Det kommer många nyanlända elever till skolan och läraren behöver hjälp med att arbeta med dessa elever samt inkludera dem tillsammans med andra elever. Syftet med studien är att ta reda på de uppfattningar som lärare har kring sin svenskundervisning med nyanlända elever med särskild tyngdpunkt på inkludering. Bakgrunden till denna studie handlar om hur lärare planerar för att stötta nyanlända elever i deras språkinlärning. Metoden som har använts i denna studie är kvalitativ metod med intervju som redskap. Tre yrkesverksamma lärare i årskurserna 1-3 deltog. Jag har analyserat och sammanfattat resultatet av min undersökning. Jag har även tagit del av tidigare forskning och försökt att få svar på studiens frågeställningar. Studiens resultat visar att samtliga av de intervjuade lärarna har arbetat med nyanlända elever under en lång period. Lärarna tycker att studiehandledare är en betydelsefull resurs. De anser att samarbete med studiehandledare har stor påverkan på elevernas språkinlärning. Det finns en viss variation bland lärarnas utbildning när det kommer till svenska som andraspråk (SVA). Gemensamt är dock att de har mycket kort utbildning och denna utbildning ligger utanför grundutbildningen. De har alla gått lärarutbildning innan det fanns inslag av svenska som andraspråk. Det finns två olika uppfattningar om fenomenet inkludering. Den ena uppfattningen är att det är problematiskt med inkludering, detta innebär tidsbrist och bristande skolgång. Den andra uppfattningen är att det trots dessa svårigheter är bra med inkludering.

Introduction: As many recently qualified South African doctors pursue specialisation and sub-specialisation, projections indicate that the critical mass of medical practitioners required to support primary healthcare will continue to dwindle, with wholly inadequate numbers to sustain the country's proposed National Health Insurance plan. Little is known, however, about what newly qualified doctors on the verge of making career choices think of the speciality of Family Medicine (FM) and how these young doctors actually decide on what career options to pursue. Objectives: This study describes the career intentions of newly qualified doctors working in the four southern districts of Gauteng Province, the factors that influence their career aspirations, and their views on FM as a specialty. Methods: This is a descriptive cross sectional study using a self-administered questionnaire, which targeted 502 participants (interns N=396 and community service doctors N=106) in 2013. Results: Out of 368 questionnaires returned, 342 were eligible for analysis. More than two thirds (68%) of the respondents graduated from medical schools located in Gauteng Province. Only 5.3% were working in primary healthcare (PHC) facilities. The most chosen specialties were: surgical (32.2%), internal medicine (14.3%), and paediatrics (12.9%). FM was the least chosen specialty by only eight respondents (2.3%). Only 44% had ever considered FM as a career. Of these, 77% agreed that they were not well enough informed about the FM registrar-training programme to select this discipline. Only 16.8% thought they would be job satisfied working in a PHC facility, while 53.4% believed that FM would not be financially rewarding. Conclusions: A serious human resource shortage looms large in primary healthcare if most newly qualified doctors have no desire to enter general medical practice or work in PHC settings. This study highlights the need to urgently address current undergraduate, internship and registrar training programmes in South Africa with a view to marketing FM and making generalism attractive. / AC 2016

Sammanfattning   Bakgrund: För nyexaminerade sjuksköterskor innebär inträdet in i yrkesrollen en transition från en fas till en annan. Steget mellan den akademiska världen och den kliniska verkligheten kan ses som en transition där formation av en profession och en ny identitet tar vid. Sjuksköterskans kompetensområde är omvårdnad. Sjuksköterskan ska kunna bemöta varje enskilds patients behov samt kunna leda och utveckla omvårdnaden.  Syfte: Syftet var att belysa nyexaminerade sjuksköterskors upplevelser av transition från student till arbetande sjuksköterska.   Metod: En litteraturöversikt har genomförts där 13 artiklar med kvalitativ ansats inkluderades, dessa analyserades med hjälp av Fribergs femstegs-modell.  Resultat: Resultatet redovisade tre kategorier samt tio underkategorier. Kategorierna var; upplevelsen av transition från teori till praktik, upplevelsen av transition i organisationen, upplevelsen av transition som en emotionell berg- och dalbana.    Slutsats: En god transition in i det nya yrket har visat sig ha betydelse för vilken riktning den fortsatta utvecklingen ska ta. Som nyexaminerad sjuksköterska förväntas man klara av att snabbt integreras i en komplex miljö där högkvalitativ vård och patientsäkerhet förväntas stå i fokus.    Nyckelord: Nyexaminerad sjuksköterska, omvårdnad, patientsäkerhet, transition

Bakgrund: Det råder stor brist på sjuksköterskor. Nyutexaminerade sjuksköterskor är en grupp som löper hög risk att drabbas av utbrändhet och upp till var femte sjuksköterska överväger att lämna yrket inom sina första fem år. Många av de nyutexaminerade sjuksköterskorna känner sig oförberedda inför sjuksköterskeyrket och flera studier påvisar glappet mellan teori och praktik. Syfte: Att beskriva utmaningar den nyutexaminerade sjuksköterskan upplever under det första yrkesverksamma året. Metod: Studien har genomförts som en litteraturöversikt. Med hjälp av sökdatabaserna CINAHL och PubMed ligger totalt 20 artiklar till grund för resultatet. Resultat: Ett flertal faktorer beskrivs av nyutexaminerade sjuksköterskor som utmaningar. Däribland glappet mellan teori och praktik, bristen på stöd och handledarskap, kunskapsbrist, dålig arbetsmiljö, bemanningsbrist samt en allt mer komplex vård med multisjuka patienter som kräver en expertis som den nyutexaminerade sjuksköterskan omöjligt kan besitta. Slutsats: Utmaningarna som presenteras i litteraturöversiktens resultat är välkända och globala problem men också påverkbara. Fokus bör ligga i både att tillsätta nya sjuksköterskor men framförallt i att värdera och ta vara på de som redan finns. Nyutexaminerade sjuksköterskor behöver bättre stöd när de äntrar arbetslivet samt att utbildningen ses över för att motsvara verkligheten och förbereda inför arbetslivet så bra som möjligt. / Background: There is a great shortage of nurses. Newly graduated nurses are a group at high risk of being burned out and up to every fifth nurse is considering leaving the profession within its first five years. Many of the newly graduated nurses feel unprepared for the nursing profession and several studies show the gap between theory and practice. Aim: Describing challenges the newly graduated nurse experiences during the first year of working. Method: The study has been conducted as a literature review. With the help of the search databases CINAHL and PubMed, a total of 20 articles form the base for the result. Result: Several factors are described by newly graduated nurses as challenges. This includes a theory-practice gap, the lack of support and mentoring, a lack of knowledge, poor work environment, staff shortages and an increasingly complex care with patients have multiple ilnesses who require an expertise that the newly graduated nurse cannot possibly possess. Conclusion: The challenges presented in the literature review's results are well-known and global problems, but also influential. The focus should be on both appointing new nurses but more importantly valuing the ones already employed/working. Newly graduated nurses need better support when they enter the workplace, much also indicates that the education should be looked over in order to match the reality and prepare the students for work life as well as possible.

BACKGROUND: Inflammatory Bowel Disease (IBD), including Crohn’s disease (CD) and ulcerative colitis (UC), are chronic inflammatory conditions of the bowel that display a rising prevalence in childhood and adolescence. The diagnosis of a chronic condition, such as IBD, in childhood can be overwhelming and stressful for both the patient and caregiver. Parents and family members can play a critical role in providing emotional support for children with newly diagnosed IBD. We hypothesized that dysfunctional patient and parental coping strategies would correlate with increased anxiety and depression in children, worsening clinical disease activity, and increased healthcare utilization. OBJECTIVE: The primary objective of the IBD Coping Study is to assess the stability of coping strategies and psychological stress over the first year following a new diagnosis of IBD. Secondarily, we aim to assess the impact of child and parental coping strategies on disease activity and emotional well-being over the year. METHODS: This is a prospective, longitudinal cohort study of children with newly diagnosed IBD and their parents at Boston Children's Hospital (BCH). Patients between the ages of 9 and 17 years old that have been diagnosed with CD, UC or Indeterminate colitis (IC) within the last 6 months, are English-speaking, and receive routine care at BCH are approached for participation in our study. Participation includes the completion of previously validated psychological metrics for both child and parent at baseline and then again 12 months later. Our instruments include the Children's Depression Inventory (CDI), the Screen for Child Anxiety Related Disorders (SCARED), the IMPACT-III Questionnaire, the Patient Health Questionnaire (PHQ-9), Healthcare Utilization Survey, Pediatric Inventory for Parents (PIP), and the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HADS). RESULTS: We screened 187 patients with IBD for participation in our study, and roughly 30% of them were eligible for recruitment. To date, we have enrolled a total of 30 patients. Of these patients, there was an equal distribution of male and female participants. The majority of patients were around 14 years of age at the time of IBD diagnosis with a greater number of patients with CD (17) currently represented. We are approaching patients on average about 1.5 months after their initial diagnosis. The baseline average Pediatric Ulcerative Colitis Activity Index (PUCAI) score was 21.15 ± 20.53, whereas the average Pediatric Crohn's Disease Activity Index (PCDAI) score was 3.75 ± 2.50. On CDI items, teenage girls and boys reported increased raw and standardized scores (Raw: 5.83 and 4.83, respectively; Standardized: 43.67 and 44.67, respectively) than their younger counterparts for depressive behaviors, including negative mood and interpersonal problems. Pediatric patients encountered as inpatients reported an overall lower quality of life on IMPACT-III items (103.29 ± 15.11) than those approached in the ambulatory setting (140.36 ± 7.50). On SCARED items, patients met criteria for the potential presence of one or more anxiety disorders. Inpatients also reported being bothered more frequently with respect to hindrances in their sleep, appetite, and daily routines on the PHQ-9 metric. Parents of children with newly diagnosed IBD rely on increased communication with their child's primary GI provider, and their scores reflected lower emotional functioning during an admission period when compared to scores reported during regular scheduled ambulatory visits. Scores collected from the HADS screen demonstrate that 6% and 33% of parents reported a score great enough to be considered a "borderline case" for depression and anxiety measures, respectively. Primary comparisons between child health assessments and parent healthcare utilization depicted concurrent elevations in the same child-parent pair at baseline. CONCLUSION: Our initial findings suggest a clear disparity between emotional stability in children and their parents in outpatient and inpatient settings following a new IBD diagnosis. Healthcare utilization by parents may be linked to adaptive or maladaptive coping, and continuation of our study will substantiate this prediction. In looking ahead, potential interventions may require approaches stratified by age, gender, and hospital setting. Our study supports the need for further investigations into the impact of targeted interventions that promote an improvement in overall quality of life in children with IBD and their family during the first year of post-diagnosis.

Abstract Purpose: The purpose of this study is to investigate how the socio-cultural forces, authenticity and transparency, have become integral parts of newly established fashion companies’ business model in Sweden. Previous researches have focused on how to redesign conventional fashion companies´ business models. From an academic approach, the problem discussion emphasize on lacking research in how newly established fashion companies have made authenticity and transparency integral parts in their business model. The purpose has been answered by asking the following questions; How have authenticity and transparency influenced the innovators of newly established fashion companies in Sweden? Which parts of the business model have been altered in order to demonstrate the company´s authenticity and transparency? Method: This study is based on qualitative research method with an abductive approach. The empirical data collection has been performed through seven interviews, five emails and two face-to-face deep interviews. The theoretical framework and literature review have primary been based on previous researches in the research area. Conclusions: This study shows that newly established fashion companies in Sweden have made authenticity and transparency integral parts in their business model. This is strongly influenced by the companies’ founder, their characteristics and ability to understand and translate socio- cultural forces and integrate them into their business model. The design of the clothes and fabric selection, production techniques and supply chain, marketing strategies and communication tools in the business model have been altered in order to demonstrate the company´s authenticity and transparency. These changes have been implemented in order to meet consumers’ newfound desire for authenticity and transparency. Cues of craftsmanship, traceability in the production techniques and supply chain, creating storytelling in the marketing strategies have been added in order to enhance the consumers’ experience of the company´s authentic and transparent attributes / Program: Textilt management, fashion management

Bröstcancer är en av de vanligaste cancer formerna bland kvinnor runt om i världen. Beskedet bröstcancer väcker starka känslor och kan utlösa ett stort lidande. Kvinnors livsvärld förändras och livet blir centrerat kring sjukdomen. Syftet med denna studie var att beskriva kvinnors upplevelser i samband med nydiagnostiserad bröstcancer. Metoden som användes var en litteraturbaserad analys av åtta kvalitativa artiklar som analyserads och bearbetades med Evans (2003) analysmodell. Studien resulterade i tre teman: kvinnors känslor och tankar i samband med nydiagnostiserad bröstcancer; stödets betydelse för kvinnor med nydiagnostiserad bröstcancer och kvinnors upplevelse av livsförändring och framtid i samband med nydiagnostiserad bröstcancer.Resultatet visar att kvinnor som lever sina vardagliga liv går plötsligt från ett liv i säkerhet till ett liv i oro, ovisshet och förtvivlan. Därför är dessa kvinnor i stort behov av stöd efter diagnosen. Det krävs som vårdare att ha stor förståelse, öppenhet och följsamhet för att kunna möta kvinnors levda livsvärld för att kunna ge dem en bra vård, lindra lidande, främja hälsa och välbefinnande. / Program: Sjuksköterskeutbildning

This dissertation comprises an investigation into the conditions and contemporary implications of an historical event, the Janatha Vimukthi Peramuna (JVP) insurrection of 1971. At the broadest level, it revisits the insurrection and its aftermaths to reframe the contemporary question of emergency in Sri Lanka. This dissertation poses emergency, a defining feature of Sri Lanka's postcolonial experience, as a problem native to the emergence of democracy in Sri Lanka. It resituates emergency rule and the concept of necessity which subtends it on the terrain of the secularizing political rationality, which has constituted the emancipatory raison d'etre of the postcolonial state. The visibility of this rationality has been obscured by liberal constitutionalism's ideological narrative of Sri Lankan constitutional history, and I recover and explore the anticolonial, nationalist contexts of its formation, first in the demand for a constitutional bill of rights, then in the movement toward constitutional autochthony, and finally in the creation of the sovereign republic in 1972. I show how this political rationality incorporates certain secular-political assumptions, fundamental to the colonial inauguration of democracy in Sri Lanka. One such assumption is that democracy is a matter of naturally occurring majorities and minorities, and that the political rights of minorities are best addressed through the concession of constitutional protections or safeguards, rather than any more generative solution at the level of political representation. I suggest this finding should cause us to radically revise the normative ethical-political coordinates which implicitly orient a greater part of the social scientific study of Sri Lanka. That conventional question has revolved around the transgression of secular norms by the force of ethnicity and nationalism, and hence much work has taken up the challenge of deconstructing and explaining the cultural force of Sinhala nationalist ideology. My dissertation asks that we set aside this problematic and instead foreground the question of the secular inheritances of the state as the target of our critical strategies.

Background: The nursing workforce needs to be adequately prepared to deliver care to an increasingly diverse patient population in the United Kingdom (UK). The Nursing and Midwifery Council (NMC) expects newly qualified nurses (NQNs) to deliver culturally sensitive and respectful care. Aim: The study aimed to explore NQNs’ perceptions of culturally competent practice during the first 9 months post qualification. Methods: A qualitative longitudinal study was conducted with a volunteer sample of 14 NQNs recruited from 3 Higher Education Institutions in the north of England. Data was collected using directed reflections (at 2-3 and 5-6 months) and semi-structured interviews (at 8-9 months) and analysed using a phenomenological approach informed by symbolic interactionism. Results: Perceptions of culturally competent nursing practice were associated with core concepts such as individualised patient care, compassionate and respectful care, respecting individual differences, professionalism and patient trust. Specific behaviours were associated with verbal and non-verbal communication, care planning and diversity-specific adjustments. Discussion: Self-perceived competence and confidence in caring for, and interacting with, patients from diverse backgrounds developed and changed throughout the transition period with experience and interaction opportunities. An ability to reflect upon and learn from novel experiences, plus an enabling ward culture and environment which responded positively to nurses seeking advice and support was important. Conclusion: Educational preparation may have enabled NQNs’ opportunities to develop some but not necessarily all of the skills and behaviours required to demonstrate culturally competent practice. During transition, supported development and professional socialisation can assist in enhancing competence and confidence.

Qualified registered nurses are needed to provide bedside care to patients, yet there is a known registered nurse shortage in the United States, which has a global impact on the healthcare industry. Contributing to the nursing shortage is turnover, which is partly due to the inadequacies of preparation for role transition of newly qualified registered nurses. The purpose of this quantitative descriptive study was to determine if there was a relationship between retention and nursing career satisfaction of registered nurses who experience a transition to practice program and those who did not. Duchscher's transition shock theory served as the theoretical basis of this study. The Mariani Nursing Career Satisfaction Scale and the Turnover Intention Scale were completed by 271 registered nurses with 24 months or less of bedside clinical practice. Data collected were analyzed by performing a one-way multivariate analysis of variance. Results revealed there was no statistically significant difference between those who did and those who did not have a transition to practice program on the combined dependent variables of nursing career satisfaction and retention. A positive linear relationship was found between nursing career satisfaction and retention. Retaining satisfied nurses and easing the burden associated with transitioning into practice can impact positive social change. The positive social change can also impact other healthcare professionals, businesses, and consumers who are associated with the newly qualified registered nurse who is transitioning into practice. Results from this study can inspire future researchers to continue to focus on seeking effective methods that will increase nursing career satisfaction and retention of newly qualified registered nurses transitioning into practice.