This diploma thesis tackles the theme of the mythical arrival of Father Čech and his processing in literary texts. The purpose of the thesis is not a historical interpretation, but a narratological comparative interpretation. After the characteristic of the myth and its functioning in literary texts, there follows an interpretation of the theory of fictional worlds, which also deals with myths. Then follows the individual variations of the story, subjected to the submitted narrative-interpretation analysis also in terms of composition, characters and narrators. The objective is to capture the individual changes of the story and provide a comprehensive picture of how individual authors work with this narrative and how the story changes and transforms. Key words Myth, topos, father Čech, narrative, fictional worlds, narrator

This master thesis deals with the phenomenon of non-human narrator in the literary fiction. The theoretical part of the thesis provides a conceptual framework. The framework is based on the so-called unnatural narratology. Firstly, the thesis discusses non-human narrators that are conventionally accepted. Secondly, the thesis provides a case study of non-human narrators that are perceived as unnatural. The case study includes examples from both canonical works and contemporary works. The research focuses on two main levels related to the usage of the phenomenon of non-human narration as used in the narratives: the level of "meaning" and the level of "form and effect".

[pt] A presente dissertação de mestrado está centrada na análise de três livros de Augusto Abelaira. São analisados Bolor, Quatro Paredes Nuas e O Triunfo da Morte, livros escolhidos por permitirem evidenciar alguns dos procedimentos de escrita deste autor. É feita uma breve contextualização histórica, seguida pela análise de temas, elementos textuais, processos formais e características estruturais recorrentes nas obras estudadas. A dissertação se concentra em tópicos característicos da escrita de Abelaira, como sua retomada de assuntos e temas, a problematização da identidade dos narradores e o atrito entre ficção e realidade. O objetivo é demonstrar que a desconstrução da estrutura narrativa linear nas obras do autor impossibilita a existência de uma interpretação privilegiada. É postulado um paralelo entre a técnica abelairiana de justaposição e as técnicas de montagem cinematográfica descontínuas, evidenciando a lógica estruturante que ambas compartilham. Finalmente, é analisada a relação entre o narrador e os diferentes planos narrativos: os narradores destes livros de Abelaira parecem ser compostos por uma superposição de diferentes vozes, algumas das quais remetem a planos externos à narrativa. A partir da relação de atrito entre ficcional e realidade, investiga-se como Abelaira sistematicamente questiona e evidencia os limites da escrita ficcional. / [en] This dissertation is centered on the analysis of three books by Augusto Abelaira, a Portuguese 20th century writer. Bolor, Quatro Paredes Nuas and O Triunfo da Morte have been chosen because they allow us to highlight some of the narrative procedures typical of this author. A brief historical overview is followed by an analysis of themes, textual elements, formal and structural characteristics recurrent in the author`s work. The dissertation focus on aspects that characterize Abelaira`s writing style, such as his constant use of subjects and themes. Our goal is to demonstrate that the very structure of his narrative precludes the existence of a privileged interpretation of the analyzed work. A parallel is postulated between the writer s technique of juxtaposition and discontinuous cinematographic editing techniques, as both share the same logical structuring. Finally, we analyze the relationship between the narrator and the various narrative plans in order to show that the narrators in these three books by Abelaira are a superposition of different narrative voices that make successive references to extra-fictional events. From the friction between fiction and reality that the narratives seem to present, we systematically investigate how Abelaira questions and highlights the limits of fiction writing.

Annihilation is the first novel in the trilogy named “The Southern Reach,” a ScienceFiction/Horror series of books written by Jeff VanderMeer. Annihilation focuses on a team of scientists on an expedition into an area where the very nature has been altered in mysterious ways. The scientists’ goal is to study this area to come to an understanding of what is happening, but like the eleven previous expeditions, they fail.   With the aid of narratology, I will argue that Jeff VanderMeer’s Annihilation is an unreliable narrative. To prove that, I will analyse and discuss specific passage’s unreliable narration used in the novel, as well as incorporating themes from the novel that directly correlate with the unreliability of the novel’s narrative.  Annihilation is filled with ambiguous language and events that are on almost every  level unexplainable using scientific methods. The way that the novel is written makes the narrator, the biologist, unreliable in her narration of the events that take place around her. She is tormented by both her past and by the beings that inhabit Area X, such as the Crawler. The results of this study exemplify the ambiguity of VanderMeer’s writing and how he uses this ambiguous language to further thrust the narrative into a void of chaotic unreliability. There is nothing in the novel that can be trusted as fact in the context of the world in which the characters inhabit, down to the characters own thoughts and memories. The presented themes of Annihilation are in direct correlation with the unreliability of the narrative and show how deep VanderMeer went into constructing the most unreliable narrative possible.

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Klimatet är en av de frågor som har fått mycket medial uppmärksamhet under de senaste åren. En fredag i augusti år 2018 satte sig Greta Thunberg utanför riksdagshuset i Stockholm för att strejka, med sig hade hon sitt plakat ”Skolstrejk för klimatet”. Hon blev snabbt medialt uppmärksammad och inom en snar framtid - hade med hjälp av henne rörelsen ”Fridays for Future” bildats. Tidigare forskning visar bland annat på hur Gretas tid i offentligheten har formats av media samt om hur hennes kamp för klimatet skapat olika riktningar i samhället. Utifrån dessa faktorer är studiens syfte främst att försöka bidra till en fördjupad förståelse till hur Greta konstrueras genom rösten i dokumentärfilmen Greta. För att besvara studiens frågeställningar används ett metodologiskt angreppssätt med avstamp i den hermeneutiska tolkningsteorin som i synnerhet berör Bill Nichols teorier om röster i dokumentärfilmer. Resultatet i denna studie visar bland annat på att röstens konstruktion i dokumentären är en del av ett större komplext system som innefattar bland annat flera röster och dokumentära berättarstrategier. / The climate issue has been in medias spotlight, especially through recent years. On a Friday in August 2018, Greta Thunberg sat down outside the Swedish parliament in Stockholm to strike, with her placard "School strike for the climate". She quickly gained media attention and soon - with her help, the movement "Fridays for Future" was formed. Previous research shows that Greta's time in the public eye has been shaped by the media and how her fight for the climate have been creating different directions in society. Based on these factors, the purpose of this study is primarily to try to contribute to a deeper understanding of how Greta is constructed through the voice in the documentary film I am Greta. To answer the study's questions, a methodological approach is used with its origins in the hermeneutic theory of interpretation, which concerns Bill Nichols' theories about voices in documentary films. The result of this study shows that the construction of the voice in the documentary is part of a larger complex system that includes other several voices and other documentary narrative strategies.

Villette (1853), Charlotte Brontë's last novel, is famously riddled with ambiguity: its narrator-protagonist, Lucy Snowe, avoids disclosing details about her childhood, fails to reveal to readers the identity of characters she recognizes from her past, and, at the end of the novel, refuses to confirm if her love interest, M. Paul, has died at sea after a storm. Believing Lucy's ambiguous narrative style to be a tool she uses to train readers to better understand her, many critics have focused their efforts on trying to interpret Lucy's silences and evasions "correctly," thereby turning themselves into Lucy's or Brontë's "ideal" authorial readers. However, throughout her life, Lucy has resisted being read by people who assume they can fully know her and fit her into their worldview. Unwilling to impose her views on others, Lucy's autobiography encourages readers to make their own meaning without deciphering how she intends for it to be read. In this way, she maintains that she is ultimately unknowable to her readers, just as they are to her, and preserves, rather than erases, the distance that exists between reader and author. By constructing an authorial reader who does not seek to think as Lucy does, Villette invites readers to enter into an ethical relationship with Lucy, one in which otherness is respected and intimacy is possible despite differences.

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