O objetivo desta dissertação é o de investigar as disputas pelo poder subjacentes no texto literário do autor cherokee/canadense Thomas King, mais especificamente em seu romance publicado em 1993 intitulado Green Grass, Running Water. Serão destacadas as estratégias performáticas empregadas na desconstrução de representações opressivas de nativo-americanos por discursos ocidentais que compõem um complexo campo de batalha onde vozes em conflito disputam por direitos discursivos nas relações de poder. Se por um lado temos a tradição epistemológica positivista/cartesiana que trabalha há cinco séculos no sentido de exercer controle sobre as representações simbólicas dos nativo-americanos, a fim de que poder executivo e discursivo possa ser exercido sobre eles, por outro lado temos que Thomas King proporciona ao leitor o acesso a uma estrutura cíclica, não hierarquizada da narrativa e do epistêmio nativo-americanos. Esta investigação irá apontar os momentos de conflito entre essas vozes e analisará uma potencial interpretação democrática, de terceira via para esses encontros aparentemente binários. Espera-se ser possível indicar que Green Grass, Running Water propicia um privilegiado campo simbólico para que conflitos culturais e epistemológicos possam ocorrer e ser resolvidos com alguma espécie de resolução positiva em relação ao aspecto frequentemente belicoso dos engajamentos nativos e ocidentais. Para tanto, investigaremos a tradição bíblica e judaico-cristã de hierarquização e como o processo de nomeação de indivíduos e categorias permite que ocorra uma relação de dominação. Discutiremos a estrutura organizacional das comunidades, baseando-nos nas proposições de Zygmunt Bauman, com o intuito de averiguar de que forma o texto literário lida com questões como o pertencimento a grupos que possuem critérios subjetivos de aceitação, permitindo-nos responder se tais critérios permitem uma opção de filiação ou se representam uma demanda coletiva opressiva sobre o indivíduo. Uma análise dos discursos científicos de verdade também será feita, contrastando-os com a construção mítica coletiva das narrativas nativo-americanas como construções alternativas de verdade. Finalmente, teremos um capítulo sobre o poder narrativo da fotografia (mídia presente no romance em diversos momentos), no qual os usos da câmera serão descritos e analisados em seus potenciais de malícia e de narração distorcida. / The aim of this paper is to investigate the power struggles underlying the literary text of Canadian/Cherokee author Thomas King in the novel Green Grass, Running Water, published in 1993. We will highlight the performative strategies employed in the deconstruction of oppressive representations of the Native American by Western discursive and mediatic voices. The novel offers an interweaved narrative of Native and Western cultural materials that, together, will compose a complex battlefield of contentious voices that, ultimately, weigh on the balance of power relations to claim discursive rights. On the one hand, we have the epistemological tradition of a Positivist/Cartesian logic that has been working for five centuries to hold sway over the symbolic representations of the Native Americans in order to exert executive and discursive power over them; on the other hand, Thomas King provides the reader a glimpse of the cyclical, non-hierarchized structure of Native narrative and episteme. This investigation will point out the moments of conflict between these two voices and attempt to elaborate on the potential democratic/third-way interpretation of these seemingly binary encounters. We hope to be able to indicate that Green Grass, Running Water provides a privileged symbolic battleground for cultural and epistemological clashes to occur and be settled with some sort of positive resolution to the long-lasting contentious nature of Native and Western engagements. In order to accomplish that, we will delve into the biblical and Judeo-Christian tradition of hierachization and how the process of naming of individuals and categories allows for domination to occur. We will elaborate on the structural organization of communities, based on the propositions of Zygmunt Bauman, in order to assess how the literary text handles issues such as belonging to groups that have subjective criteria for acceptance, aiming at answering whether these criteria allow for an option of membership or if they pose as oppressive collective demands over the individual. An analysis of the scientific discourses of truth will also be provided, contrasting them with the collective mythmaking of Native American narratives as alternative constructors of truths. Finally, we will have a chapter on the narrative power of photography (a medium present in the novel at various moments), in which the uses of the camera are described and analyzed in their guileful and (mis)narrating potentials.

Master of Arts / Communication Studies / Timothy R. Steffensmeier / This thesis explores the rhetorical function of creative writing being written by queer/two-spirit identified indigenous authors. The rhetorical function being the way these stories politicize the various ways gender and sexuality were foundational tools of settler colonialism in de-tribalizing and assimilating indigenous folks. The literary perspective often elides politics in favor of deconstructing aspects of creative writing such as genre, syntax, and themes instead of the socio-political potential such works produce. The three works I examine all have something to teach rhetorical scholars about the need to politicize the socio-sexual and gendered imaginaries of settler colonialism in discourses of the founding fathers, manifest destiny, westward expansion, land purchase. statehood, American exceptionalism, democracy promotion, and many more. They fundamentally challenge rhetorics that posit static notions of American identity and/or purpose that represses the historical and ongoing genocide of indigenous culture and life. In this way, they intervene in the very notion of communicability itself within the socio-symbolic economy of settler colonialism and its attendant hetero-patriarchal gendered and sexual imaginaries.

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O objetivo desta dissertação é o de investigar as disputas pelo poder subjacentes no texto literário do autor cherokee/canadense Thomas King, mais especificamente em seu romance publicado em 1993 intitulado Green Grass, Running Water. Serão destacadas as estratégias performáticas empregadas na desconstrução de representações opressivas de nativo-americanos por discursos ocidentais que compõem um complexo campo de batalha onde vozes em conflito disputam por direitos discursivos nas relações de poder. Se por um lado temos a tradição epistemológica positivista/cartesiana que trabalha há cinco séculos no sentido de exercer controle sobre as representações simbólicas dos nativo-americanos, a fim de que poder executivo e discursivo possa ser exercido sobre eles, por outro lado temos que Thomas King proporciona ao leitor o acesso a uma estrutura cíclica, não hierarquizada da narrativa e do epistêmio nativo-americanos. Esta investigação irá apontar os momentos de conflito entre essas vozes e analisará uma potencial interpretação democrática, de terceira via para esses encontros aparentemente binários. Espera-se ser possível indicar que Green Grass, Running Water propicia um privilegiado campo simbólico para que conflitos culturais e epistemológicos possam ocorrer e ser resolvidos com alguma espécie de resolução positiva em relação ao aspecto frequentemente belicoso dos engajamentos nativos e ocidentais. Para tanto, investigaremos a tradição bíblica e judaico-cristã de hierarquização e como o processo de nomeação de indivíduos e categorias permite que ocorra uma relação de dominação. Discutiremos a estrutura organizacional das comunidades, baseando-nos nas proposições de Zygmunt Bauman, com o intuito de averiguar de que forma o texto literário lida com questões como o pertencimento a grupos que possuem critérios subjetivos de aceitação, permitindo-nos responder se tais critérios permitem uma opção de filiação ou se representam uma demanda coletiva opressiva sobre o indivíduo. Uma análise dos discursos científicos de verdade também será feita, contrastando-os com a construção mítica coletiva das narrativas nativo-americanas como construções alternativas de verdade. Finalmente, teremos um capítulo sobre o poder narrativo da fotografia (mídia presente no romance em diversos momentos), no qual os usos da câmera serão descritos e analisados em seus potenciais de malícia e de narração distorcida. / The aim of this paper is to investigate the power struggles underlying the literary text of Canadian/Cherokee author Thomas King in the novel Green Grass, Running Water, published in 1993. We will highlight the performative strategies employed in the deconstruction of oppressive representations of the Native American by Western discursive and mediatic voices. The novel offers an interweaved narrative of Native and Western cultural materials that, together, will compose a complex battlefield of contentious voices that, ultimately, weigh on the balance of power relations to claim discursive rights. On the one hand, we have the epistemological tradition of a Positivist/Cartesian logic that has been working for five centuries to hold sway over the symbolic representations of the Native Americans in order to exert executive and discursive power over them; on the other hand, Thomas King provides the reader a glimpse of the cyclical, non-hierarchized structure of Native narrative and episteme. This investigation will point out the moments of conflict between these two voices and attempt to elaborate on the potential democratic/third-way interpretation of these seemingly binary encounters. We hope to be able to indicate that Green Grass, Running Water provides a privileged symbolic battleground for cultural and epistemological clashes to occur and be settled with some sort of positive resolution to the long-lasting contentious nature of Native and Western engagements. In order to accomplish that, we will delve into the biblical and Judeo-Christian tradition of hierachization and how the process of naming of individuals and categories allows for domination to occur. We will elaborate on the structural organization of communities, based on the propositions of Zygmunt Bauman, in order to assess how the literary text handles issues such as belonging to groups that have subjective criteria for acceptance, aiming at answering whether these criteria allow for an option of membership or if they pose as oppressive collective demands over the individual. An analysis of the scientific discourses of truth will also be provided, contrasting them with the collective mythmaking of Native American narratives as alternative constructors of truths. Finally, we will have a chapter on the narrative power of photography (a medium present in the novel at various moments), in which the uses of the camera are described and analyzed in their guileful and (mis)narrating potentials.

Ce mémoire s’intéresse aux mouvements sociaux autochtones d’opposition aux oléoducs. Nous cherchons à comprendre pourquoi ces mouvements privilégient l’occupation territoriale comme mode d’action et surtout, quel sens ils donnent à ce type d’action. Nous examinons spécifiquement deux organisations, l'International Indigenous Youth Council (qui s’inscrit dans le mouvement des Water Protectors) opposé à l’oléoduc Dakota Access aux États-Unis, et les Tiny House Warriors, opposé.e.s à l’oléoduc Trans Mountain au Canada. Afin de mieux comprendre ces mouvements, nous avons effectué une analyse de discours à partir de 25-30 vidéos publiées sur Facebook et YouTube pour chaque groupe. Nos résultats mettent en évidence que ces mouvements ne s’opposent pas seulement aux oléoducs, ils ancrent en fait leur action dans un long héritage de résistance au colonialisme de peuplement et dans un projet plus large de (re)construction identitaire, s'inscrivant dans une éthique de la résurgence autochtone. Nous démontrons comment ces mouvements représentent l’occupation comme une réoccupation, à la fois physique et symbolique, du terrain politique. Ainsi, ces mouvements réaffirment par le fait même leurs systèmes de gouvernance traditionnels et leurs pratiques spirituelles. En ce sens, l’opposition aux oléoducs devient presque secondaire, un prétexte pour des objectifs plus larges. Nous soutenons également que bien que ces deux mouvements s’inscrivent dans une même éthique de la résurgence, celle-ci se manifeste différemment en raison du contexte, mais aussi de l’histoire coloniale et des cultures au sein desquelles ces mouvements s’inscrivent. La résurgence autochtone doit en ce sens être située historiquement et culturellement. / This dissertation is interested in indigenous social movements opposing oil pipelines. We are trying to understand why these movements favour territorial occupation as a mode of action and above all, what meaning they give to this type of action. We are looking specifically at two organizations, the International Indigenous Youth Council (part of the Water Protectors movement) opposed to the Dakota Access pipeline in the United States, and the Tiny House Warriors, opposed to the Trans Mountain pipeline in Canada. In order to better understand these movements, we carried out a discourse analysis from 25-30 videos published on Facebook and YouTube for each group. Our results show that these movements do not only oppose the oil pipelines, they in fact anchor their action in a long legacy of resistance to settler colonialism and in a broader project of (re)construction of identity, which is part in an ethics of indigenous resurgence. We demonstrate how these movements represent occupation as a reoccupation, both physical and symbolic, of political space. In doing so, these movements reaffirm their traditional systems of governance and spiritual practices. In this sense, opposition to pipelines becomes almost secondary, a mere pretext for more big picture objectives. We also maintain that although these two movements are part of the same ethic of resurgence, it manifests itself differently because of the context, but also because of the colonial history and the cultures in which these movements are embedded. In this sense, indigenous resurgence must be situated historically and culturally.

Notre étude s’intéresse aux représentations des interactions entre les Autochtones en situation d’itinérance et les services policiers en milieux urbains au Québec. À l’aide d’une méthodologie qualitative ancrée dans le mouvement de décolonisation de la recherche, nous présentons l’expérience urbaine de l’itinérance telle que vécue par les Autochtones ainsi que leurs représentations des interactions avec la police. En centrant nos analyses sur les expériences telles que vécues et rapportées par nos participants et participantes, nous faisons ressortir les représentations qu’ils et elles se font de la police. L’analyse de nos données fait ressortir le rôle de gestion pénale de la pauvreté visible de la police en milieu urbain ainsi que les pratiques et attitudes envers les Autochtones influencées par un cadre de référence racialisé. Celles-ci viennent influencer les représentations sociales de la police par nos participants et participantes, il en ressort deux types de figures : la figure du persécuteur et la figure du protecteur. Nos analyses soulèvent aussi les enjeux de profilage social et racial ainsi que l’expérience genrée des interactions avec la police. De plus, il ressort de cela que les Autochtones en situation d’itinérance se retrouvent à l’intersection de plusieurs facteurs de disqualification sociale. Cette étude se conclue par une série de recommandations visant l’amélioration des interactions des Autochtones avec les services publics ainsi qu’une démystification des enjeux autochtones. / Our study is interested in the interactions between homeless Indigenous people and police services in urban areas in Quebec. Using a qualitative methodology rooted in the research decolonization movement, we present the experience of urban homelessness as well as interactions with the police. By focusing our analyzes on the experiences as lived and reported by our participants, we highlight the representations they make of the police. The analysis of our data highlights the role of penal management of visible poverty by police services in urban areas as well as the practices and attitudes towards Indigenous people influenced by a racialized frame of reference. These influence the social representations of the police by our participants, two types stand out: the persecutor and the protector. Our analysis also raises the issues of social and racial profiling as well as the gendered experience of interactions with the police. In addition, it appears that Indigenous people experiencing homelessness find themselves at the intersection of several factors of social disqualification. This study concludes on a series of recommendations aimed at improving the interactions of Indigenous people with public services as well as a demystification of Indigenous issues.

Ce mémoire de maîtrise porte sur la participation locale des Cris de Waswanipi lors de consultations à propos de l’exploitation forestière de leur territoire ancestrale. Depuis la signature de l’Entente concernant une nouvelle relation entre le gouvernement du Québec et les Cris du Québec, communément appelée la Paix des braves en 2002, les Cris d’Eeyou Istchee ont obtenu des dispositions de consultation distincte concernant la gestion du territoire forestier. Entre autres, le régime forestier adapté assure la mise en place de Groupes de travail conjoints, où le gouvernement du Québec et les Cris négocient la planification forestière sur une base territoriale. Ce mécanisme de mise en oeuvre de la Paix des Braves fait suite aux nombreuses revendications des Cris. Toutefois, plus de dix ans après la signature de l’entente, il est pertinent de se demander si les processus de consultation orchestrés par les Groupes de travail conjoints répondent aux besoins et aspirations des Cris. Cette recherche sociologique réalisée dans la communauté de Waswanipi s’efforce de mettre en lumière l’expérience des tallymen, intendant du territoire familial et représentant de la famille aux Groupes de travail conjoints, lors des processus de consultation. À l’aide d’une douzaine d’entretien avec des tallymen, ce mémoire cherche à soulever l’impact que ces derniers possèdent dans la planification territoriale ainsi que la place accordée aux savoirs traditionnels lors des rencontres de consultation. / This thesis focuses on the local participation of the Waswanipi Cree during consultation meetings concerning forestry operations on their ancestral territory. Since the signing of the the Agreement Concerning a New Relationship Between le Gouvernement du Québec and the Crees of Québec, commonly called Paix des Braves Agreement in 2002, the Crees of Eeyou Istchee have gained distinct consultation provisions related to forest land management. Among other things, the adapted forestry regime ensures the establishment of Joint Working Groups, where the Quebec government and the Crees negotiate territorially-based forest planning. This mechanism for implementing the Paix des Braves falls in line with the initial demands made by the Crees. Acknowledging this, it is pertinent to ask whether the consultation processes orchestrated by the Joint Working Groups meet the needs and aspirations of the Crees more than a decade after the signing of the agreement. This sociological research conducted in the community of Waswanipi strives to highlight the experience of tallymen, stewards of traditional family lands and family representatives in Joint Working Groups, during consultation processes. Through a dozen interviews with tallymen, this thesis seeks to highlight the impact tallymen have on territorial planning as well as the place given to traditional knowledge during consultation meetings.

La Commission de Vérité et de Réconciliation du Canada (CVRC) qui s’est tenue du mois de juin 2008 au mois de juin 2015 avait pour objectif de faire la lumière sur la douloureuse période des pensionnats qui s’est étendue des années 1820 aux années 1990. Bien que le mandat de la CVRC se limitait uniquement au dossier des pensionnats, il illustre la fragmentation de la nation canadienne autour des rapports entre Autochtones et autres habitants du territoire canadien. Malgré la tenue de cette commission, très peu d’auteurs s’accordent sur les résultats de cette commission. Bien que l’on remarque certaines avancées, il semblerait que, plus d’une décennie plus tard, de nombreux obstacles entravent encore le chemin vers la réconciliation. Parmi eux, nous retrouvons l’absence de demande de pardon du pape aux autochtones ayant fréquenté les pensionnats catholiques. L’objectif de ce mémoire est de mieux comprendre l’importance du pardon dans le processus de réconciliation entre Autochtones et non-Autochtones au Canada. Cette recherche revêt une vision bidisciplinaire, politique et théologique, pour répondre à cet objectif. La question de recherche proposée est la suivante : pourquoi l’absence de demande de pardon du pape aux Autochtones constitue un obstacle à la réconciliation ? Nous supposons sur la base de nos lectures préliminaires que cette absence de demande de pardon est un obstacle par sa dimension politique et sa dimension spirituelle. Nous supposons également en nous basant sur la théorie de peacebuilding de John Paul Lederach, que l’attention portée sur l’absence de demande de pardon du pape constitue en soi un obstacle à la réconciliation. Pour répondre à cette question de recherche, nous avons mené une revue de la littérature approfondie sur le rôle du pardon dans un processus de réconciliation d’un point de vue politique puis spirituel. Nous avons ensuite mené une enquête pour confronter nos résultats à la réalité du terrain. Cette enquête a réuni douze acteurs locaux de la réconciliation au Québec. Certains parmi ces participants sont Autochtones, certains font partie d’une institution catholique et d’autres n’affichent aucune affiliation. Les résultats recueillis démontrent que contrairement à notre idée préliminaire, l’absence de demande de pardon du pape ne constitue pas un obstacle à la réconciliation. Cependant, c’est effectivement l’attention qui y est portée qui nuit à la réconciliation. Nos conclusions ont été bousculées par la mobilisation Wet'suwet'en qui s’est tenue dès le début de l’année 2020 au Québec et qui illustre que la réconciliation est encore un chemin sinueux parsemé d’obstacles qui doivent être pris en compte dans de futures recherches. / The Truth and Reconciliation Commission held in Canada (TRC) from June 2008 to June 2015 aimed to shed light on the painful residential school era that occurred between 1820 and 1990. Although the TRC’s mandate only focused on the residential schools’ matter, it illustrates the fragmentation on relationships between Indigenous people and other Canadian inhabitants. Despite the holding of this commission, very few academic authors agree on its results. Although some progress has been noted, it seems that many obstacles still stand in the way of reconciliation. Among them is the absence of a request for forgiveness from the Pope to the natives who attended Catholic boarding schools. The purpose of this thesis is to understand the importance of forgiveness in the process of reconciliation. This research takes a bi-disciplinary, political and theological approach to meet this objective. The research question under study goes by the following: why does the absence of a Pope’s request for forgiveness to the Indigenous people constitutes an obstacle to reconciliation? We assume—based on our preliminary readings—that the absence of a request for forgiveness is an obstacle due to its political and spiritual dimensions. We also assume—based on John Paul Lederach’s theory of peace building—that the attention paid to the Pope’s lack of request for pardon itself constitutes an obstacle to reconciliation. To answer this research question, we conducted a comprehensive literature review on the role of forgiveness in processes of reconciliation from a political, and then a spiritual, point of view. We then conducted a survey to compare our results with the reality on the ground. This survey brought together twelve key players of reconciliation in Québec. Some of these participants are Indigenous, some are part of a Catholic institution, and others have no affiliation. The evidence collected in this study shows that, contrary to our preliminary idea, the absence of the Pope’s request for forgiveness does not constitute an obstacle to reconciliation. However, it is indeed the attention paid to it that undermines reconciliation. Our findings have been shaken up by the Wet’suwet’en mobilization that took place at the beginning of 2020, which illustrates that reconciliation is still a winding road dotted with obstacles that need to be considered for future research.

This thesis focuses on tribal engagement and tribal consultation in the United States. In the thesis, I discuss my experience working on an interdisciplinary research team completing a formal ethnographic study which was submitted to a federal agency. Using insights gained from this experience and additional experience working with American Indian tribes, I discuss historic, contemporary, and potential future strategies for involving and engaging American Indian tribes in land and resource stewardship decisions in the United States.

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