eighth decade his narratological researches made a significant turnabout in the science of literary criticism. The thinking about the narration is basically changed. That is why the most important thing is not what is told but how it is told. This problem has been little investigated, to be more precise, it has not been investigated at all. That is why we decided to choose the following topic of the work: “The Narrator‘s Functions in the Novel “Murmanti siena” by Sigitas Parulskis”. The subject of the work is the narrator’s functions, their change in the novel. The narrator is revealed as an addresser, a preserver of values. He encourages and evaluates the action as well as he gets the appropriate ability, competence to perform one or another action. The narrator performs not only the narrator’s function which is compulsory but at the same time he performs other functions. The first and the most important function is called narrative, the other four functions are called ideological, communicative, operating and the function of witness. The narrator invokes them in some sort of cases. The aim of the work is to reveal how the narrator’s functions change in the novel, to show how they are used, to motivate such a behaviour. Invoking one or another function of the narrator, he presents events of the reality which is being created. This is performed in a deliberate, organized way, according to the situation the... [to full text]

Naujajame romane modernių bruožų yra daug: laiko ir erdvės moduliacijos, personažo „mirtis“, prasmės atsisakymas ir t.t. Tačiau vienu svarbiausių tampa pasakojimo lygmuo ir pasakotojo funkcijos. Todėl pagrindiniu šio magistro darbo uždaviniu tapo: atskleisti pasakotojo pozicijų kaitą romane, kodėl tokios pasakojimo moduliacijos yra taikomos, kaip veikti jos priverčia patį pasakotoją ir skaitytoją, kokie yra santykiai tarp pasakotojo ir personažų. Kūrinys, kurį šiame magistro darbe analizuojame, yra A. Robbe-Grillet Labirinte. Šis romanas yra pasirinktas, nes jis – geriausias Naujojo romano pavyzdys. Šiame romane darbo autorius stengiasi atskleisti: kuo pasakotojas naujajame romane yra modernus, kaip jo modernumas yra kuriamas, kokie yra jo santykiai su personažais, daiktiškąja aplinka ir skaitytoju. Atsakyti į šiuos klausimus yra pasitelkiama naratologinė bei semiotinė teksto analizė. Tyrime šios dvi strategijos padeda atskleisti, kodėl pasakotojas tampa pačia svarbiausia, siužetą lemiančia pasakojimo figūra ir kodėl pasakotojas, skirtingai nuo tradicinio romano visažinio pasakotojo, naujajame romane tik bando tapti naratoriumi, tačiau patiria nesėkmę. / There are a lot of modern traits in New Novel: the modulation of time and space, the death oj subject, refusal of the meaning etc. Besides that, the main trait of New Novel is the level of narration and the functions of narrator. That is why the main object of this magister work is: to show the modulation of narrator‘s positions, to show why these modulations are used, to show how these modulations make act the narrator and his addressee. The main novel, we analyz in this magister work is A. Robbe-Grillet In the Labyrinth. This novel was choosed because it is the best example of the New Novel. In this novel the author trys to explain: how modern is the narrator in the novel, how this modernism of the narrator is creating, what is the type of communication between the narrator, the subjects (the subjects are human and the items) and the addressee of the novel. The methods of narratology and semiotc is the way to answer to these questions. These two strategies help to show, why the narrator becomes the main figure in the novel, who determines the plot of the novel and why the narrator, on the contrary to he traditional type of narrator who knows-all, just tries to be like him, but he didn‘t succeed. In the Labyrinth the narrator doesn‘t know anything.

The aim this thesis is to analyse the narrative structure of the novel, The Portrait of A Lady, with the aim of revealing how meaning is made and to show how certain elements are transferred to the film version and the consequent changes in meaning and emphasis. The structural analysis of The Portrait will chiefly rely on Shlomith Rimmon- Kenan&rsquo / s scheme she draws in her book Narrative Fiction. The functional analysis to show the consequent changes in meaning and emphasis, on the other hand, will rely on Roland Barthes&rsquo / s theory of functions he discusses in his article &ldquo / Structural Analysis of Narratives&rdquo / . In order to explore the narrative structure of The Portrait of A Lady, this thesis will examine story, characterization, time and focalization and demonstrate the techniques Henry James uses in narration. In the functional analysis of the novel, on the other hand, the functions of the units discussed in the story and the characterization will be compared to the functions of the same units that are transferred to the adaptation of the novel to reveal how the meaning and emphasis of the novel changes.

Charlotte Brontë’s problematising of first-person narrative foregrounds the fluidity of the concept of identity and insists on its constructed nature. Brontë uses specific narrative techniques in The Professor, Jane Eyre and Villette to achieve this foregrounding, which leads to a complex and sophisticated exploration of the individual’s relationship to society, and how this influences the way individuals construct their identity. Each of these novels presents a different example of such self-construction through the characterisation of the first person narrator. Brontë’s questioning of the stability of the self encourages readers to be aware of such constructs. In my first chapter, I look closely at how narrative authority is parcelled out in Brontë’s nineteenth-century society, and what influence the conferring or withholding of such authority has on the construction of a narrative self. The next three chapters are devoted to discussion of specific examples of narrative self-construction in Brontë’s first-person novels, how her protagonists deal with narrative authority, and the difficulties inherent in speaking or writing with such authority for nineteenth-century women in particular. Individuals construct a sense of their self through telling stories. Brontë’s fiction asks the question, if “Literature cannot be the business of a woman’s life” is this tantamount to denying women the right to an arena for the construction of a self at all? What role do readers play in the construction of a narrative self for a writer? In the concluding chapter my aim is to open out my analysis of Brontë’s fiction by examining the idea of narrative as a place more generally for imaginative self-construction. I structure the chapter around J. Hillis Miller’s argument in On Literature that the role of reading and writing in this regard has irrevocably changed in the twenty-first century due to the influence and popularity of the on-line world.

Στην παρούσα εργασία μελετώνται θεωρητικές προϋποθέσεις για τη χρήση αφηγηματολογικών όρων και μεθόδων στην ανάλυση και τη διδασκαλία της ανεπτυγμένης/ λογοτεχνικής αφήγησης και προτείνεται ένα πλαίσιο προσέγγισής τους ως τμήματος μιας ευρύτερης διαδικασίας κριτικής ανάγνωσης της λογοτεχνίας. Στο διδακτικό παράδειγμα που παρουσιάζουμε, επιχειρείται μια εφαρμογή της αφηγηματικής υπερδομής και των τεχνικών της αφήγησης στο Μικρό Πρίγκιπα του Εξυπερί με μια μέθοδο ανάλυσης του αφηγηματικού λόγου που αντλεί από τις αρχές της Αφηγηματολογίας και κυρίως από τη θεωρία του Αφηγηματικού Λόγου του Gerard Genette. Στο επίκεντρο της προσέγγισης είναι το αφηγηματικό κείμενο: δεν είναι το αφηγηματικό περιεχόμενο, η «αφηγημένη ιστορία», αλλά η αφηγηματική γραφή, η πράξη του αφηγείσθαι, με απώτερο στόχο την ανάδειξη του τρόπου που συγκεκριμένα αφηγηματικά περιεχόμενα και τεχνικές παράγουν σημασία. Πρόκειται για μια «εσωτερική» ανάλυση του αφηγηματικού κειμένου, όπου αυτό που ενδιαφέρει δεν είναι η ερμηνεία του αλλά η αποκάλυψη των συμβάσεων που καθιστούν δυνατό το νόημά του. / The subject of the study in the present project is the theoretical preconditions for the use of narrative terms and methods in the analysis and teaching of literary narration. Furthermore, a frame of approach as part of wider process of critical reading of literature is proposed. In the teaching example that we present, an attempt is made to apply the narrative hyper structure and the techniques of narration in Le Petit Prince of Exupery using a method of analysis of narrative discourse that mainly draws from the principles of Narratology and mainly from the theory of Narrative Discourse of Gerard Genette. The narrative text is at the epicentre of the approach: it is not the narrative content, but the narrative form of writing, the act of narrating (narration), the ultimate goal of which is to highlight the way specific narrative content and techniques produce meaning. It is an ‘internal’ analysis of narrative text, the interest of which does not lie in its interpretation but the revelation of conventions that make its meaning possible.