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  • About
  • The Global ETD Search service is a free service for researchers to find electronic theses and dissertations. This service is provided by the Networked Digital Library of Theses and Dissertations.
    Our metadata is collected from universities around the world. If you manage a university/consortium/country archive and want to be added, details can be found on the NDLTD website.
11

Einfluss der neutralen Endopeptidase auf Alzheimersche Erkrankung, Alkoholkonsum und Adipositas

Becker, Matthias 20 September 2006 (has links)
Als Metallopeptidase mit einem großen Substratspektrum hat die Neutrale Endopeptidase (Neprilysin, EC 3.4.24.11, NEP) Einfluss auf so verschiedene Krankheiten oder pathophysiologischen Vorgänge wie Hypertonie, die Alzheimersche Erkrankung oder krankhafte Prostataveränderungen. Im Rahmen der vorliegenden Arbeit wurden die Beziehungen der NEP zur Alzheimerschen Erkrankung sowie zu zwei weiteren pathophysiologischen Veränderungen – einem erhöhten Alkoholkonsum unter Stress sowie zu Adipositas/Übergewicht – eingehend untersucht. In Bezug auf die Alzheimersche Erkrankung wurde der Frage nachgegangen, warum Mäuse und Ratten keine vollständige Alzheimer-Symptomatik ausbilden. Dabei wurde ein verlangsamter Abbau des murinen beta-Amyloid-Peptids im Gegensatz zur humanen Form gefunden und biochemisch charakterisiert. Diese Befunde wurden durch den Nachweis, dass das murine im Gegensatz zum humanen Abeta-Peptid keine Amyloidfibrillen ausbildet, komplettiert. Am Modell der NEP-Knockout-Maus wurde in freiwilligen Trinkversuchen ein Alkoholverbrauch beobachtet, der dem von C57BL6-Wildtyp-Mäusen vergleichbar war. Nach einem kurzzeitigen sozialen Stress nahm jedoch der Alkoholkonsum der NEP-Knockout-Mäuse für ca. 3 Wochen deutlich und nach einem weiteren Stress sogar für mehrere Monate zu. An NEP-Knockout-Mäusen wurde überdies erstmals ein übergewichtiger Phänotyp beschrieben, der der menschlichen polygenetischen Adipositas sehr ähnlich ist. Dieser Phänotyp wurde eingehend physiologisch und biochemisch sowie in Abhängigkeit von verschiedenen Futtersorten (fettreiche bzw. Kohlenhydrat-modifizierte Nahrung) charakterisiert. In diesem Rahmen wurde erstmals die Hydrolyse des orexigenen Peptids Galanin durch die NEP beschrieben. Erste Erklärungsansätze für die Ausprägung des übergewichtigen Phänotyps bei NEP-Knockout-Mäusen sowie die Eignung dieses Tiermodells als Modell der komplexen humanen Adipositas werden diskutiert. / As a metallopeptidase with a large substrate spectrum neutral endopeptidase (Neprilysin, EC 3.4.24.11, NEP) influences diseases or pathophysiological states as different as hypertonia, Alzheimer’s disease or pathologic changes of the prostate. In this work the relations of NEP to Alzheimer’s disease and to two other pathophysiologic changes – an increased alcohol consumption under stress conditions as well as to adiposity/obesity – were examined in detail. Regarding Alzheimer’s disease the question was addressed why mice and rats do not show a complete Alzheimer’s pathology. The hydrolytic rate of the murine beta-Amyloid peptide was found to be decreased in contrast to the human form. The hydrolysis was further characterized by biochemistry. These findings were completed by the confirmation that murine abeta peptide does not form amyloid fibrils in contrast to the human peptide. By using the NEP knockout-mouse model in a free-choice drinking paradigm these mice showed an alcohol consumption comparable to that of C57BL6 wildtype mice. However, after a temporary social stress the alcohol consumption of the NEP knockout-mice increased for approx. 3 weeks and after a further stress it remained on a higher level for several months. Moreover, an obese phenotype of NEP knockout-mice was described here for the first time. This phenotype was found to be very similar to the human polygenetic adiposity. It was physiologically and biochemicaly characterized in detail as well as its dependence on different food types (high-fat and carbohydrate-modified diet). Within this work the hydrolysis of the orexigenic peptide galanin by NEP was described for the first time. A first explanatory approach to the development of the obese phenotype in NEP knockout-mice as well as the suitability of this animal model as a model of the complex human obesity is discussed.
12

Ki-67, cd10, cd34, p53, cd117 e mastócitos no diagnóstico diferencial dos fibroadenomas celulares e na graduação dos tumores filóidesz / Ki-67, cd10, cd34, p53, cd117 and mast cells in differential diagnosis of cellular fibroadenomas and in the classfication of phyllodes tumors

Vilela, Maria Helena Tavares 09 October 2013 (has links)
Submitted by Marlene Santos (marlene.bc.ufg@gmail.com) on 2014-09-30T18:51:57Z No. of bitstreams: 2 Dissertação- Maria Helena Tavares Vilela-2013.pdf: 2276556 bytes, checksum: 772ad6ab585b17765e734a42bc50eb7e (MD5) license_rdf: 23148 bytes, checksum: 9da0b6dfac957114c6a7714714b86306 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Jaqueline Silva (jtas29@gmail.com) on 2014-09-30T19:29:06Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 2 Dissertação- Maria Helena Tavares Vilela-2013.pdf: 2276556 bytes, checksum: 772ad6ab585b17765e734a42bc50eb7e (MD5) license_rdf: 23148 bytes, checksum: 9da0b6dfac957114c6a7714714b86306 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2014-09-30T19:29:06Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 Dissertação- Maria Helena Tavares Vilela-2013.pdf: 2276556 bytes, checksum: 772ad6ab585b17765e734a42bc50eb7e (MD5) license_rdf: 23148 bytes, checksum: 9da0b6dfac957114c6a7714714b86306 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2013-10-09 / The proper management of breast phyllodes tumors (PTs) remains challenging, due to the difficulty of the correct preoperative diagnosis. The aim of this study was to evaluate the usefulness of the Ki-67, CD10, CD34, p53, CD117 and the number of mast cells for the differential diagnosis between benign PTs and cellular fibroadenomas (CFs), and also at the grading of PTs. 51 primary PTs and 14 FCs were examined by immunohistochemistry (IH). Through the evaluation of the expression of CD117, greater epithelial expression was found at the FCs and an increased number of mast cells in benign TFs. The stromal expression of the Ki-67, CD10, CD34 and p53 showed relevance to the grading of PTs. / O manejo adequado dos tumores filóides (TFs) mamários continua desafiador, devido à dificuldade do diagnóstico pré-operatório correto. O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar a utilidade do Ki-67, do CD34, do CD10, do CD117, da p53 e do número de mastócitos no diagnóstico diferencial entre os TFs benignos e fibroadenomas celulares (FCs), bem como na graduação dos TFs. Foram examinados 51 TFs primários e 14 FCs por imunohistoquímica (IH). Na marcação pelo CD117, houve maior expressão epitelial nos FCs e maior número de mastócitos nos TFs benignos. A expressão estromal do Ki-67, da p53, do CD10 e CD34 mostrou-se significante na graduação dosTFs.
13

Monocytes as gene therapy vectors for the treatment of Alzheimer's disease /

Lebson, Lori Ann. January 2008 (has links)
Dissertation (Ph.D.)--University of South Florida, 2008. / Includes vita. Includes bibliographical references.
14

Kan Entresto ersätta ACE-hämmare vid hjärtsvikt och är den behandlingen optimal med avseende på farmakogenetiken?

Abdulsalam Muhammednouri, Hevi January 2018 (has links)
Omkring 200 000–250 000 personer lider av hjärtsvikt i Sverige. Hjärtsvikt är ett tillstånd med nedsatt pumpförmåga hos hjärtat. Tillståndet resulterar i minskad livskvalité, hög morbiditet och mortalitet. Det har gjorts många försök för att hitta lämpliga läkemedelsmål som kan minimera dessa konsekvenser. Neurohormonella kompensatoriska mekanismer, exempelvis renin-angiotensin II-aldosteron-systemet, syftar till att återställa blodtrycket till normala nivåer igen efter för lågt blodtryck men på längre sikt ökar det även belastningen på hjärtat. Via detta system aktiveras hormonet angiotensin II som står för den ökade belastningen. Hormonet har därför varit ett viktigt läkemedelsmål för ACE-hämmare (ACEI) och AT1-antagonister (ARB) för att förhindra blodtryckshöjning. Enzymet neprilysin är ett annat läkemedelsmål, som inhiberas av läkemedelsklassen neprilysin-hämmare. Läkemedlet Entresto är en kombination av ARB och neprilysin-hämmare. Den neprilysin-hämmande komponenten, sakubitril, aktiveras av karboxylesteras 1 (CES1) men mutationer i genen som kodar för enzymet kan leda till utebliven terapeutisk effekt. Dessutom kan patienter med vildtyp CES1 riskera oacceptabla biverkningar som rabdomyolys och Alzheimer’s sjukdom. Syftet med arbetet är att undersöka om Entresto kan ersätta ACE-hämmare vid hjärtsvikt och om den behandlingen är optimal med avseende på farmakogenetiken. Arbetet är en litteraturstudie med vetenskapliga artiklar hämtade från databasen PubMed och via Linnéuniversitetets sökverktyg, OneSearch. I arbetet har fem studier analyserats (I-V). Studierna visar att Entresto är överlägsen enalapril genom att minska hjärtsviktshospitalisering och dödsfall på grund av kardiovaskulära orsaker. Dock är läkemedelseffekten av Entresto beroende av en fungerande CES1-gen eftersom mutationer som G143E orsakar utebliven terapeutisk effekt. Enalapril har visat sig vara oberoende av sådana mutationer. Teoretiskt sett kan en hämning av neprilysin ge upphov till ackumulering av amyloid-β-peptider (Aβ), vilket associeras med Alzheimer’s sjukdom. Studie IV, vars syfte var att undersöka vilken inverkan Entresto har på Aβ-isoformer, visade inga förändrade Aβ-koncentrationer i cerebrospinalvätska. Dock behövs vidare studier med längre durationstid. Däremot visar studie V att en kombination av Entresto och statiner ökar plasmakoncentrationen av statiner, vilket i sin tur ökar risken för att utveckla rabdomyolys. Slutsatsen blir att det inte är optimalt att ersätta enalapril med Entresto vid hjärtsvikt med avseende på farmakogenetik. / Around 200,000–250,000 people suffer from heart failure in Sweden. Heart failure is a condition of impaired heart pumping capacity. The condition results in reduced quality of life, high morbidity and mortality and there have been many attempts to find suitable drug targets to minimize these consequences. Neurohormonal compensatory mechanisms, such as renin–angiotensin–aldosterone system, aim to restore blood pressure to normal levels again but in the long-term it also increases the stress on the heart. The hormone angiotensin II gets activated through this mechanism and is the reason behind the increased stress. Therefore, the hormone has been an important drug target for ACE inhibitors (ACEI) and AT1 blockers (ARB) to prevent antihypertensive effects. The enzyme neprilysin is another drug target whose inhibition is accomplished by using neprilysin inhibitors. Entresto® is a new medication that contains a neprilysin inhibitor and an ARB. The neprilysin inhibitory component, sacubitril, is activated by carboxylesterase 1 (CES1) but mutations in the gene encoding CES1 may cause a non-therapeutic effect. Additionally, patients with wild-type CES1 may risk unacceptable side effects such as rhabdomyolysis and Alzheimer's disease. The objective of this study is to investigate whether replacement of ACE inhibitors with Entresto is optimal in heart failure with regard to pharmacogenetics. This study is organized as a literature study in which five scientific articles (I-V) were analyzed and selected from PubMed database and through Linnaeus University's search engine, OneSearch. The studies show that Entresto is superior to enalapril in reducing the risk for cardiovascular death or hospitalization for heart failure. However, the effects of Entresto is dependent on a functioning CES1 gene because mutations like G143E cause a non-therapeutic effect. Enalapril has shown to be independent of such mutations. Theoretically, inhibition of neprilysin may cause accumulation of amyloid-β peptides (Aβ), which associates with Alzheimer's disease. Study IV, with the purpose to investigate the effect of Entresto on Aβ isoforms, showed no significant change in Aβ concentrations in cerebrospinal fluid. However, further studies with longer duration were suggested. On the other hand, study V shows that a combination of Entresto and statins increases the plasma concentration of statins. That in turn would increase the risk of a development of rhabdomyolysis. The conclusion is that it is not optimal to replace enalapril with Entresto in heart failure with regard to pharmacogenetics.
15

Funktionelle Charakterisierung der Metalloprotease Neprilysin 4 aus Drosophila melanogaster

Panz, Mareike 01 October 2012 (has links)
Im Menschen regulieren extrazelluläre Metalloproteasen eine Vielzahl von physiologischen Prozessen, wobei deren exakte Funktionen bei der Ausbildung humaner Krankheiten wie beispielsweise Krebs, der Alzheimerschen Krankheit oder Störungen des Herz-Kreislaufsystems vielfach noch unbekannt sind. Insbesondere die Proteinfamilie der Neprilysine wird seit einigen Jahren vermehrt in Bezug auf eine mögliche Anwendung als Therapeutikum gegen die genannten Erkrankungen hin diskutiert. In dieser Arbeit wurde erstmals die M13-Metalloprotease Neprilysin 4 (Nep4) aus dem Modellorganismus Drosophila melanogaster charakterisiert. Zusätzlich wurde zu Beginn dieser Arbeit das ADAM (A Disintegrin And Metalloprotease)-Protein Meltrin analysiert. Innerhalb der Neprilysin-Familie kommt Nep4 eine Sonderrolle zu, da es im Gegensatz zu den meisten Neprilysinen nicht ausschließlich als membrangebundenes Protein, sondern isoformspezifisch auch in löslicher Form exprimiert wird. In diesem Zusammenhang deuten RT-PCRs, in situ Hybridisierungen und Antikörperfärbungen auf ein breites Funktionsspektrum beider Isoformen hin, das in den zahlreichen Geweben, in denen Nep4 exprimiert wird, hauptsächlich der Etablierung und Aufrechterhaltung der Homöostase verschiedener bioaktiver Peptide dienen dürfte. Über den gesamten Lebenszyklus der Fruchtfliege kann Nep4 in Gliazellen des ZNS und in den männlichen Geschlechtszellen nachgewiesen werden, während es im Verlauf der Embryogenese zusätzlich in Herz- und Muskelzellen exprimiert wird. Die regulatorischen Elemente zur Steuerung der neuronalen (ZNS) und mesodermalen (Herz und Muskel) Nep4 Expression konnten in dieser Arbeit identifiziert und für die Erzeugung transgener Fliegenlinien genutzt werden. Mittels semi-quantitativer PCR und durch Untersuchungen von Fliegen, die GFP unter der Kontrolle des mesodermalen Enhancers exprimieren, wurde die endogene Expression von Nep4 im Muskel von Larven des dritten Stadiums nachgewiesen. Da alle nachfolgenden Stadien Reporteraktivität im Herzen und Muskel zeigen, wird die Peptidase vermutlich durchgängig in diesen Geweben benötigt. Die katalytische Aktivität von Nep4 konnte anhand der Peptide Substanz P und Angiotensin I demonstriert werden. Dabei ist die Enzymaktivität, wie für die Neutralen Endopeptidasen (Nep) typisch, von einem neutralen pH-Wert abhängig und wird durch bekannte Inhibitoren der humanen Neprilysine, Nep und Nep2 reduziert. Bei einer künstlich erhöhten Expression von Nep4 in der Muskulatur der Fruchtfliege ist, entgegen der Erwartung, nicht die katalytische Aktivität, sondern ausschließlich die nicht katalytische, intrazelluläre Domäne ursächlich für eine nekrotische Gewebedegeneration. Um eine mögliche Funktion der intrazellulären Domäne des Nep4 Proteins im Muskel genauer zu erforschen, wurden Proteininteraktionsstudien durchgeführt, erste Interaktionspartner identifiziert und deren Interaktion auf Proteinebene nachgewiesen.
16

Functional in vivo characterization of Neprilysin as a central regulator of insulin signaling and muscle contraction in Drosophila melanogaster

Schiemann, Ronja Thea 14 October 2022 (has links)
Peptides play pivotal roles in the regulation of various physiological processes. As neuropeptides or peptide hormones, they can bind to a range of receptors and thereby trigger the activation of different pathways, including insulin signaling. Another central functionality is facilitated by the action of the as regulins summarized transmembrane micropeptides. By binding to the sarco/endoplasmic reticulum Ca2+ ATPase (SERCA), the regulins control Ca2+ homeostasis and muscle contraction. With the ongoing identification of novel modulatory micropeptides encoded by small open reading frames, the urgency to understand peptide-dependent regulatory networks rises. In this regard, especially impact and physiological relevance exerted by the enzymatic inactivation of the mature, biologically active peptides are far from completely understood. Neprilysins are metalloendopeptidases expressed throughout the animal kingdom. Based on their broad substrate specificity, the activity of neprilysins is crucial for the modulation of multiple peptide-dependent processes. This work aimed to identify new peptide substrates of the Drosophila melanogaster Neprilysin 4 (Nep4) and investigate the enzyme's physiological impact on the affected regulatory mechanisms. The first part of the work could identify 16 novel Nep4 peptide substrates that play essential roles in insulin signaling and the regulation of food intake: allatostatin A1-A4, adipokinetic hormone, corazonin, diuretic hormone 31, drosulfakinin 1 and 2, leucokinin, two short neuropeptide F peptides, and tachykinin 1-4. Thereby, aberrant expression of Nep4 leads to severe phenotypes linked to misregulation of insulin signaling, including reduced body size and weight, compromised food intake, and a characteristic shift in metabolomic composition. To further investigate and understand the complex functionality of the newly discovered Nep4 substrates, these peptides were tested for their ability to modulate the Drosophila heartbeat. A combined in vitro/in vivo screen revealed that the tested substrates exert chronotropic as well as inotropic effects, rendering the peptides as essential novel modulators of the heartbeat in Drosophila. The main project of this thesis was based on the initial finding that animals with Nep4 overexpression exhibit severe impairments of body wall muscle and heart functionality. By applying various experiments, including analyses of muscle and heart contraction, measurement of Ca2+ transients, pull-down studies, STED super-resolution microscopy, and mass spectrometry, Neprilysin 4 was identified as a novel modulator of SERCA activity. The molecular underpinning of this regulatory mechanism is the Nep4 mediated cleavage and inactivation of Drosophila SERCA-inhibitory Sarcolamban micropeptides SCLA and SCLB. Strikingly, cleavage experiments using the mammalian neprilysin and apparent colocalization of Neprilysin and SERCA in human heart tissue indicate evolutionary conservation of this mechanism. In summary, this work could identify a range of so far unknown Nep4 substrates and thereby point out the critical roles these class of enzymes plays in insulin signaling as well as the physiology of muscle and heart contraction.
17

The Role of ApoE and Liver X Receptors in Alzheimer's Disease

Jiang, Qingguang 23 June 2008 (has links)
No description available.
18

半乳糖凝集素-3促進乙型類澱粉蛋白寡聚合作用 / Galectin-3 facilitates amyloid-beta oligomerization

鄭光閔, Zheng, Kuang Min Unknown Date (has links)
阿茲海默症是一種隨著年齡老化有關的神經退化性疾病,其特徵主要為記憶喪失及認知功能失調。阿茲海默症有兩個主要的病理指標,包含了因為濤蛋白造成的神經纖維糾結以及乙型類澱粉蛋白堆積而成的老化斑塊。乙型類澱粉蛋白是由類澱粉前驅蛋白經β-分泌酶及γ-分泌酶連續裁切生成大小約4-kDa的胜肽。乙型類澱粉蛋白會相互堆積形成寡聚體,並且高分子量寡聚體進一步再堆積成不可溶性的乙型類澱粉蛋白纖維及老化斑塊。半乳糖凝集素-3是半乳糖凝集素家族的一員,目前已知半乳糖凝集素-3調節各種細胞的功能,例如發炎、腫瘤生長以及細胞間的黏附,而在癌症中則有促使癌細胞積聚的能力,然而在大腦中的作用仍尚不清楚。在本研究中,我們使用APP/PS1基因轉殖小鼠作為阿茲海默症的動物模型,並且在其大腦中研究半乳糖凝集素-3對於乙型類澱粉蛋白堆積的作用與機制。結果顯示在野生型小鼠的海馬迴中過度表現半乳糖凝集素-3會促進乙型類澱粉蛋白的堆積,而將乙型類澱粉蛋白注射在半乳糖凝集素-3基因剔除小鼠的海馬迴,則會觀察到乙型類澱粉蛋白寡聚合作用的減少。乙型類澱粉蛋白的注射也會增加海馬迴中半乳糖凝集素-3的表現。在APP/PS1小鼠的海馬迴可以觀察到半乳糖凝集素-3的表現量會隨著年齡增長而增加,而具有抑制發炎及免疫反應的PIAS1在APP/PS1小鼠海馬迴中的表現量則會隨著年齡增長而減少。在探討半乳糖凝集素-3調節乙型類澱粉蛋白寡具體作用的過程中,我們發現半乳糖凝集素-3基因剔除小鼠的海馬迴中能夠代謝乙型類澱粉蛋白的腦啡肽酶表現量是野生型小鼠的兩倍多。研究結果顯示半乳糖凝集素-3對於乙型類澱粉蛋白的堆積扮演了重要的角色以及可能在阿茲海默症的病理機制中具有重要的作用。 / Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is an age-related neurodegenerative disorder which is characterized by progressive loss of memory and other cognitive functions. The two pathological hallmarks of AD are extracellular amyloid plaque and flame-shaped neurofibrillary tangles of the tau protein. Aβ is a 4-kDa protein that is resulted from sequential cleavage of the amyloid precursor protein by beta-secretase and gamma-secretase. Once Aβ is produced, it will aggregate to form oligomers and high molecular weight (HMW) oligomers will further assemble to form large insoluble fibrils and plaque. Galectin-3 (Gal-3) is a member of the β-galactoside-binding galectin protein family. Gal-3 is known to regulate various cellular functions, such as inflammation, tumor progression and cell-cell adhesion. In cancer cell, Gal-3 enhances homotypic aggregation, but its role in the brain is much less known. In the present study, we examined the role and mechanism of Gal-3 in Aβ aggregation in the brain by adopting the APP/PS1 mice as an animal model of AD. Results revealed that overexpression of Gal-3 enhanced Aβ oligomerization, whereas Aβ injection into hippocampus of Gal-3 KO mice reduced Aβ oligomerization. Aβ injection also increased Gal-3 expression in the hippocampus. Gal-3 expression is also increased in APP/PS1 mice and this effect is more significant along with ageing. Meanwhile, the expression of protein inhibitor of activated STAT1 (PIAS1) that suppresses inflammation and immune response was decreased with ageing in APP/PS1 mice. We further found that the expression level of neprilysin, an enzyme that degrades Aβ, was increased for approximately two-folds in Gal-3 KO mice compared with WT mice. These results suggest that Gal-3 plays an important role in Aβ aggregation and possibly in the pathology of AD.

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